week 8 ethics finals

(TCOs 2, 4, 5, 6) The idea that the assisted suicide of terminally ill patients should be always prohibited reflects what type of ethics? (Points : 5)

Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean

Kant's Categorical Imperative in the 1st Formulation)

Hobbes' concept of the State of Nature

Thomas Aquinas' concept of Natural Law

Bentham's principle of pleasure and pain

Question 2. 2. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) What is the moral ideal of temperance? (Points : 5)

Exercising control over one's own desires and inclinations

Keeping one's temper under control

Minimizing the impact of one's decisions

Seeking the good of others before one's own

Overcoming one's passions

Question 3. 3. (TCOs 1, 2) One of the common errors in Ethics is that of the hasty conclusions. Hasty conclusions consist of what? (Points : 5)

Rushed work under pressure

Comparing unknown cases to known ones to find precedents

Embracing conclusions before examining cases fully

Judging cases by the source of their origin

Belief that first impressions are valid until challenged

Question 4. 4. (TCO 2) Prescriptive language is commonly used in ethics for what reason? (Points : 5)

To indicate what is prohibited or impossible

To indicate that one choice is better than others

To show what actions are legal

To convey requirements and obligations

To indicate that there are really no choices available

Question 5. 5. (TCOs 7, 8) Ethical Egoism proposes that all decisions should be made to promote what? (Points : 5)

Our fiduciary responsibilities

The good will of others

Our self-interests

The welfare of the community

Stronger relationships

Question 6. 6. (TCOs 2, 4, 9) John Locke, as a Social Contract theorist, is said to have been the most influential person who was not actually present at the table when what document was written? (Points : 5)

The Articles of Confederation

The Declaration of Independence

The Magna Carta

The Constitution

The Treaty of Westphalia

Question 7. 7. (TCOs 3, 6) Agricultural biofuels are not properly a renewable source of energy in the environmental ethics debate. Which of the following is a renewable source of energy? (Points : 5)

Windmill turbines ]]

Natural gas

Coal

None of the above

Question 8. 8. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) Where in our course does the following phrase apply: “The only thing good without qualification is a good will”? (Points : 5)

Personal habits of excellence according to Plato

The social contract according to Locke

Deontological ethics according to Mill

Natural law ethics according to Aquinas

Deontological ethics according to Kant

Question 9. 9. (TCOs 8, 9) Which ethical concept is organized and directed toward following the greatest happiness principle? (Points : 5)

Natural ethics and law

Justice and mercy

Rights and responsibilities

Virtue-ethics of excellence

Principle of utility

Question 10. 10. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) Syllogisms in formal deductive logic are called "sound" when the syllogism is determined to be "valid" and: (Points : 5)

the premises share common terminology.

there are three or more premises.

the premises are true statements.

all of the premises are written in present tense.

the premises have been independently cited.

Question 11. 11. (TCOs 1, 2) Solving a dilemma involves realizing what aspect of it? (Points : 5)

You will never be satisfied that the right choice was made

Some choices of action are more realistic than others

In deciding to choose one action, the other possible choices will be lost

Not everybody involved will be happy with the choice

There may be significant personal costs to choosing

Question 12. 12. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) According to Thomas Aquinas, what ethical capacity do people of every culture naturally possess? (Points : 5)

Logical thinking

Personal virtues

Self-interest

Ability to learn lessons

Conscience

Question 13. 13. (TCOs 2, 8) The single criterion for making decisions in objectivist ethics is what? (Points : 5)

Professional development

Personal self-interest

The physical environment

Financial gain

The close group of family and friends who will be impacted

Question 14. 14. (TCOs 1, 2, 5) The world view of ruthless and unending competition for property and wealth was spelled out in which of these concepts? (Points : 5)

Locke’s notion of the natural state of man

Rawls’ notion of the veil of ignorance

Aristotle’s notion of the doctrine of the mean

Hammurabi’s code of law

Hobbes’ state of nature

Question 15. 15. (TCOs 3, 6, 7) "Act only according to that maxim..." begins what famous formulation of deontological ethics? (Points : 5)

The Nicomachean Ethics

The Social Contract

The Principle of Utility

The Hypocratic Oath

The Categorical Imperative

Question 16. 16. (TCOs 2, 7, 8) Aristotle taught the value of developing personal habits through what method? (Points : 5)

Aspiring to greatness through leadership

Repetitive patterns of excellent behaviors

A moderate realism in living

Participation in the politics of one’s city

Studying the teaching of master teachers

Question 17. 17. (TCOs 2, 8) Professional societies with codes of ethics and conduct enforce what standard on members beyond the paying of dues? (Points : 5)

Not to engage in other businesses for profit outside of the profession

Personal standards of behavior for family members

Pricing structures for services

Non-competition among members

Meeting ethical and competency standards in order to practice within a jurisdiction

Question 18. 18. (TCOs 2, 7) Aristotle's Ethical Doctrine of the Mean measured personal virtues on a scale that included the virtue itself, the excess of it, and the deficiency of it.

If the virtue is BEING FRIENDLY, and the excess is BEING INGRATIATING, what is the deficiency?

(Points : 5)

Unconcern

There is no deficiency

Anger

Annoying

Being surly

Question 19. 19. (TCOs 8, 9) Processes and systems designed to slow down disagreeing behavior and think situations through more deliberately are called (Points : 5)

value clarification processes.

conflict resolution systems.

objectivist tactics.

primary schools of ethics.

care-based ethics.

Question 20. 20. (TCOs 1, 2) The Latin term a priori describes the origin of knowledge developed rationally, and the term a posteriori describes knowledge developed through observation and experience. What is an example of ethics is best described as discovered in an a postiori manner? (Points : 5)

Social ethics

Care-based ethics

Consequentialist ethics

Theological ethics

Operational ethics

. (TCOs 1, 2, 3, 7) In support of TCO #7 and in the Week 7 discussions, you developed and placed into the threaded discussions your personalized ethics statement of what has become important to you in the practice of ethics as you have practiced ethics during the course. Your first task in this question is to briefly present that personalized statement in just a few sentences before continuing with the question. Much of the rest of the exam will involve your working with that personalized statement through brief applications and cases.

Use your ethical philosophy to solve the following ethical situation. Explain how your philosophy helped you make your decision.

Given the continuing threat that nuclear weapons pose for humanity and the global environment, is it ever ethically acceptable for scientists to engage in research and development work on such weapons?

Discuss the conditions, if any, under which it would be acceptable.

Explain and defend your position, and then explain how your ethical philosophy helped you or affected how you answered this question.

(Points : 30)

Question 2. 2. (TCOs 1, 2, 7) Analyze the following ethical situation using YOUR ethical philosophy. Read the situation and then in your answer, explain why this is an ethical situation, what the "issues" are, and how an "ethical" person would resolve them. Explain how YOUR ethical philosophy has helped you reach a conclusion about how to resolve or analyze this situation.

As a result of the economic down-turn starting in 2008, efficiency has become more and more the byword of the successful business person. The axioms of the efficiency expert are: "Eliminate what need not be done; simplify what must be done; combine tasks wherever possible."

Putting this into practice means, among other things, eliminating people's jobs. Sometimes it also means making one person do two or three people's jobs. As company's gain the upper hand in employment (when the number of employees wanting good jobs is higher than the number of good (i.e. high paying) jobs available), they will more and more expect employees to be willing to work longer hours and to do accomplish more and varied tasks.

1. Under what circumstances is it ethical business practices to ask employees to multi-task or do more than one person's job?

2. Under what circumstances is it ethical for an employee to refuse to do more work than can be taken on in a conventional 40-45 hours per week?

3. Let's assume that it is BECAUSE employees are willing to multi-task and do two or three people's jobs, that others LOSE their jobs. Who is more at fault ethically? The employer who requests the extra work from the remaining employees? Or the employees who are willing to do the extra work, thereby putting the others who aren't willing out of work?

(Points : 30)

Question 3. 3. (TCOs 1, 7, 9) How do you feel John Stuart Mill would have solved the above ethical situation differently or the same as you did using your philosophy? Please explain the reasons for the similarities or differences. (Points : 40)

Question 4. 4. (TCOs 1, 2, 4, 9) Regina is chairperson of her city's United Fund campaign. In her annual preparations meeting with her staff of canvassers, she gives this advice: "Hit the business places first. Don't approach anyone who is walking alone in a hall or working alone in a closed office. Look for two or more people standing together or working side by side. Try to make them compete with each other in generous giving. Capitalize on their desire to show off and outdo the next person." She then states that the canvasser who raises the most money of all will be awarded with a 5% cut of the total amount that canvasser raises. Her approach pays off and the United Fund raises the most money ever.

Tell what ethical philosophy Regina is using, if any.

Now, use your ethical philosophy to analyze the situation. Explain how, using your philosophy, you would have solved this situation either the same way as the character in the situation did, or differently. Why?

(Points : 30)

Question 5. 5. (TCOs 5, 6) You are a new employee in an advertising company. Your client is a well known soup manufacturer who wants to feature in advertisements a picture showing the solid ingredients in its soup. Unfortunately, your advertising group found that the solid ingredients sank to the bottom of the bowl and were barely visible. All that could be seen was the broth. Your boss hits upon a solution--put marbles in the bottom of the bowl before pouring in the soup! You try it and the vegetables sit nicely on the top, giving the appearance of thick soup. Your boss wants you to run with the project with this solution.

What will you do? Explain why you will do this and what ethical analysis you used to come to this conclusion.

(Points : 30)

Question 6. 6. (TCOs 6, 8) Analyze your answer above using the Front Page of the Newspaper ethical dilemma resolution model. Show your steps. (Points : 40)

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