Answer biology questions

Course: 211G A20/Online Cellular and Organismal Biology, NMSU-A

Instructor: Catherine Hartkorn

Review Questions for Mid-term Quiz

1. Compare and contrast cellular organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. List and explain

at least 3 differences and 3 similarities in general cellular and structural composition.

2. Summarize the 1 st

and 2 nd

laws of Thermodynamics. Generally, explain their significance to

cellular function and organization.

3. Explain this equation: ∆G = ∆H - T∆S.

4. List the four types of different large biological molecules found in cells. Discuss at least 2

general functions for each, and give at least 1 specific example for each type.

5. Explain the fluid mosaic model of cellular membranes.

6. Compare and contrast active versus passive transport in cells. Give at least 1 specific example

for each.

7. Compare and contrast the roles of exocytosis and endocytosis. Explain the importance of

maintaining a balance between the two.

8. List the 4 levels of protein structure. List and explain which bonds participate in maintaining the

protein structure at each level.

9. List and explain at least 4 different cellular functions of proteins.

10. Explain the cellular role of enzymes. Explain how enzymes alter the rate of cellular reactions.

11. Contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes.

12. Discuss at least 3 factors that could affect the activity of a particular enzyme.

13. Summarize maximum theoretical ATP yields per 1 molecule of glucose oxidized during aerobic

cellular respiration. Name each stage of aerobic respiration; then, for each stage list the

following: the chemical reaction for that stage (reactants -> products) and when applicable, the

mode by which ATP was generated.

14. Explain the difference between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.

15. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration with alcohol fermentation and lactic acid

fermentation. Explain which reactions overlap between these processes, and which do not.

Make sure to compare maximum ATP yields per 1 molecule of glucose for each process.

16. Compare and contrast the NET chemical reactions of aerobic/cellular respiration and

photosynthesis.

17. Compare the function of a chloroplast and mitochondrion.

18. Explain what determines which wavelengths of light are most efficient at driving photosynthesis.

19. Explain the cellular role of signal transduction. Discuss at least 1 signal transduction pathway as

an example.

20. Give one example of a cellular second messenger, and discuss its role in at least one specific

signal transduction pathway.

21. Identify cellular role of scaffolding proteins.

22. Explain the purpose of apoptosis.