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28 Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah
Rachel Ehrenfeld and Alyssa A. Lappen
The C nited States and the \Vest cannot win the war against radical Islam merely with the most sophisticated military strategies. \\!inning requires understanding the role of shari'a and the Muslim Brotherhood in developing a global ideological and political movement supported by a parallel "Islamic" financial system to exploit and undermine Western economies and markets. This movement is the foundation and the major funding source for the political, economic, and military initiatives of the global Islamic movement. 1
Shari' a finance is a ne\v weapon in the arsenal of what might be termed fifth-generation warfare (SG\'\''). 2 The perpetrators include both states and organizations, advancing a global totalitarian ideology disguised as a religion. The end goal is to impose that ideol- ogy worldwide, making the Islamic "nation," or utmnah, supreme."
Rising oil prices and the \X1est's dependency on Middle East oil, combined with will- ful blindness and political correctness, provide a surge of petrodollars, making financial and economic jihad so much easier to carry out. Moreover, according to shari' a, Muslims hold all property in trust for Allah. 4 Therefore, under the shari'a, all current and historic Muslim acquisitions ewrywhere, including the Cnited States, belong to the ummah, in trust for Allah.
Dr. Rachel Ehrenfeld is the director of the "'ew York-based American Center for Democracy ('W·ww.acdemocracy .org) and worked as a research scholar at "-.;cw York C niversity School of Law, a ,·isiting scholar at the Columbia University Institute of \\'ar and Peace Studie:<, and a fellow at Johns Hopkins's SAlS. Her PhD in criminology is from the Hebrew Univ<:rsitv School of Law. Sh<: is a comm<:ntator and consultant on the problems of international terror financing, international terrorism, political corruption, mone1·laundcring, drug trafficking, organized crime, and the connections that bind these groups together, as well as political blam. She is currently working on a project on the lslamist penetration of the U.S. and \\'e:<tern economics. Dr. Ehrenfeld has lectured on these issues in many countrie:< on five of the seven continents and has ad,·i:<ed banking communities, law enforcement agencies, and governments in manv countries. She testitled before the I \uropcan Parliament and the TJK Parliament and gave ex- pert testimony before TJ.S. courts and Congress, as well as the Canadian Parliament. Dr. Ehrenfeld's articles appear in the !Fa// Street Journal, the lrclJ!JiJWon Ti111cs, National RerienJ, the hHmlmrz'IT, the .Jerusalem Post, the Neu' )ork Sun, and the Los 4Jzgdes 'Ii!m.r, and numermts Web publications. She appears as an expert commentator on television and radio news programs, including '/'he 0 'fui//r h1clot; Fox ;-o.;ews, C:>..:N, ABC, "-.;BC, and MSNBC. Her latest book is Funditzg b•il: Ho!J' 7'errorism Is hnanced and /-low to Stop 11 (Bonus Books, 2003, 2005). Her previous books are Et•il Money: Lncollnfl'rs a/on}!, tltc :\Iomy 'hail (HarpcrCollins, 1992; SPI, 1 994), and Narco-terrorism: 1IOJP Goz·ernmmt.r around the World U.red the Dnij!, Trade to l~nance cmd 1 't1ttl1er 'l'erron:rt Aclit'lfle.r (Basic Books, 1990, 1992).
Alyssa A. Lappen is a senior fellow at the 1\merican Center for Democracy (ACD) and a contributing editor at American Congress for Truth. She is a former senior editor of lmtitntional Tnnrtm; JForkil(~ l¥7o11!an, and Corporate 1-'!- /Jc//lce and former associate editor of hn·l11·s.
© Lhrcn fcld, Lappen .2( lOR
390 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
Shari' a is the crucial source and ultimate authority dictating the actions of practicing indiYiduals and radical Muslim states and moyements alike. failing to understand the political use of shari'a hampers the C.S. ability to mount effective policies, plans, and strategies to successfully counter this fast-growing totalitarian threat.
This ignorance is illustrated by the statements of Massachusetts representative Barney Frank and Utah senator Bob Bennett. Responding to opponents of Bourse Dubai's then-proposed acquisition of 20 percent of NASDAQ in September 2007, Frank quipped, "In the ports deal, the concern was smuggling something or someone dangerous .... What are we talking about here-smuggling someone onto a stock ex- change?"S Similarly, Bennett said, "Dubai is making a purchase on the open market of an asset that's for sale. \'Vhat's wrong with that?"
Although Senator Bennett is correct-buying portions or all of NASDAQ is per- fectly legal, and NASDAQ regulations could not be changed without Securities and Ex- change Commission (SEC) approval-Bourse Dubai's shari'a influence in the heart of the U.S. markets and economy should have been of grave concern.
Shari'a is the set of Islamic laws established by Muslim jurists, based on the Qur'an and deeds of the prophet 1\fuhammad, as recorded beginning more than 1,200 years ago. Its end goal, for all time, is establishing a world ruled entirely by Islam and the harsh shari'a laws. These laws govern every aspect of daily life and prohibit individual, political, and religious freedoms.
FINANCIAL JIHAD
Funding the jihad, i.e., financial jihad, orAl Jihad bi-al-Mal, is mandated by many verses in the Qur'an, such as chapter 61, verses 10-11: "you ... should strive for the cause of Allah with your wealth and your lives," and chapter 49, verse 15: "The [trueJ believers are only those who ... strive with their wealth and their lives for the cause of Allah." This has been reiterated throughout Islamic history and in recent times. "Financial Jihad [is] ... more important ... than self-sacrificing," according to Saudi and 1\Iuslim Brotherhood (MB) spiritual leader Hamud bin Uqla al-Shuaibi.r,
Qatar-based Muslim Brotherhood spiritual leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi, one of the most prominent Sunni scholars in the world today, reiterated the legal justification for "financial jihad [Al-]ihad bi-al-Ma~" in a lecture he gave on 4 May 2002 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According to him, "collecting money for the mujahideen Gihad fighters ... ) was not a donation or a t,rift but a duty necessitated by the sacrifices they made for the Muslim nation."'
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The origins of the modern financial jihad infrastructure, including all Islamic economic and financial regulatory organizations like the the 1991-Bahrain-registered and -based Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), date back to the 1920s and were an invention of Muslim Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Banna. He designed political, economic, and financial foundations to enable 1\1uslims to fulfill a key form of jihad mandated by the Qur'an-financial jihad.8
He viewed finance as a critical weapon to undermine the infidels-and "work to- wards establishing an Islamic rule on earth." 9 He was first to understand that to achieve
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Ehrenfeld and Lappen: Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah 391
world domination, Muslims needed an independent Islamic financial system to parallel and later supersede the \'Vestern economy. Al-Banna's contemporaries and successors (such as the late Sayed Qutb and current Yusuf al-Qaradawi) set his theories and prac- tices into motion, developing shari'a-based terminology and mechanisms to advance the financial jihad-"Islamic economics," finance, and banking. HI
Early 1930s MB attempts to establish Islamic banking in India failed. Egyptian presi- dent Gamal Abele! Nasser shut down the second attempt, in 1964, after only one year, later arresting and expelling the Muslim Brotherhood for attempts to kill him. 11
But Saudi Arabia welcomed this new wave of Egyptian dissidents, as did King Saud bin AbdelAziz earlier waves in 1954 and 1961. 12 Their ideas so appealed to him and his clerics that in 1961, Saud funded the i\IB's establishment of the Islamic University in Me- dina to proselytize its fundamentalist Islamic ideology, especially to foreign students. 11 In 1962, the MB convinced the king to launch a global financial joint venture, which became the cornerstone and engine to spread Islam worldwide. This venture created charitable foundations, which the MB oversees and from which most Islamic terrorist groups benefit.14
The first were the Muslim World League (MWL) and &zbitta al-A/am a l-Is/ami, uniting Islamic radicals from 22 nations and spinning a web of many other charities with hun- dreds of offices worldwide. 15 In 1978, the kingdom backed another i\IB initiative, the In- ternational Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO), which, with all these "charities," is implicated for funding al Qaeda, the 9/11 attacks, Ham as, and others. 16
These "charities" are used to advance the Muslim Brotherhood and Saudi political agenda, namely empowering the ttmmah and imposing worldwide shari'a. "I don't like this word 'donations,"' al-Qaradawi told BBC Panorama on 30 July 2006. "I like to call it .Jihad with money, because God has ordered us to fight enemies with our lives and our money."17
In 1969, the Saudis conyened Arab and Muslim states to unify the "struggle for Islam," and have ever since been the Organization of the Islamic Conference's (OIC's) major sponsor. The 56 OIC members include Iran, Sudan, and Syria. The Jidda-based, "pending the liberation of Jerusalem," OIC's charter mandates and coordinates "support [of] the struggle of the Palestinian people, ... recovering their rights and liberating their occupied territories." 18 The OIC charter includes all the MB principles. Its first interna- tional undertaking in 1973 was to establish the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) "in ac- cordance with the principles of the shariah," 19 as prescribed by the MB-and to launch the fast-growing petrodollar-based Islamic financing market. The lDB, more a develop- ment than commercial bank, was established largely "to promote Islamic banking world- wide."20 "[A]n Islamic organization must serve G-od" and ultimately sustain "the growth and advancement of the Islamic way of life," writes Nasser M. Suleiman in "Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking."21
And the IDB has done just that. Between 197 5 to 2005, the IDB approved over $50 billion in funding to Muslim countries,22 ostensibly to develop their economic and educational infrastructures, but effected little regional economic impact. Its educa- tional efforts, however, paid huge yields-via the rapid and significant spread of radical Islam worldwide. Moreover, in 2001 alone, the IDB transferred $538 million2:l raised publicly by Saudi and Gulf royal telethons to support the Palestinian intifada and fami- lies of Palestinian suicide bombers. The IDB has also channeled CN funds to Hamas, as
392 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
documented by bank records discovered in the \Xiest Bank and Gaza. Yet the IDB re- ceived UN observer status in 2007.24
According to a 1991 U.S. Library of Congress report on Sudan, the IDB also sup- ported Faisallslamic Bank, established in 1977 under Sudan's Faisal Islamic Bank Act by Saudi prince Muhammad ibn Faisal AI Saud and managed by local Muslim Brotherhood members and their party, the National Islamic Front. Soon other political groups and parties formed their own Islamic banks. Together, Sudanese Islamic banks then acquired 20 percent of the country's deposits-providing the financial basis to turn Sudan into an Islamic state in 1983, and promoting the Islamic governmental policies to date. 25 Sudan Islamized its banking in 1989. However, Pakistan was the first country to officially Islamize its banking practices, in 1979.
Rising oil revenues encouraged J\IB leaders to formalize al-Banna's vision. In 1977 and 1982, they convened in Lugano, Switzerland, to chart a master plan to co-opt West- ern economic foundations-capitalism and democracy-in a treatise entitled Towards a Worldwide Strategy for Islamic Policy, also known as The Pro;ect. MB spiritual leader al-Qaradawi wrote the explicit document, dated 1 December 1982. 26 The 12-point strat- egy includes diktats to "establish the Islamic state and gradual, parallel work to control local power centers ... using institutional work as means to this end." This requires "spe- cial Islamic economic, social and other institutions," and "the necessary economic insti- tutions to provide financial support" to spread fundamentalist IslamP
Consequently, the IDB founded the AAOIFI in 1990. AAOIFI members include the Saudi Dallah al Baraka Group, al-Rajhi Banking & Investment Corporation, and Kuwait Finance House2R-all implicated in funding al Qaeda and other J\IB offspring, according to Richard Clarke, the former national coordinator for security, infrastructure protection, and counter-terrorism. 29 The 18 AAOIFI members also include Iran and Sudan, both on the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions list; Iran is a U.S. State Department-designated terror-sponsoring state, too. UAE banks wired most of the funding for the 9/11 attacks. 3U
In addition, the "de facto Islamic Central Bank," the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB),31 was established in 2002 in Kuala Lumpur "to absorb the 11 September shock and reinforce the stability of Islamic finance." Chairing the organizers' meeting, then Malaysian prime minister Mohamed Mahathir stated, "A universal Islamic banking system is a jihad worth pursuing to abolish this slavery [to the \Xlest]." IFSB members in- clude the central banks of Iran, Sudan, and Syria (all designated state sponsors of terror- ism) and the Palestinian Monetary Authority (PJ\IA), which is widely documented since its inception to be a terror funder.3 2
According to Dallah al Baraka Group and Islamic Chamber of Commerce and In- dustry (ICCI) president Saleh Kamel,"J more than 400 Islamic financial institutions 34 cur- rently operate in 75 countries.35 They now hold more than $800 billion in assets 36- growing 15 percent annually. HSBC, UBS, J.P. Morgan Chase, Deutsche Bank, Lloyds TSB, and BNP Paribas are but a few that offer Islamic banking and shari'a-based prod- ucts to their Western clients-and promote them as "ethical investments."
Billionaire Sheikh Saleh Abdullah Kamel and his family, like other wealthy Saudis, have built their terror-funding-affiliated $3.5 billion Dallah al Baraka Group to service
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Ehrenfeld and Lappen: Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah 393
the shari'aY Its business, finance, and media sectors incorporate agriculture, communi- cation, health care, real estate, tourism, trade, transportation, and finance companies- including 10 banks and many leasing and finance firms, Arab Radio & Television and Arab Digital Distribution, and the International Information & Trading Service Co., pro- ducing the Top 1000 Saudi Companies Directory, among other publications.
Rapidly rising oil prices fill the coffers of Islamic banks, fuel the expansion of shari'a economics and financial jihad-and threaten the United States and the entire non-Muslim world, in real time. Indeed, shortly after 9/11, Osama bin Laden called on Muslims "to concentrate on hitting the U.S. economy through all possible means .... Look for the key pillars of the U.S. economy. Strike the key pillars of the enemy again and again and they will fall as one."38
The NASDAQ acquisition, purchases of over 52 percent of the London Stock Ex- change (LSE) and 47.6 percent of OMX (Nordic exchange), and vigorous expansion of shari'a finance all steadily implement al-Banna's plan to spread and ultimately impose shari'a worldwide.
Bourse Dubai in December 2006 loudly proclaimed its new conversion to "shari'a compliance and accounting practices." 39 Yet, responding to a specific inquiry on the Islamic nature of Bourse Dubai from the Partnership for New York City on 22 October 2007, Bourse Dubai denied being an Islamic exchange. 40 Still unaware of the implications of importing shari'a finance, however, hoards of Westerners eagerly attend such pricey events as the October 2007 Islamic Finance Summit in New York,41 which focused on the "innovations in shari'a compliant finance." According to an eyewitness, when one participant timidly inquired, "What is shari'a law?" a leading Islamic scholar responded from the podium: "It's good for you."
Lost on the attendees was the inescapable fact that shari' a calls for the supremacy of Islam, thus negating the U.S. Constitution.42
ZAKAT
Zakat, we are told, is to help the needy. But as Janine A. Clark's excellent 2004 study shows, zakatis used to support the middle class, to strengthen its loyalty to the rulers, and to back their radical ideology.43
Muslim Brotherhood spiritual leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi decrees, "Declaring holy war ... is an Islamic duty, and fighting ... is the Way of Allah for which Zakat must be spent." In his 1999 publication, Fiqh az-Zakat, al-Qaradawi adds, "The most important form of jihad today is serious, purposefully organized work to rebuild Islamic society and state and to implement the Islamic way of life in the political, cultural and economic do- mains. This is certainly most deserving of Zakat." 44 And as previously demonstrated time and again, Muslim jihadist-terror organizations are indeed prominent zakat recipients.
The use of charities to fund jihad, however, is not limited to radical Sunnis. On Jerusalem Day, 5 October 2007, Al-Manar TV broadcasted Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah's cantankerous speech giving religious, moral, and political justification in sup- port of "the armed Palestinian resistance" and calling for financial support to the Pales- tinian terrorist organizations. Nasrallah "gave Khomeini's fatwa[ 4 5] ... allowing charity
394 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
funds ... and the tax of 1/5 (khums) [46] to be transferred to the Palestinian terrorist orga- nizations ... to pay for their campaign."47
The definition of zakat in The Eno•clopedia of Islam includes in "category 7" of eligible recipients "volunteers engaged in jihad," for whom the zakat covers "living ex- penses and the expenses of their military service (animals, weapons)." 48
Millard Burr and Robert Collins's compelling study Alms for Jihad documents that when zakat, which is obligatory to all Muslims, is given "in the path of Allah," it is given to fund jihad. There are seven broad categories of eligible recipients: the poor, converts, wayfarers, those in bondage or in debt, those committed to Allah for the spread and tri- umph of Islam, newcomers whose faith is weak, and new converts to Islam "whose hearts have been [recently] reconciled fto truth]." Moreover, zakat may be used to sup- port those who administer it.49
In a 2006 federal case, alleged al Qaeda supporters Emadeddin Z. l\Iuntasser and ~fuhammed Mubayyid were charged with soliciting and spending "funds to support and promote the mujahideen andjibad, including the distribution of pro-jihad publications," through their now-defunct "charity" and front organization, Care International. The Boston-based organization published, among other things, the English version of al Qaeda cofounder and key Muslim Brotherhood leader Abdullah Azzam's "Join the Cara- van." It states, "The individually obligatory nature of jihad remains in effect until the lands are purified from the pollution of the disbelievers." 511 They collected more than S1.3 million in contributions. In their defense, l\Juntasser and Mubayyid claimed to merely have exercised their religious freedom and obligation to give zakatas part of their constitutionally protected freedoms. Their motion for dismissal (which the court denied) cited chapter 9, verse 60, of the Qur'an, describing "those entitled to receive zakat."
Incredibly, the suspects' attorneys also argued that such charitable giving, to support jihad and mujahideen, is rightfully tax exempt under the U.S. constitutional protection of religious freedom.s 1 Court records show Care International deposited checks-with handwritten notes such as "for jihad only," "Bosnia Jihad fund," and "Chechen Muslim Fighters." The C.S. Constitution provides protections for religious freedom, but most certainly was never intended to protect religiously sanctioned or encouraged war in or against America.
The First Amendment bars Congress from enacting laws "respecting an estab- lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." However, the Constitu- tion offers no protection to any group or religion supporting "holy war" against the United States or its citizens.
STATE ZAKAT AGENCIES
Saudia Arabia In 2007, Saudi Arabia collected $18 billion in zakat52-which includes the 20 percent flat corporation tax from foreign companies. The Saudis claim that the money collected de- 'celops their infrastructure. However, two-thirds of Saudi men are unemployed and the infrastructure is crumbling.s3
Illustrating how funds are used, Saudi Arabia's secretary-general of the official Mus- lim World League Koran Memorization Commission stated on Iqra TV, on 29 August
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Ehrenfeld and Lappen: Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah 395
2005, "The Prophet said: 'He who equips a fighter-it is as if he himself fought.' You lie in your bed, safe in your own home, and donate money and Allah credits you with there- wards of a fighter. \\!hat is this? A privilege."54
Since the 1970s, the Saudi government has spent more than $100 billion 55 to build thousands of mosques, Islamic centers, and Islamic studies programs in universities worldwide to advance the ttmmah's power and undermine \'{!estern economic, political, cultural, educational, and legal structures and replace them with the shari'a.sG
In the last 13 years alone, the Saudis gave at least $459 million to British universities for Islamic study centers, according to Professor Anthony Glees, of Brunei University."~
The world\vide Muslim riots follmving the publication of the Muhammad cartoons in Denmark's largest daily, Jyllands-Posten, began only after Saudi Arabia recalled its am- bassador to Denmark; after Sheikh Osama Khayyat, imam of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, praised on national Saudi television the Saudi government for its action; and after Sheikh Ali Al-Hudaify, imam of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, called "upon governments, organizations and scholars in the Islamic world to extend support for campaigns protesting the sacrilegious attacks on the Prophet." 5 R Saudi-controlled OIC initiated and coordinated Muslim rioting \vorldwide after the Danish Muhammad cartoon publications. :i9
Moreover, to wield more control ewer Muslim communities worldwide, better or- chestrate "spontaneous demonstrations," and better allocate funds for them, the Saudi-backed OIC established the clerical International Commission for Zakat (ICZ) on 30 April 2007. Previously, there were more than 20,000 organizations that collected zakat. Now, however, the Islamic clerics' centralized "expert committee" based in l\Ialay- sia also supervises and distributes zakat funds globally. The new committee distributed roughly $2 billion collected over Ramadan 2007 to ~-1uslim "charities."60
In a show of unity, the Shiite Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah argued, "If there had been a Muslim to carry out Imam Khomeini's fatwa against the renegade Salman Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to do so."61
The Saudi role in terror financing is no secret. Yet, the U.S. administration keeps tell- ing us that the Saudis are our allies. On 10 December 2002, criticizing the Joint Inquiry Staff GIS) report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), Senators Jon Kyl and Pat Roberts stated, "The pervasiveness in Saudi Arabia of Wahhabism, a radical, anti-American vari- ant of Islam, was well known before 9/11. The J IS should have inquired why the country of Saudi Arabia was given such preferential treatment by the State Department and whether the intelligence agencies were complicit in the policy."62
In early 2008, however, U.S. government officials publicly noted that the Saudis con- tinue the financing of radical Islamic groups.(,}
United Arab Emirates64 Like every Muslim country, the UAE collects mandatory Islamic charity (zakat-the Third Pillar of Islam-an annual wealth tax), of 2.5 percent to 20 percent from Muslim institutions and companies. Being non-Muslims, foreign banks and oil companies
......
396 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
theoretically don't pay zakat. But foreign banks and oil companies do pay at least 20 per- cent of their profits in the form of a mandatory tax rather than zakat.
In 2003, the UAE established an independent federal agency collecting zakaton gov- ernment tax revenues from "companies listed on the Dubai Financial Market and Abu Dhabi Securities Market ... oil-producing companies and branches of foreign banks." In 2007 these revenues were estimated at $13.5 billion.65
Although presenting itself to the West as a "moderate" ally, the UAE has consistently supported the "peaceful" and violent advancement of shari' a and terrorism worldwide. In 2006, to support suicide bombing, the UAE gave $100 million to the Palestinian Au- thority to build a new town named Sheikh Khalifa City, in honor of the UAE president. The city houses families of shahids and prisoners-and was built on the ruins of Morag, one of the evacuated Israeli settlements in Gaza.G6
On July 27,2005, the Palestinian Information Center carried a public HAMAS statement thanking the CAE for [its] "unstinting support." The statement said: "We highly appreci- ate his highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Bin Sultan AI-Nahyan (UAE president) in par- ticular and the L: AE people and government in general for their limidess support ... that contributed more to consolidating our people's resoluteness in the face of the Israeli occupation."
The HAMAS statement continued: "the sisterly U AE had ... never hesitated in providing aid for our Mujahid people pertaining to rebuilding their houses demolished by the I OF. ... The UAE also spared no effort to offer financial and material aids to the Palestinian chari- table societies."67
Indeed, as documented by the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (CSS), 68 Hamas charitable societies are known as integral parts of the Hamas infrastructure, and are outlawed by the United States and Israel.
Hamas also included a special tribute, promising to "never forget the generous dona- tions of the late Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan [a! Nahayan of Abu Dhabi],"69 the current UAE president's father. The multibillionaire was an early PLO patron and, from the 1970s until his 2004 death, contributed millions of dollars to the PLO's terror agenda, Hamas, and Islamic JihadJO
Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan was the first Arab ruler to understand the strategic impor- tance of economic jihad71 against the West. He was first to use oil as a political weapon after the 1973 Yom Kippur War.72 He was also the major sponsor of the first interna- tional Islamic bank, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI). The bank was created to serve as "the best bridge to help the world of Islam, and the best way to fight the evil influence of the Zionists."73 BCCI, which was shut down in July 1991 by New York City district attorney Robert Morgenthau, 74 funded and otherwise facilitated terrorist organizations and states, including the Sandinistas, Hezbollah, abu Nidal, the PLO, al Qaeda, Syria, Libya, Iran's Islamic revolution-as well as Pakistan's nuclear pro- gram, to create the "Islamic Bomb."75 Immediately before the 1991 Gulf War, Sheikh Zayed branded the United States the Muslims' "number two enemy" after Israel. As of this writing, the UAE votes against the United States 70 percent of the time in the UN.:G
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Ehrenfeld and Lappen: Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah 39 7
Human Appeal International (HAl), a UAE government-run "charitable" organization, whose board includes the UAE president,77 continues to fund Hamas and other Palestinian organizations, "martyrs," and Palestinian terrorists in Israeli prisons and their families. The HAI modus operandi includes transferring funds to the Palestin- ian Red Crescent, whose \'Vest Bank and Gaza branches Hamas runs. Hamas, in turn, dis- tributes the money to Hamas "charities." The Toronto, Canada, Orient Research Center reports that the UAE "compensation" plan for the Palestinian intifada in 2001 included $3,000 for every Palestinian shahid, $2,000 for his family, $1,500 for those detained by Is- rael, and $1,200 for each orphan. In addition, the families of terrorists whose homes Is- rael demolished each received $10,000. Also in 2001, the UAE held two telethons to support the "martyrs"' families. One entitled "We Are All Palestinians" raised 135 mil- lion dirham, or $36.8 million, and another called "For Your Sake Palestine" raised 350 million dirham, or $95.3 million.
On 15 February 2005, the Hamas \Veb site reported on funds transferred from HAl to two West Bank Hamas front organizations, IQRA and Rifdah, outlawed in Israel.7 8 On 22 March 2005, the Palestinian newspaper AI-Ayyam reported that in 2004 the UAE Red Crescent donated $2 million to Ham as "charities" for 3,158 terrorists' orphans. 79
A detailed 25 March 2005 report, in the Palestinian daily AI Hqyat al-]adeeda, noted that the UAE Friends Society transferred $475,000, through the UAE Red Crescent, to West Bank "charitable" organizations in Hebron,Jenin, Nablus, and Tulkarem to distrib- ute to families of "martyrs," orphans, imprisoned Palestinians, and others.
And in July 2005, Osama Zaki Muhammad Bashiti of Gaza's Khan Younis was ar- rested while returning from the UAE80 for often transferring as much as $200,000 at a time to the Gaza branch of Hamas.
Continuing UAE support for Hamas follows the agenda of the late Sheikh Zayed. His Zayed Center for International Coordination and Followup, founded in 1999 as the official Arab League think tank,81 was shuttered under international pressure in 2003. It championed Holocaust deniers like Thierry Meyssan82 and Roger GaraudyS3 and pro- vided a platform for anti-Western, anti-Christian, and anti-Jewish extremists like Saudi economist Dr. Yussuf Abdallah Al Zamel, who blamed the Iraq war on "radical Zionist and right-wing Christian" influence.
In October 2000, shortly after the beginning of the last Palestinian intifada against Israel, Qatar-based Muslim Brotherhood spiritual leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi established the "Union of Good,"84 operated through the London-based Muslim organization Interpal. The Union of Good is an umbrella organization composed of 50 Islamic "char- ities," including Hamas- and Hezbollah-affiliated organizations. It was supposed to raise funds for only 101 days, but its initial success led the founders, mostly Hamas members, to maintain its operations to date. Millions of dollars generated in Europe and elsewhere through the Union of Good-participating Muslim "charities" fuel all Palestinian terror organizations. lnterpal was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States in August 2003, but remains free to operate in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.
Al-Qaradawi, who established and leads the Department of Islamic Law (shari' a) at the University of Qatar and the Institute for Sunnah Research there, is also on the board of directors of the Al-Taqwa Bank, designated by the United States as a terrorist-funding
398 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
organization in November 2001. In August 2004, al-Qaradawi issued a fatwa saying, ''All the Americans in Iraq are soldiers, there is no difference between enlisted soldiers and civilians, and they must be fought because American citizens came to Iraq to serve the occupation. The kidnapping and killing of Americans in Iraq is a [Muslim religious] obligation to force them to leave the country immediately." 85
UAE foreign minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed al-Nahayan stated that the emirates were and remain a "strong ally of the U.S. in combating terrorism"; continuing UAE support of Hamas and other Islamic terrorist organizations proves otherwise. This raises legitimate concerns for the West about trusting UAE banks, shari' a finance institu- tions, or government tax or zakatcollection agencies. Furthermore, it raises alarms about giving the UAE legal control or influence over Western investment houses, banks, or markets. 86 The same applies to every other Islamic financial institution or state.
Bourse Dubai began operating as the world's first fully shari'a-compliant stock ex- change in December 2006. 87 Shari'a compliance requires companies traded to also be shari' a-compliant and establishes a special tax on all the others to "purify" them. The Is- lamic "purity" (tazkfya) of Bourse Dubai was approved by the Shari'a Board of the AAOIFI. 88 The AAOIFI laid the groundwork for the global Islamic financial network and regulates all Islamic financial organizations and products, including Bourse Dubai.
HOW THE WEST CAN WIN
The adversary's skill at manipulating media and public opinion cannot be underesti- mated. The propaganda offensive is so successful that even Colonel Thomas X. Hammes' description of what led to the Second Intifada is a rehash of the Saudi-sponsored Palestinian fabrication and propaganda. Hammes claims that the Pales- tinian Authority named the new intifada "the al Aqsa Intifada" to suggest that the Pales- tinian violent reaction was a direct result of then Likud party leader Ariel Sharon's visit to the al-Aqsa Mosque. Moreover, Hammes' speculation that Sharon knowingly sparked Palestinian violence using his own fourth-generation warfare strategy suggests a deliber- ate disregard for thousands of dead Israelis and Palestinians in the resulting mayhem. The fact of the matter is, Sharon never entered the al-Aqsa Mosque but rather visited the Jewish holy site of the Temple Mount. Moreover, careful study of the Palestinian modus operandi makes it clear that naming violent outbreaks is done in an opportunistic fashion and this one was preplanned. Imad Al-Faluji, then Palestinian Authority communications minister, stated on several occasions: "The PA had begun to prepare for the outbreak of the current Intifada since the return from the Camp David negotiations, by request of President Yasser Arafat."S9
The United States is now drawing new military and defense doctrines to win the fourth-generation warfare. In addition to improving technologies, the focus seems to be on the development of lighter and more flexible armies, and a greater understanding of the individual characteristics of our enemies. \'Vriting about strategies needed to win the next war, Colonel Thomas X. Hammes states that the "most powerful [U.S.] message" to the world is that "we treasure the individual."90
But a measure of the enemy's success is our reluctance to identify the shari'a for what it is. Its adherents value only the ummah, and they enslave the individual to achieve their
goal-globJ and underst states, orgar also enable t way we did'
NOTES
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dominatior
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J ~ea VCO\VOr
College,Jw
terrorists.
2. ColondTh
3. Umt!Jah, in.
4. Qur'an 57:~
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His Apostle
5. Stephen Lal
Times, 20 Se
. html? _r= I'
6. "Hamud bi1
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8. flalcvi, "\W
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from Swiss:
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14: "Islamic
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Ehrenfeld and Lappen: Shari' a Financing and the Coming Ummah 399
goal-global domination. As long as the enemy-shari'a-has not been acknowledged and understood, we stand no chance. Exposing shari'a and all its adherents, be they states, organizations, or individuals, is crucial to our ability to defend ourselves. It will also enable us to undermine shari' a's global structure, turning its adherents against it, the way we did with communism.
NOTES
1. The failure to understand the role of shari' a financing and Islamic banking in the global effort for Islamic
domination is illustrated in a monograph by Major Wesley]. L. Anderson, "Disrupting Threat Finances: Utili-
zation of Financial Information to Disrupt Terrorist Organizations in the Twenty-first Century" (Fort
Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced !'vlilitary Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff
College, June 2007). "Islamic banking" is mentioned in passing as an alternative vehicle to fund Islamist
terrorists.
2. Colonel Thomas X. Hammes, CSMC, The Sling and the Stone: On !i/'ar in the 21.rt Centuty (Zenith Press, 2006).
3. Ummah, in Arabic, means the "Community of the Believers" (ummaht al-mu'minin)-the J\Iuslim world.
4. Qur'an 57:2: "To Him belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth: It is He \'Cho gives life and
Death; and l-Ie has Power over all things." Also sec Sahib Bukhari, vol. 4, bk. 53, no. 392: "Narrated Abu
1-luraira: [fhe Prophet said to the Jews], 'If you embrace Islam, you will be safe. You should know that the
earth belongs to Allah and His Apostle, and I want to expel you from this land. So, if anyone amongst you
owns some property, he is permitted to sell it, otherwise you should know that the Earth belongs to Allah and
His Apostle."'
5. Stephen Labaton and Julia \'\1erdigier, "J\fild Reaction in Capitol on Dubai NASDAQ Acquisition," NnP York
Times, 20 September 2007, available at \VWw.nytimes.com/ 2007/09/21 /business/ world business/ 21 exchange
.html?_r=1&oref=slo,gin (accessed 17 October 2007).
6. "Hamud bin Uqla al-Shuaibi is a prominent and influential Saudi scholar. His students included a number of
important Saudi religious leaders, including the current grand mufti. Al-Shuaibi published religious edicts sup-
porting the Tali ban regime in Afghanistan, including the destruction of the Hindu statues, as part of jihad
against the intldels. He religiously justitled al-Qaeda's attack on the U.S. in September 2001 and gave religious
legitimacy to the suicide attacks against Israel carried out bv Palestinians. In October 2001, bin Laden cited
ai-Shuaibi when he spoke of his justification for killing jews and Christians." Jonathan D. Halcvi, "What
Drives Saudia Arabia to Persist in Terrorist Financing? Al:Jihad hi-a!-Afa!-Financial]ihad against the Infi-
dels," )emJalem Vieupoint.r, no. 531, 1 June 2005, www.jcpa.org/jl/vp531.htm (accessed 24 Octo her 2007).
7. "Appendix G: Profile of Sheikh Dr. Yussuf al-Qardawi, Chairman of the Board of the Union of Good," In-
telligence and Terrorism Center at the Center for Special Studies, W\Vw.intelligence.org.il/Eng/sib/2_05/
funds_g.htm.
8. 1-lalevi, "What Drives Saudi Arabia to Persist in Terrorist Financing?"
9. Y ousef AI-Qaradawi, Tmvards a Wor!dJJJide Strategy for I.rlamic Policy [a.k.a. The Prr!lec~, full translation obtained
from Swiss authorities by authors. See also Patrick Poole, "The Muslim Brotherhood 'Project,"' FrontPa;;e
Magazine, 11 ~lay 2006, \vww.frontpagemag.com/ articles/Read.aspx?GUID= { 61829F93-7A81-4654
-A2E8-FOA5E6DD3DC4} (accessed 8 September 2007).
10. Timur Kuran, Islam and Mammon: The l!conomic Predicaments ofhlami.rm (Princeton University Press, 2004), x, 3-
14: "Islamic economics itself exemplifies what has been called an 'invented tradition'"; "Neither classical nor
medieval Islamic civilization featured banks in the modern sense, let alone 'Islamic' banks .... Medieval Is-
lamic civilization produced no organizations that could pool thousands of peoples' funds, administer them
collectively, and then survive the death of their managers. The financial rules of Islam remained frozen up to
modern times, precluding the formation, except outside Islamic law, of durable partnerships involving large
400 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
numbers of individuals. It was the Europeans who ... developed a complex tlnancial system centered on banks."
11. "Past and Present of Political Islam," AI Ahram, 10-18 January 2006, available at weekly.ahram.org.egl2006/
777 I op2.htm (accessed 9 October 2007); "Muslim Brotherhood," Encyclopedia of the Orimt, i-cias.coml e.o/ mus_br_egypt.htm (accessed 9 October 2007); "Muslim Brothers," Federation of American Scientists, VlV.:w
.fas.org/irp/worldlpara/mb.htm (accessed 9 October 2007).
12. Lorenzo Vidino, "The ~Iuslim Brotherhood's Conquest of Europe," Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2005, avail- able at \V\Vw.meforum.orglarticle/687 (accessed 9 October 2007).
13. Rachel Ehrenfeld and Alyssa A. Lappen, "Ban the Brotherhood," FrontPage Maj!,azine, 27 December 2005,
-...vww.frontpagemag.coml ArticlesiRead.aspx?GUID=2CE8EF64-FA27-435C-8699-1433C788BDDB (ac- cessed 9 October 2007).
14. Rachel Ehrenfeld and Alyssa A. Lappen, "Tithing for Terrorists," l\:ational Review Online, 12 October 2007,
article.nationalreview.com/?q= :\1\X'Ew:\!Dgl ZThjM2Fm Y zU1~ITC 5Y2Q3MTBh Y212Yj:\I5NTc= (accessed 24 October 2007).
15. Ibid.
16. "Profile: International Islamic Relief Organization," Cooperative Research History Commons, www
.cooperativeresearch.orgl entity.jsp?entity=international_islamic_relief_organization (accessed 24 October
2007); "U.S. District Court Rules Saudi Charity to Remain in 9/11 Terrorist Lawsuit," PR:\iewsire, 22 Sep-
tember 2005, prnewswire.coml cgi-bin/ stories.pl?ACCT= 1 04&STORY= /v-.'"l.vw / storv /09-22-2005/
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17. BBC Press Oftlce, "Panorama: Faith, Hate and Charity," British Broadcasting Corporation, press release, 30
July 2006, ""'"-'"· bbc.co.ukl pressoftlce/ pressreleases/ stories/2006/07 _july 130 I panorama.shtml (accessed 8 October 2007).
18. Rachel Ehrenfeld and Alyssa A. Lappen, "The Egyptian Roots of Hatred," U/ashington Times, 6 July 2007,
available at \VV..'"I.v.acdcmocracy.orgl articlelim,ent_index.php?id=3il0 (accessed 24 October 2007).
19. "Islamic Development Bank," Organization of the Islamic Conference, "l.vww.oicun.org/ articles/22/1/
lslamic-Development-Bank/l.htm (accessed 8 October 2007).
20. Prof. Rodney Wilson, "The Evolution of the Islamic Financial System," available at wv-.w.sc.com.my /eng/
htmlliaffairslioscoislamicpdfiAAEuromoneych2.pdf (accessed 8 October 2007).
21. Nasser M. Suleiman "Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking," Al-Bab, wv-.w.al,bab.com/arablecon/
nsbanks.htm (accessed 8 October 2007).
22. "IDB Launches $lOb Fund to Tackle Poverty in Islamic \Vorld," CulfNeu's, 24 October 2007, available at
wv-.'"l.v.zawva.com/Story.cfml sidG:\i_241 02007 _1 0162319/ seclndustries/ paglslamic'f<,20Finance; "IDB Con-
cludes Its 32nd Annual Meeting in Senegal," Bt~sines.r Life, 30 .\lay 2007, ayailablc at V..'"l.vW. thebusinesslife .comlfinance.htm (accessed 24 October 2007).
23. J\Iuhammad Saman, "Almost All Intifada Funds by Arab Donors Has Arrived," L1rab News, 26 August 2001,
a\'ailablc at W\\'"I.V.arabnews.coml~page=4§ion=O&article=4976&d=26&m=8&y=2001 (accessed 8 Oc- tober 2007).
24. Ehrenfeld and Lappen, "Tithing for Terrorists."
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27. Al-Qaradawi, Towards a lf/orldu;ide Strategy for Islamic Policy.
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2003, avai
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qn_nt:ws_
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\\'"1.\W.doup
October 21
.nct.sg/ -n
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n.org.eg/ 2006/
as.com/ e.o/
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nter 2005, avail-
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8BDDB (ac-
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24 October
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2005/
ess release, 30
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'
Ehrenfeld and Lappen: Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah 401
29. Richard A. Clarke, statement before the U.S. Senate Banking Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess., 22 October
2003, available at www.scnatc.gov/ -banking/ _files/ clarke. pdf (accessed 8 October 2007).
30. "Financing of the 9/11 plot," National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the Cnited States, available at
\Vww.9-11 commission.grw / staff_statemcnts/911_TerrFin_App.pdf.
31. "A I'inancialJihad," Al-/!hram, 21-27 November 2002, available at weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/613/ec2
.htm (accessed 8 October 2007).
32. James Bennet, "Israelis, in Raid on Arab Banks, Seize Reputed Terrorist Funds," NeuJ York Time.r, 26 February
2004, available at query.nytimes.com/ gst/ fullpage.html?res=9B03EEDA 133CF935A 15751 COA9629C8B63
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Assets Are Frozen," Ho.rton Globe, 30 August 2005, available at \V\Vw.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/
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Saleh bin Abdullah Kamel," Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry, www.icci-oic.org/ic/l.htm (ac-
cessed 8 October 2007).
34. "Shift to Shari'ah Based Financial Products."
35. 'v!ohammed El Qorchi, "Islamic Finance Gears llp," 1-'inance and IJmlopment: A Quarterly Ma,ga'(ine of the JAW
42, no. 4 (December 2005), available at www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2005/12/qorchi.htm (ac-
cessed 8 September 2007).
36. I ,and on Thomas, Jr., "Muslim Financiers Fight Suspicion in L:.S.," Intonational Herald 1iibtme, 8 August 2007;
"Islamic Finance Prospers, Backed by Non-1\fuslims," Agence France-Presse, September 2006, available at
findarticles.com/ p /articles/ mi_kmafp / is_200609 / ai_n 16929131 (accessed 8 September 2007).
37. Clarke, statement before the l'.S. Senate Banking Committee; "The \X'orld's Billionaires," brim, 8 ~Iarch
2007, available at www.forbcs.com/lists/2007 /I 0 /07billionaires_ The-Worlds-Billionaires_ CountryOfCitizen
_lG.html (accessed 26 October 2007).
38. Osama bin Laden, quoted in Geoff Shaw, "I'"nowledge Based Authentication: Is It Quantifiable?" (presenta-
tion, ~IST-GSA Symposium, Gaithersburg, .\ID, 9 Februarv 2004), csrc.nist.gov/archive/kba/
Presentations/Day'1o201 /Shaw. pdf (accessed 8 September 2007).
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June 2007, www.ameinfo.com/124491.html (accessed 24 October 2007).
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22 October 2007.
41. "Islamic Finance Summit," Financial Research Associates, www.frallc.com/conference.aspx?ccode=b525 (ac-
cessed 8 October 2007).
42. Commenting on the creeping shari' a in the West, Judge 1\lichacl Mukascy, in confirmation hearings before the
Senate Judician' Committee, said: "We li\'C in this country under one system of laws. And whatever may be
the religious requirements of any group, we don't create enclaves where a different law applies, a different law
governs and people don't have the rights that cvervbod\' else has outside that enclave. I would resist that very
firmly~thc creation of any such enclave." "Senate Judiciarv Committee Hearing for ~omination of Judge
Mukasey as Attorne\' General," \\'ashingtonpost.com, 17 October 2007, www.washin1,>tonpost.com/wp-sn' /
politics/ documents/ attorncy_general_hearing_l 01707.html.
43. Janine A. Clark, Islam, Charity, and /lctim'.rm: :\Jiddle-Cia.rs Netu·ork.r and Social tVeijare in I~gypt, Jordan, and Yemen (Bloomington, I~: Indiana Cniversitv Press, 2004).
44 Douglas I-'arah, "Zakat and Jihad from the \\'ords of the Master," Douglas Farah, posted 1 November 2006,
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402 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
\\'ords of the Master," Thoughts of a Conservative Christian, posted 2 ~ovcmbcr 2006, bsimmons
.wordpress.com/ 2006/ 11 /02/ zakat -and -jihad- from- the-words-of- the-mastcr-2 /.
45. Ayatollah Khomcini issued a fatwa "f(:Jr transferring charity funds to support the armed Palestinian campaign
against Israel. He thus paved the way for charitable societies operating in the Arab-l\Iuslim world and the
West to finance the activities of the Islamic terrorist organizations." "Iranian-Sponsored W'orld Jerusalem
Day Was !\larked in Iran, Some Countries in the Arab-l\luslim \\'orld, and Western Countries Such as Britain
and Canada," lntelligcncc and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemo-
ration Center (IICC), www. terrorism-info.org.il/ eng/ eng_n/jerusalem_d07 c.htm.
46. Kl!t!tJJJ is another tax e1·ery Muslim merchant has to pay once a year. The money allegedly goes for public
needs, and since jihad is on the march, I\Iuslim religious leaders usc the money for their own purposes. Sec
ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Aron Zysow, "Zakat," The Lmydopedia of l.r!am, new ed., vol. 11,406-22, discussed in United States t'. Mubay_yid,
476 F.Supp.2d 46, n17 (D. t\Iass. 2007), a\·ailable at www.slashlegal.com/showthrcad.php)t=l33601.
49. J. .\fillard Burr and Robert Cl. Collins, -"1/m.rjorjihad: Charity and Ferrori.rtJJ in the I.r!amic 117orld ~ew York: Cam- bridge University Press, 2006), 12-13. The book was pulped in 2007, in capitulation to mere threats of an ex-
pensive Libel suit in the ll nitcd Kingdom against the publisher by Saudi billionaire Khalid bin 2\Iahfouz, who
chose British libel laws as a vehicle for financial jihad, successfully silencing the Western media from exposing
terror ftnanciers. I'or more information about the case, sec Rachel Ehrenfeld, "Fighting Financial Jihad," Pa-
jamas ,\Jcdia, posted 23 September 2007, pajamasmedia.com/blog/tlnancial_jihad_vs_the_first_a/.
50. Sheikh Abdullah Ibn Yusuf Azzam, "Join the Caravan," 10, available at \'AVW.worldotlslam.info/ebooks/
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1\Iiss Kelly, posted I December 2007, misskc\lv.tvpepad.com/miss_kclly_/2007 /12/updatc-on-care.html.
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52. Tala] J\lalik, "GCC Can Rake Billions in J:akat, Income Tax," ,\rabianBusiness.com, 12 September 2007,
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2007).
53. Jon a than Schanzer, "Saudi Squander," N a tiona! Review Online, 3 October 2007, article.nationalre\'iew.com/
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(accessed 25 October 2007).
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printpage.p?ref= /symposium/ symposium21J0602CI70754.asp (accessed 26 Clctober 2007).
59. "Statement of the OIC Ambassadorial Plenarv Meeting," Organization of the Islamic Conference, 14 Febru-
ary 2006, www.oic-oci.org/ press/ english/2006/February'Yt,202006/joint-statment.htm (accessed 8 September
2007; 1\:at Hentoff, "The Cartoons Conspiracy," [ 'i!!t(~e l'oice, 20 February 2006, www.villagevoice.com/
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featurcsar>
Kaufman,
news/arti<
60. P. K. Abd
a\'ailable a
tobcr 200~
61. "J-Iezbolla
.com/new
62. Senator Jo
American
20()7).
(J3. Josh Meye
.latimes.co
64. Dcpartmc
pott.r otl Hh
The~
!ems
tives ~
de ten
ties-
as soc
traft1c
rupti<
restri(
65. 1\falik, "(;(
66. Rachel Eh
2()06, WW\\
(accessed;
6 7. Rachel l\h
2006, WW\
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68. "Spotlight
at the Cent
%20TERR
69. "Zayed bir
main4/She
70. Ibid.
71. Rachel Eh1
op-ed/200
72. Rachel Eht
73. Ibid., 1C9.
74. Ibid., 165.
75. Ibid, 163-;
nmons
1tinian campaign
'orld and the
rid Jerusalem
s Such as Britain
~e & Commemo-
:s for public
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"tales 1'. lvluba)'yid,
l:l3601.
\ew York: Cam-
:hreats of an ex-
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ia from exposing
tcial]ihad," Pa-
·st_a/.
fo/ebooks/
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006, available at
mber 2007,
d 8 October
talreview.com/
ober 2007).
ne, 17 October
IQ6D80DB25
ltureotbate
pagemag.com/
ssed 8 October
,·w.telcgraph.co
8 January 2006,
tober 2007);
:w.com/ script/
1cc, 14 Febru-
cd 8 September
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' It
Ehrenfeld and Lappen: Shari'a Financing and the Coming Ummah 403
news/0608,hentoff,72237,6.html (accessed 8 October 2007); Pete Baumgartner, "East: Islamic Officials, Jour-
nalists Reflect on Publication of Muhammad Cartoons," Radio Free Europe, 3 February 2006, www.rferl.org/
featuresarticle/2006/02/ 5d6e1728-e305-4dc7 -b9d0-8350f35ed375.html (accessed 8 October 2007); Gil
Kaufman, "Muslim Fury over Danish Cartoons Spurs Riots across the Globe-\\"hv?" 1\fTV, www.mtv.com/
news/ articlcs/1523891 /20060207 /id_O.jhtml (accessed 8 September 2007).
60. P. K. Abdul Ghafour, "Kingdom, 20 OIC Partners Support Global Zakah Fund," /lmb Nm·s, 30 April2007,
available at www.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=O&article=95581&d=30&m=4&y=2007 (accessed 8 Oc-
tober 2007).
61. "Hezbollah: Rushdie Death \Vould Stop Prophet Insults," Yahoo l\:ews, 2 February 2006, www.natashatynes
.com/newswire/2006/02/hczbollah_killi.html (accessed 26 October 2007).
62. Senator John Kyl and Senator Pat Roberts, "Joint Inquiry Staff Report: Additional Views," Federation of
American Scientists, available at W\V,v.fas.org/irp/ congress/2002_rpt/kyl-roberts.html (accessed 26 October
2007).
63.Josh 1\lever, "Saudi Arabia Is Prime Source of Terror Funds, U.S. Says," Los /11\~eles "Ii"me.r, 2 April2008, www
.latimtos.com/ news/ nationworld/ nation/la-na-terror2apr02, 1,185 1447.story.
64. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, "United Arab Emirates," Cimnfl)' Re-
ports on Human llights l'ractice.r, 2006, available at www.state.gov / g/ drl/ rls/hrrpt/2006/78865.htm.
The government's respect for human rights remained problematic, and si,L,mificant human rights prob-
lems reported included: no citizens' right to change the government and no popularly elected representa-
tives of any kind; flogging as judicially sanctioned punishment; arbitrary detention and incommunicado
detention, both permitted by law; guestionable independence of the judiciary; restrictions on civil liber-
ties-freedom of speech and of the press (including the Internet), and assembly; restrictions on right of
association; restrictions on religious freedom; domestic abuse of women, sometimes enabled bv police;
trafficking in women and children; legal and societal discrimination against women and noncitizens; cor-
ruption and lack of government transparency; common abuse of foreign domestic serYants; and severe
restrictions on and abuses of workers' rights.
65. Malik, "GCC Can Rake Billions in Zakat, Income Tax."
66. Rachel Ehrenfeld and Alyssa A. Lappen, "The U.N. Gives Hamas a Raise," FrMfPt(i!,f Mt(i!,azim, 6 Januarv
2006, \vw·w.frontpagemag.com/ Articles /Read.aspx?GUD= E4D E77B2-BODC-4DC6-BSEC-7D07 661 FSEF6
(accessed 26 October 2007).
67. Rachel Ehrenfeld and /llvssa A. Lappen, "\\'elcoming Terror to C.S. Ports," hvntPt(W Magazine, 24 February
2006, www.frontpagemag.com/ i\rticles/Printable.aspx?GCID=SDE1557E-EC:FC:-4447-BB8C
-C800D6D9EDA ... -\ (accessed 26 October 2007).
68. "Spotlight on a Hamas Dawah Institution in the \Vest Bank," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center
at the Center for Special Studies, www·.terrorism-info.org.il/ malam_multimedia/El\:GLISH/MARKETI"t\iG
%2CITERRORISM/PDF /JAN22_1l5.PDF (accessed 26 October 2007).
69. "Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahvan Sheik, Cnited Arab Emirates 1966-2004," l\:ameBase, www.namebase.org/
main4/Sheik-Zayed-bin-sultan-al_2Dnah\'an.html (accessed 26 October 2007).
70. Ibid.
71. Rachel Ehrenfeld, "Saudi Interest in America," Ir<a.rhitz~;ton "J"imes, 15 January 2006, w\vw.washtimes.com/
op-ed/ 20060115-1 03622-3038r. htm.
72. Rachel Ehrenfeld, E11i/ Money (Harper Business, 1992), 164, 169-70.
73. Ibid., 169.
7 4. Ibid., 165.
75. Ibid, 163-210.
404 Armed Groups: Studies in National Security, Counterterrorism, and Counterinsurgency
76. The UAE is no "ally" of the Cnited States. See annual reports on voting patterns in the United States Depart-
ment of State and C nited Nations records.
77. "Board :\Iembers of Human Appeal International," ArabDecision.org, \vww.arabdecision.org/list_cvs_3_12
_8_1_3_ 4825.htm (accessed 26 October 2007.)
78. ltcm on Ham as \\' cb site, www.palestinc-info.info/ arabic/ pales today I dailynewsl2005 I feb05 I 12_21 details6 .htm, in the author's possession.
79. Article in /liAIJwn, 22 \Iarch 2005, W\\'w.al-ayyam.comlznewslsiteldefault.aspx (accessed 26 October
2007), in the author's possession.
80. Ehrenfeld and I .appcn, "\X'd coming Terror to U.S. Ports."
81. "AD I. Backgrounder: The Zayed Center," Anti-defamation League, 15 September 2003, available at www.adl
.orgl i\nti_scmitismlzayed_center.asp (accessed 26 October 2007).
82. "Media's Take on the ?\iews 6-2-03 to 7-14-03," History News Network, hnn.uslarticlcsl1601.html (accessed
26 October 2007).
83 . .Jonathan .Jaffit, "Fighting Sheikh Zaeyd's Funding of Islamic Studies at Harvard Dh·inity School: A Case
Studv," Maceo bean Online, January 2006, www.frceman.orgiMOLipagesljanuary-2006.php (accessed 26 Octo-
ber 2007).
il4. Rachel Ehrenfeld, "The 'Union of Good' and the Lost Peace," FrontPage 1\Iaga::?jne, 7 March 2005, W\VW
.frontpagemag.comiArticlesiRead.aspx?GUlD={B01DD54B-AEA5-4A10-881E-649249DDBD42}.
85. "Appendix G."
86. Ehrenfeld and Lappen, "Welcoming Terror to U.S. Ports."
87. Sohal! Zubair, "Islamic Conversion Boosted DFM IPO," Gulfl\!ews, 2 December 2006, available at archive
.t,rulfne,vs.coml articlcsi06I12I0211 0086533.html (accessed 8 October 2007).
88. Ibid.
89. Hammes, The Slif{~ and the Stone, 119. Regarding this particular incident, I mad Al-Faluji has said, "The PA had
begun to prepare for the outbreak of the current Intifada since the return from the Camp David negotiations,
by request of President Y asser Arafat, who predicted the outbreak of the Intifada as a complementary stage to
the Palestinian steadfastness in the negotiations, and not as a specific protest against Sharon's visit to
t\1-Haram Al-Qudsi !Temple !\fount]." 1vloreover, "The Intifada was no surprise for the Palestinian leader-
ship .... The P A instructed the political forces and factions to run all matters of the Intifada." See "PA Min-
ister: The Intifada Was Planned from the Day Arafat Returned from Camp Dadd; Special Dispatch Series
No. 194, March 21, 2001," ;\fiddle East 1\fedia Research Institute, available at www.memri.orglbinlarticlcs
.cgi?Area=sd&ID=SP19401.
90. Hammes, The Sling and the Stone, 291.
1
Martha Cn
INTRODUI
After the a1 recognized tional agen produced tl terrorism a conflict, co Indo- Pakist
Theim1 the declarat defeat the 1 Iraq. At hot ing establist ligence bun terrorism al immediate!) 2001, for ex
Dr. '\Iartha Cre written extensi\ was published i macy and the R Press) and "Ter "C<)Untcrtcrror
senior fellow in national Studies taught in the Dc editorial boards cal Violence. She International Sl ter for the Stud partment of J lc I'ellowship in 2 Basic Research Council of the: of terrorism an come to an end
© Cren~haw 20(1?)
