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Chapter 6

Race and Ethnicity

Frameworks for Defining Minority Experience in the United States

  • Melting Pot
  • Taking in people from around the world and turning them into Americans
  • Assimilation
  • Pluralistic Society
  • Many racial and ethnic groups exist side by side

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 6.1 Population of the U.S. by Racial and Ethnic Group, 2005

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Figure 6.2 Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Population 65+

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

By Race and Hispanic Origin 2008 and Projected to 2050

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Figure 6.3 Percentage of a Group with Income from a Specified Source

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

For Persons Age 65 or Older, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2008

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Figure 6.4 Median Income by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2008

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 6.5 Respondent-Assessed Health Status

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 6.6 Proportion of Minorities in the U.S. Population Age 65+ 2010–50

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Whites – The Dominant Group

  • Variety of European ethnic origins
  • Long history of settlement in USA
  • More formal education, lower rates of poverty
  • Make more use of formal support systems
  • Most programs originally designed for this group

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity of the Minority Population

  • Differences in
  • Mortality; Fertility; Migration
  • Subgroups differ in:
  • demography
  • cultural background
  • reasons they came to the US
  • how they came to the US

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 6.7 Subgroups within the Hispanic U.S. Older Population (65+)

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008

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Figure 6.8 Percent Age 65+ by Race and Hispanic Origin for the US

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2010, 2030, 2050

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The Aging of the Minority Population

  • Minority population in US is aging along with general population aging
  • Overall all aged 85+ will increase 4-fold by 2050
  • All older minority groups expected to increase

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Three Theories on Minority Group Aging

  • Multiple Jeopardy
  • Critique of Multiple Jeopardy Theory
  • Leveling
  • The Life Course Perspective
  • Institutional Completeness: An Example of Life Course Differences
  • Structured Inequality and Personal History

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Theories of Minority Group Aging
The Life Course Perspective

  • Life unfolds from birth to death in three contexts: Social; Cultural; Historical
  • Differences between:
  • Minority groups
  • Cultural subgroups within minority groups
  • Age cohorts among minority group members
  • Looks for continuities and discontinuities

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
African Americans

  • Health
  • Worse than Whites on most measures
  • Greater risks of
  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • cerebrovascular disease
  • diabetes

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
African Americans

  • Health
  • Income
  • Family & Community Life
  • Problem view; Adaptive view
  • Social Support
  • African American Men

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
African Americans

  • The Future of African American Aging
  • May have fewer family resources for care
  • Fewer men in later life due to high mortality of younger men
  • Wider gap in socioeconomic experiences between poor/middle class African Americans

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 6.1 Older People Below Poverty by Age & Race/Ethnicity

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007

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Figure 6.9 Profile of the Elderly Poor, 2007

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Figure 6.10 Percent Hispanic for the Older Population

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

By Selected Age Groups for the United States: 2010 to 2050

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A Look at Four Minority Groups
Hispanic Americans

  • Health
  • Lower death rates than whites of some diseases
  • Greater rates of some diseases and conditions than Whites or African Americans
  • More likely than whites to have “accelerated aging”

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
Hispanic Americans

  • Income
  • Lower than African Americans or Whites
  • Consistent picture of low SES and inadequate financial resources
  • Lifelong history of low paying jobs
  • SSI main source of income for 1 in 5
  • Poverty

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
Hispanic Americans

  • Family & Community Life
  • Cultural background supports multigenerational living arrangements
  • Especially if migrant
  • Subgroup differences in types of support to and from family and community

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
Hispanic Americans

  • The Future of Hispanic American Aging
  • Diverse cultural subgroups will continue to experience differences in proximity to support
  • Urban older adults may have more formal supports, rural may rely on informal supports
  • Service providers must shape programs to meet subgroup needs

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
Asian Americans

  • Health
  • Generally good health
  • Subgroups affected by different illnesses
  • Few studies of older Asian American health care needs
  • Need more from these groups in research samples
  • More than 20 different ethnicities

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
Asian Americans

  • Income and Poverty
  • Highest economic status of any minority group
  • Family and Community Life
  • Most come from traditions that respect older people
  • Often do give a great deal of care

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
Hispanic Americans

  • The Future of Asian American Aging
  • Grown faster than any other minority since 1970
  • Language and cultural barriers keep some from needed help
  • Social services agencies should recruit Asian American workers

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
American Indians & Alaskan Natives

  • Health and Income
  • Poor health
  • Greatest likelihood of lifetime health problems
  • Lower than other US populations
  • 60% of American Indians worry about the cost of basic items

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Look at Four Minority Groups
American Indians & Alaskan Natives

  • Family & Community Life
  • Grandparenting
  • Eldercare
  • The Future of American Indian Aging
  • The “Paradox of Aging”
  • Indian Health Service must improve screening and culturally appropriate services

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Responses to Minority Group Aging

  • Minority elders will take a more active role in society in future
  • Group associations carry group concerns to govt.
  • Challenges for a Diverse Older Population
  • Future Issues

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.