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College of Business:

Guidelines for referencing and presentation

in written reports and essays

Version: 4

Approved: April 2010

Review date: Not later than December 2011

Contents

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645597" 1. Introduction 2

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645598" 2. Referencing 4

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645599" 2.2.1 Paraphrasing 4

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645600" 2.2.2 Direct quotes 4

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645601" 2.3.1 Referencing internet sources 5

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645602" 2.4.1 Printed material and multimedia 10

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645603" 2.4.2 Electronic journal articles 20

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645604" 2.4.5 Order of entries in a reference list 22

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645605" 3. Plagiarism 25

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645606" 3.1.1 What constitutes plagiarism? 25

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645607" 3.1.2 What is the penalty for plagiarism? 25

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645608" 4. Essay writing 28

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645609" A Step By Step Guide to Essay Writing 28

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645610" Step 1 Choose your topic 28

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645611" Step 2 Read the instructions, relating to your assessments as set down in your Course Guide 28

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645612" Step 3 Analyse the topic 28

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645613" Step 5 Starting your research 30

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645614" Step 6 Mind mapping 30

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645615" Step 7 Focus your research 30

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645616" Step 8 Draw up a detailed plan 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645617" Step 9 Writing the Essay 32

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645618" Step 10 Writing the first draft 34

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645619" Step 11 Editing your final draft 35

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645620" 5. Report Writing 36

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645621" A step by step guide to report writing 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645622" Step 1 Choose your topic 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645623" Step 2 Read the instructions relating to your assessments as set down in your Course Guide 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645624" Step 3 Analyse the topic 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645625" Step 4 Brain storm – what do you already know about the issue? 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645626" Step 5 Starting your research 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645627" Step 6 Mind mapping 37

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645628" Step 7 Focus your research 38

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645629" Step 8 Draw up a detailed plan 39

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645630" Step 9 Writing the report 40

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645631" Step 10 Using your plan to start writing 43

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645632" Step 11 Writing the first draft 43

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645633" Step 12 Formatting your report 44

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645634" Reference list 48

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645635" Bibliography 48

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645636" Glossary 49

HYPERLINK \l "_Toc260645637" Acknowledgements 50

Tables

Table Title Page

Table 1 Referencing styles – type of author 6

Table 2 Referencing styles – no author 6

Table 3 Referencing styles – books 7

Tables 4a-d Referencing styles 10

Table 5 Order of entries in a reference list 22

Table 6 Other referencing systems 23

Table 7 Commonly used abbreviations in referencing 24

Table 8 Direct use of another person's work without citation 26

Table 9 Paraphrasing without citation 26

Table 10 Piecing together texts and linking them 26

Table 11 Integrating ideas from multiple sources 27

Table 12 How to avoid accusations of plagiarism 27

Table 13 A ction/instruction words used in assessment tasks 29

Table 14 Mind mapping for essays 30

Table 15 Checklist for essays 34

Table 16 Mind mapping for reports 38

Table 17 Sections of a report 40

Table 18 Examples of the language used in the different sections of a report 45

Table 19 Formal versus informal language 45

Table 20 Report writing checklist 47

Table 21 Glossary 49

1. Introduction

The written word is the basis of business communication today, whether in a formal business report, a letter, informal memo or email. As a business professional, you will be judged by how well and how clearly you use words to communicate.

As well as teaching technical business skills in a broad range of disciplines, RMIT Business is also committed to help you develop appropriate business writing skills for the University assessments you will be required to submit.

This document is intended for RMIT Business TAFE and undergraduate students, although postgraduate students are encouraged to use it as a starting point. It details how to format your written work and demonstrates:

  • the differences between academic essays and business reports;

guidelines for their preparation;

how to ensure you meet the technical requirements;

how to cite references;

how to avoid plagiarism.

You will find a set of broad guidelines to help overcome common problems with grammar, formatting, and use of abbreviations. This document is intended as an integral reference on matters of style and method. It will also help you further develop your written communication skills.

The RMIT Business Guidelines are based on the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002), referred to here as Style manual (2002) which is published on behalf of the Commonwealth of Australia, and is the Commonwealth Government’s preferred style. The Style manual (2002) can be used to provide guidance on areas which are not covered in the RMIT Business document, but if there is any inconsistency you should follow the RMIT Business document.

There may be certain other style requirements published in a course guide or indicated by the lecturer in charge.

Examples used in this guide are presented in text boxes to make them easy to follow.

Example of correct in-text reference using quotes

‘Whilst this work has been developing in the USA it had very different beginnings in Britain ‘ (Wright 1982, p. 51).

Additional support and assistance with essay writing, writing style, and referencing can be found by viewing the Learning Lab <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

1.1 Getting started

Do not leave the task until the last minute. You are urged to consider the following advice in relation to written assessments:

  • Start thinking about the topic as soon as it has been selected and list the questions you believe you should try to answer.
  • Do background reading, but keep checking the set topic to ensure that you stay focused.

Place the topic of your answer within the appropriate context. For example, an essay question on the macroeconomic policies of a particular country will require you to define ‘macroeconomic’ before you can write about policies in different countries. So you may need to complete background reading before commencing the specific reading related to your written task.

What do you need to fully answer the question? Do you need to collect data, source more reading materials, analyse new or existing data? Where will you source this information?

  • Allow time to secure essential references, remembering most libraries often do not have sufficient multiple copies of references. Learn quickly to get the relevant information for your assignment, using the table of contents, chapter summaries, indexes and reviews. Always record the details of the publications in full for inclusion in your notes or plan in case you decide to refer to a source in your essay.
  • You should use all available research resources including the Internet and other electronic sources, to both save time and allow you to conduct international research and data gathering from home or work. However, in using these new technologies you must ensure that database resources, web pages, email, electronic discussion lists, etc. are properly acknowledged (see chapter 3 for electronic document referencing).

    • 1.2 Editing

    Do not leave editing until the last minute, but leave sufficient time to rewrite work to improve your expression. Remove irrelevant or redundant material. Refine arguments to be more concise and forceful, and to remedy any other deficiencies.

    Hint:

    Often, the best way to ensure your writing flows systematically is to read your work aloud. Your natural pauses become your punctuation and paragraph breaks, and sometimes, while reading aloud, it becomes obvious what needs to be deleted and what is missing from your analysis.

    1.3 Confidentiality

    If you include confidential and/or controversial material and do not wish your essay or report to be viewed by people other than RMIT staff, you should discuss this with your lecturer or course coordinator.

    1.4 Referencing

    What is referencing?

    Referencing means acknowledging someone else’s work or ideas. It is sometimes called ‘citing’ or ‘documenting’ another person’s work.

    Referencing is a basic University requirement.

    As an RMIT Business student, you are required to use the Harvard referencing system as outlined in the following pages. This author date system is based on the Australian Government 2000, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.

    Note: The Harvard system has many variations. You must use this version known as the AGPS style.

    We have created an interactive website to assist you in the pursuit of referencing to the required standard. The site contains examples you can read as well as self help exercise with the information presented in a just in time format. It would be beneficial fore you to bookmark the RMIT Business online referencing resource.

    Why reference?

    To draw on the ideas, language, data, and/or facts of others. (You are expected to read and research widely.)

    To provide depth and support to academic work through citation of theories or key writers whose work supports your answer, argument, or contention.

    To demonstrate knowledge of current thinking in the field.

    To support academic writing, essays, business reports, and oral presentations.

    To demonstrate your ability to synthesis and analyse ideas sourced through your research.

    To acknowledge work from others that you have quoted, summarised, paraphrased, synthesised, discussed or mentioned in your assignments.

    To provide a list of the publication details so that your readers can locate the source if necessary.

    To demonstrate the level and breadth of research undertaken by a student. References used correctly will benefit your work and may add to your final grade.

    Note:

    • Without appropriate referencing students are in effect “stealing” the work of others- this is tantamount to academic fraud and is called plagiarism.
    • Failure to reference your work means that you may be found guilty of plagiarism which incurs academic penalties. Further information can be found at RMIT Regulations 6.1.1 – Student Discipline.
    • Failure to use the correct referencing format may affect the grading of your academic work.

    2. Referencing

    2. 1 Introduction

    Whenever you rely on someone else’s work you must acknowledge that by providing details of the source. Harvard Referencing has been developed to provide standard, compact ways of conveying this necessary information.

    In this system, each reference is indicated in two areas of your work:

    • in the text (in-text citation) by using the name of the author(s) and the date of publication of the work.
    • In the reference list, where the full details of each reference, including the title and publishing details are given

    2.2 In-text citations

    There are two ways of referencing in-text:

    • Paraphrasing

    Direct quotes

    2.2.1 Paraphrasing

    When paraphrasing, the ideas of the author(s) are expressed in your own words.

    Paraphrasing is used to indicate to the reader:

    · your understanding of the content in the reference you are using.

    · your ability to relevantly and appropriately use ideas and information to support an argument or an opinion.

    2.2.1.1 How to reference in-text

    There are two options for in-text referencing

    · Adding the citation at the end of the sentence.

    · Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.

    · When paraphrasing include the author’s name and date of publication.

    e.g.

    Lack of variability in a product is an important measure of its quality (Shannon 2003).

    OR

    Shannon (2003) describes the role of statistics in minimising product variability.

    2.2.2 Direct quotes

    When quoting, the exact words of the author(s) are used. Direct quotes should be kept to a minimum.

    2.2.2.1 How to reference in-text

    There are two options for in-text referencing

    · Adding the citation at the end of the sentence

    · Using the author’s name as part of your sentence

    · When using direct quotes include the author’s name, date of publication and page number

    e.g.

    Statistical thinking can be defined as a ‘set of thought processes and value systems that focus on understanding, managing and reducing variation in the output of the firm’ (Shannon 2003, p. 5).

    OR

    Shannon defines statistical thinking as a ‘set of thought processes and value systems that focus on understanding, managing and reducing variation in the output of the firm’ (2003, p. 5).

    2.3 A reference list

    The publication details of every item cited / used in your writing need to be included in the reference list at the end of your paper. Any websites used must also be documented in full. This enables the reader to locate the source if they wish.

    Each reference list entry requires a specific format depending on the reference type i.e. whether it is a book, book chapter, journal article, website, etc. This is indicated in the following tables (page 6 onwards).

  • You must use a variety of sources in your written work e.g. books, journals and websites etc. This indicates that you have researched widely.

    • What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

    A reference list details in alphabetical order by author family name, all the works/articles/journals/ monographs/web pages and data sources you have cited in your written work.

  • A bibliography lists, in alphabetical order by author family name, all the works/articles/journals/ monographs/web pages and data sources you have used or accessed to create your written work.

    • Note: RMIT Business requires all students to use a reference list in assessment tasks unless otherwise instructed by your lecturers.

    2.3.1 Referencing internet sources

    Referencing of web resources follows the same principles as for printed material. Often it is difficult to decide how to reference a web site, especially when it originates from a corporate or government body.

    It may not be clear:

    • who or which part of an organisation is responsible for the content. (Check the header, footer or “About” section of the site).
    • when it was created or last updated. (Many sites are continuously updated – check for clues such as references to events which happened in a particular year or look for a copyright date. If it is clear that a site is continuously updated use the current year.)
    • which part to take as the title. (Home pages do not always require a title. For subordinate pages, choose the most obvious heading on the page).
    • who is responsible for publishing it.

    The important thing is to make it clear exactly which part of the site you are referring to and provide details of the bodies responsible.

    Viewed date

    As documents on the web are subject to sudden change, it is essential to include the date on which you accessed the document, especially if no date can be found on the document itself.

    Web addresses (URL - Uniform Resource Locator)

    Provide the full URL for the site.

    If you are accessing information via a Library database, give the name of the database not the URL.

    As URLs often change, e.g. when a site is restructured, you need to provide sufficient information such as title and author for the reader to locate the document on the site.

    Enclose the URL in angle brackets

    e.g. <www.ibisworld.com.au>. followed by a full stop.

    It is important to use the URL prefix to identify type of access involved e.g. http:// ftp:// gopher://

    General r ules for in-text referencing where the name(s) of the authors are given

    For books, journals, websites, conference papers and newspapers, the general rule is to use the family name and the date.

    Table 1

    Referencing style – types of author

    In-text reference

    One author

    Family name

    Year of publication

    Kumar (2007) argued that…

    ...(Kumar 2007).

    Two or three authors

    Family name

    Year of publication

    Brown and Lee (2008) offer the opinion that…

    ....(Brown & Lee 2008).

    Four or more authors

    The name of the first author followed by ‘et al.’

    Year of publication

    Note: Family names of all authors, and initials, to be used in the reference list

    Ng et al. (2004) stated that…

    …(Ng et al. 2004).

    For specific information regarding referencing, refer to pages 8-22 of this Guide or use the online referencing resource <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html" www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html>.

    General r ules for in-text referencing where the name( s) of the authors are not given

    Table 2

    Referencing style – no author

    In-text reference

    N ewspapers from a database or hard copy

    Name of paper – in italics

    Date

    Page

    Date viewed

    Database if applicable

    In-Text Reference

    As stated in the Financial Review (1 August 2007, p. 62, viewed 27 August 2007, Factiva Database)…..

    …. (Financial Review, 1 August 2007, p. 62, viewed 27 August 2007, Factiva Database).

    Websites – corporations / institutions

    An organisational publication with no individual author e.g.  a corporate website or report, treat the company as the author

    Name of authoring body, corporation / institution

    Year of publication

    Telstra (2007) provided the latest….

    ...,(Telstra 2007).

    For specific information regarding referencing, refer to pages 8-22 of this Guide or use the online referencing resource <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html" www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html>.

    2.4 Books

    The following table demonstrates how to correctly reference your work both in-text and in the reference list using books.

    Table 3

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Book – o ne author

    Family name and initial(s)

    Year of publication

    Title of book - italicised

    Publisher

    Place of publication

    Shannon, J 2003, ‘A companion to business statistics’, Pearson, Frenchs Forest, NSW.

    Note the use of upper and lower case in the titles of all books

    … (Shannon 2003).

    OR

    Shannon (2003) argues

    Note:

    • for direct quotes enclose the exact words of the writer in

    ‘single’ inverted commas

    • Include the page number(s)

    Shannon (2003, p. 45) defines…

    ...(Shannon 2003, p. 45).

    Book – four or more authors

    The name of the first author followed by ‘et al.’ is used for the in-text reference.

    In the reference list write the names of all the authors.

    Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2004, Marketing, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, Frenchs Forest, NSW.

    … (Kotler et al. 2004).

    OR

    Kotler et al. (2004) state ...

    No clear author

    Where there is no clear author, enter under the title of the book.

    Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.

    The Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) describes …

    Edited book

    Single editor

    Multiple editors

    Note:

    ed. - editor

    eds - editors

    Cortada, J (ed.) 1998, Rise of the knowledge worker, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.

    Cope, B & Mason, D (eds) 2001, C-2-C: creator to consumer in a digital age, Common Ground Publishing, Altona, Vic.

    …(ed. Cortada 1998).

    …(eds Cope & Mason 2001).

    Book chapter / article

    Author(s) of chapter - family name(s) and initial(s) Year of publication ‘Title’ of chapter - in single inverted commas [in] Editor of book (if different) Title of book – italicised Edition Publisher Place of publication Page number(s)

    Ahmadjiian, CL 2006, ‘Japanese business groups: continuity in the face of change, in S Chang (ed.) Business groups in East Asia, Oxford university Press, UK, pp.29-52.

    Note:

    The Initial(s) of editor(s) comes before their family name(s).

    Include the page numbers for the whole chapter.

    Ahmadjiian (2006) observes that...

    ...(Ahmadjiian 2006).

    E-book Author(s) family name(s), Initial(s)

    Year of publication

    Title of book,

    Edition

    Publisher

    Place of publication

    viewed day month year

    database name

    When the e-book is in a library database as a page image (pdf), cite it as if it were a hard copy book.

    To show where the e-book was located online, add the date of viewing and either database name or URL.

    If the book is only available on a Library database as HTML or plain text, then you must cite the date of viewing and either the database name or URL.

    Zietlow, J, Hankin, JA & Seidner, AG 2007, Financial management for nonprofit organizations : policies and practices, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

    or

    Zietlow, J, Hankin, JA & Seidner, AG 2007, Financial management for nonprofit organizations : policies and practices, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J., viewed 7 November 2007, Ebook Library database.

    Liu, C & Albitz, P 2006, DNS and BIND, 5th edn, O’Reilly, Sebastopol, CA, viewed 7 November 2007, <http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0596100574>.

    Zietlow, Hankin and Seidner (2007) state...

    ….Zietlow, Hankin & Seidner 2007).

    Alternatively an anonymous article e.g. from an encyclopedia or dictionary can be cited in the text with no entry in the reference list.

    No reference needed.

    The new Palgrave dictionary of money & finance (1992) defines hedging as …

    Several items with same author and year

    If you are referring to more than one work written by the same author in the same year, the letters a,b,c etc are added to the date to indicate which one you mean.

    In the reference list the works are listed alphabetically according to the title. If the title starts with ‘A’, ‘An’, or ‘The’, the alphabetical order is determined by the second word in the title

    Hill, CWL 2004a, Global business today, 3rd edn, McGraw Hill / Irwin, Boston.

    Hill, CWL 2004b, Strategic management theory: an integrated approach, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

    Hill (2004a) suggests that...

    Hill (2004b) suggests that...

    ...(Hill 2004b).

    ...(Hill 2004a).

    Several items with same first author and year

    When an author publishes more than one work in the same year, but with different co-authors, the name of the second author determines the order in which the works appear in the reference list.

    Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2004, Marketing, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, Frenchs Forest, NSW.

    Kotler, P & Lee, N 2004, ‘Best of breed’, Stanford Social Innovation Review , vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 14-23.

    Kotler et al. (2004) suggested that...

    Kotler and Lee (2004) offer the opinion that...

    … (Kotler et al. 2004).

    … (Kotler & Lee 2004).

    Secondary citation (citation within a citation)

    A secondary citation is when you refer to the work of one author cited by another author.

    Primary sources are preferred.

    If the original source is not available you must include the name of both writers for in-text references.

    Only the source you have read appears in the reference list.

    Horton, S 2006, Access by design: a guide to universal usability for web designers, New Riders, Berkeley, California.

    ‘Form ever follows function’ (Sullivan, cited in Horton 2006, p. 1).

    In 1896 Louis H. Sullivan observed that ‘form ever follows function’ (cited in Horton 2006, p. 1).

    2.4.1 Printed material and multimedia

    Table 4a

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Journal articles

    Author(s) family name(s), initial(s)

    Year of publication,

    ‘Title of article’, in single inverted commas

    Journal name – in italics,

    month

    volume: vol.

    number: no.

    issue,

    page number(s): p. or pp. – for the whole article

    Note:

    Some journals or magazines are designated by month and year, rather than by volume and issue.

    Note:

    For journal and newspaper names only, all major words are in upper case

    Lencioni, PM 2002, ‘Make your values mean something’, Harvard Business Review, July, p. 113.

    Sloman, SA, Over, D, Slovak, L & Stibel, JM 2003, ‘Frequency illusions and other fallacies’, Organizational Behavio u r and Human Decision Processes, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 296-309.

    Weber, T 1999, ‘Gandhi, deep ecology, peace research and Buddhist economics’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 349-61.

    Lencioni (2002) reported that...

    ...(Lencioni 2002).

    Table 4a

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Journal articles online

    Author(s) of article - family name(s) and initial(s)

    Year of publication,

    ‘Title of article’, in single inverted commas

    Journal name, in italics volume: vol.

    number: no. .

    issue ,

    page number(s): p. or pp. viewed day month year, database name or URL.

    Note:

    Often journal articles come from a variety of different sources. They are cited differently, depending on their format.

    If a journal article appears in a library database as a page image (pdf), cite it the same way as the original hard copy format.

    If the article was located online, you must add date viewed and either database name or URL.

    If the article is only available on a Library database as HTML or plain text, then you must cite the date viewed and either the database name or URL.

    If the article has been located on the internet and not on a database, you must cite the date viewed and URL.

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113-134.

    or

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113-134, viewed 11 November 2007, Ebsco database.

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management , vol. 32, no.1, p 113, viewed 11 November 2007, Factiva database.

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management, vol 32, no. 1, viewed 11 November 2007, <http://www.agsm.edu.au/~eajm/0706/06-brewersherriff.html>.

    Brewer and Sherriff (2007) suggest…

    ...(Brewer & Sherriff 2007).

    Table 4a

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Newspaper articles

    Author(s) – family name(s) and initial(s),

    Year of publication,

    'Title of article’ - in single inverted commas

    Newspaper name – in italics,

    day month,

    page number(s): p. or pp.

    Kemp, S 2003 ‘Leak pushes AMP to record low’, The Age, 7 August, p. 1 (Business section).

    Kemp (2003) reported that ...

    ...(Kemp 2003).

    Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details in in-text citation only, NOT in the reference list or bibliography

    Not required.

    As stated in The Age (17 August 2007, p. 12) …

    ...(The Age 17 August 2007, p. 12).

    Newspaper articles online

    Author(s) – family name(s) and initial(s)

    Year of publication

    ‘Title of article’ - in single inverted commas

    Newspaper name – in italics

    day month

    page number(s) p. or pp.

    viewed day month year

    <URL> or <name of database>.

    See instructions as for journal articles where citing PDF or HTML formats of newspaper articles

    Khadem, N 2007, ‘Lid stays on wages growth’, The Age, 15 November, p. 1 (Business section), viewed 16 November 2007, <Factiva database>.

    Khadem (2007) reported that...

    ...(Khadem 2007).

    Published conference papers

    Author(s) – family name(s) and initial(s),

    Year of publication,

    'Title of paper’ - in single inverted commas'

    in Editor (if applicable), Title of published conference proceedings, including place held and date(s) – in italics, Publisher,

    place of publication,

    page number(s).

    Note: The initials of the editors go in front of the family name(s)

    Dong, Y 2001, ‘The Chinese experience’, in P Drysdale, (ed.), The new economy in East Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings of the 27th Pacific Trade and Development Conference, Australian National University, Canberra, 20- 22 August, 2001, Routledge Curzon, London and New York. pp. 130-139.

    Dong (2001) analysed ...

    ...(Dong 2001).

    Table 4a

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Online conference papers

    Author(s) – family/surname(s) and initial(s)

    Year of publication

    'Title of paper’ - in single inverted commas

    Editor (if applicable)

    Title of published conference proceedings, including place held and date(s) – in italics

    Publisher

    Place of publication

    viewed day month year

    database name or <URL>.

    Note:

    The initials of the editors go in front of the family name(s)

    Jakubowicz, A. 2002, 'Race vilification and communal leadership', in W. Jonas (ed.), Beyond Tolerance: National Conference on Racism, Sydney, 12-13 March 2002, Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission, Sydney, viewed 17 June 2002, <www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/beyond_tolerance/speeches/jakubowicz.html>.

    Jakubowicz (2002) argued that…

    … (Jakubowicz 2002).

    Unpublished conference papers or presentations

    Author(s) Family name(s), Initial(s)

    Year of publication

    ‘Title of paper’ – use single inverted commas

    Paper presented to

    Title of conference/forum

    Location of conference/forum

    Date of conference/forum

    Page(s)

    Pannan, L, van der Craats, C & McGovern, J 2002, 'Multi-level stepwise approach to engaging all academic staff in on-line delivery', paper presented to 2nd RMIT Teaching and Learning Forum, Melbourne, 24 October 2002.

    Pannam, van der Craats and McGovern (2002) described ...

    ... (Pannam, van der Craats & McGovern 2002).

    Theses

    Author – family/surname and initials Year of preparation of thesis

    ‘Title of thesis’ in single inverted commas

    Award,

    Institution

    Baxter, JS 2001, 'Rural land use and value in Northern Victoria 1880-1960', PhD thesis, RMIT University.

    Baxter (2001) investigated…..

    …(Baxter 2001).

    Table 4a

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Theses online

    Author – family/surname and initials

    Year of preparation of thesis,

    ‘Title of thesis’,

    Award, Institution,

    viewed day month year,

    <URL> or <name of database>.

    Khanh, VL 2006. ‘Customer Loyalty in Web-based Retailing’, PhD thesis, RMIT University, 14 November 2007, <ADT database>.

    Khanh (2006) explored...

    ...(Khanh 2006).

    Government publications

    These include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament.

    Author or organisation name

    Year of publication,

    Title of report,

    catalogue. no.,

    Publisher,

    Place of publication,

    viewed day month year,

    Government publications can be reported in a variety of ways. See the S tyle m anual for a uthors , e ditors and p rinters 2002, pp. 220 – 223 for further examples.

    Australia, Parliament 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, Parliamentary Paper 32, Canberra.

    (Australia, Parliament 2003).

    Government p ublications online

    Author or organisation name Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no.,

    Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, <URL>.

    Many government publications are available on the Internet. The way you access a document affects your citation.

    Australian National Audit Office 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, viewed 4 August 2003, <www.anao.gov.au/ WebSite.nsf Publications/ 2F8FE1D39613A8B8CA256CF300709A62>.

    Note: Enclose the URL address with < >.

    Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, Mental Health in Australia: A Snapshot, cat. no. 4824.0.55.001. ABS, Canberra, viewed 18 August 2005, <www.abs.gov.au>.

    … (Australian National Audit Office 2003).

    ...(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004).

    Table 4a

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Company or Industry Information

    Company name

    Year of publication

    Title of report in italics

    Publisher, Place of publication

    Coles Myer Ltd 2005, Corporate social responsibility report 2005, Coles Myer, Tooronga, Vic.

    ...(Coles Myer Ltd 2005).

    Company or industry information online

    Company name

    Year of publication

    Title of report in italics

    Publisher,

    Place of publication,

    viewed day month year,

    <URL>.

    IBISWorld 2005, Wine Manufacturing in Australia (C2183), IBISWorld Pty Ltd, viewed 28 November 2005, <www.ibisworld.com.au>.

    Datamonitor 2005, Westfield Group (Australia): company profile, Datamonitor, viewed 23 January 2006, Business Searching Interface (EBSCO) database.

    Although the domestic wine market is expected to be stagnant from 2006-2010, wine exports will continue to grow, although at a lower rate than previously (IBISWorld 2005).

    The Westfield Group has interests in 129 shopping centres in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and USA (Datamonitor 2005).

    CD-ROM

    Author(s)/editor(s) name(s), Initial(s)

    Year

    Title ( in italics)

    Edition

    CD-ROM

    Publisher

    Place of publication

    No author or editor

    Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the CD in italics.

    DeBolt, V. 2007, Mastering integrated HTML and CSS, CD-ROM, Wiley Publishing, Indianapolis, USA.

    Best practice in sport and recreation for tourism development within APEC economies 2001, CD-ROM, APEC Secretariat, Singapore.

    Debolt (2007) suggested that….

    …(Debolt 2007).

    APEC has provided guidelines for developing sports facilities in the region (Best practice in sport and recreation for tourism development within APEC economies 2001).

    Table 4a

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Videorecordings and television programs

    Title of program – italicised –(if part of an ongoing series, list the episode title first, then the series name)

    year of recording

    format

    publisher/distributor

    place of recording

    date of recording (if applicable)

    viewed day month year (if applicable)

    database name or <URL> (if applicable)

    Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics.

    Accounting for the environment 1994, videorecording, Educational Media Australia, South Melbourne.

    Economy records strongest growth and shows no sign of slowing, another rate rise predicted: La teline Business 2007, television program, ABC Television, Melbourne, 4 September, viewed 11 January 2008, TVNews Database.

    7.30 Report 2005, television program, ABC, 20 November.

    Business Sunday 2005, television program, Nine Network, 20 November, viewed 2 December 2005, <http://businesssunday.ninemsn.com.au/mediapopup.aspx?mediaID=16806>.

    Accounting techniques are increasingly being applied to problems of pollution and land use (Accounting for the environment 1994).

    Lateline Business (2007)

    On Lateline Business (2007) it was stated that Australian economic growth….

    When interviewed on 7.30 Report (2005) the Treasurer said …

    Several businesses are sponsoring environmental research on Heron Island (Business Sunday 2005) …

    Personal communications including email, SMS, conversations, interviews

    Personal communications should be cited in the text, but do not need to appear in the list of references

    Not required.

    This was confirmed in an email from C. Costa on 5 November 2007.

    Further details of this may be given in the list of references if you wish the reader to be able to follow up the reference. To avoid breaching privacy you should obtain permission of the person before doing this.

    Sender’s name, year, email, date month, <sender's email address>.

    Costa, C 2007, email, 5 November 2007, <[email protected]>.

    Table 4b

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Home pages

    These do not always have a title. They should follow the format:

    Name of the organisation

    date

    Title (if any , written in italics )

    name of organisation responsible for publishing site (often the same) place of publication (usually the location of the registered office) viewed date

    <URL>.

    Telstra 2005, Telstra, Melbourne, viewed 2 December 2005, <http://telstra.com.index.jsp>.

    business.gov.au 2005, Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, Canberra, viewed 2 December 2005, <www.business.gov.au/Business+Entry+Point>.

    Note that there is no single correct method of referencing the above site. It is important to be consistent. One of several acceptable alternatives would be:

    Business Entry Point 2005, business.gov.au, viewed 2 December 2005, <www.business.gov.au/Business+Entry+Point>.

    Many corporate web sites provide information to a variety of user groups (e.g. Telstra 2005, Vodaphone 2005).

    The Australian Government’s business gateway (business.gov.au, 2005) provides information on starting or running a small business.

    OPTIONAL

    Home page addresses can be provided directly in the text without appearing in the reference list.

    However pages which are part of a larger site should be referenced as below

    The Australian Government’s business gateway (2005) <www.business.gov.au> provides information on starting or running a small business.

    Table 4b

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Document on a web site

    Author(s) /editor(s)

    Year of document,

    Title of document – in italics

    name of the sponsor of the source date of viewing

    <URL>.

    If a document is available as a PDF (page image) file, this is often easier to cite as it is closer to a printed format. It also allows you to specify particular page numbers

    Australian National Audit Office 2005, The management and processing of leave, viewed 2 December 2005, <www.anao.gov.au/WebSite.nsf/NewAuditReports/D8761E0D72DFCE 60CA2570BB0037B103/$file/Audit+Report+16.pdf>.

    Telstra n.d., Audit governance and financial reporting, Telstra, viewed 1 December 2005. <www.telstra.com.au/abouttelstra/corp/a_governance.cfm>.

    Many government departments do not manage their employees’ leave within the terms of their Enterprise Agreements (Australian National Audit Office 2005, p. 10).

    OR

    The Australian National Audit Office reports that many government departments do not manage their employees’ leave within the terms of their Enterprise Agreements (2005, p. 10).

    Although the Telstra Act makes the Auditor-General of Australia responsible for auditing Telstra, certain functions are carried out by an agent (Telstra n.d.).

    Company or industry information on a website or database

    If this information is sourced from a library database it is better to include the database name rather than the URL

    IBISWorld 2005, Wine Manufacturing in Australia (C2183), IBISWorld Pty Ltd, viewed 28 November 2005, <www.ibisworld.com.au>.

    Datamonitor 2005, Westfield Group (Australia): company profile, Datamonitor, viewed 23 January 2006, Business Searching Interface (EBSCO) database.

    Although the domestic wine market is expected to be stagnant from 2006-2010, wine exports will continue to grow, although at a lower rate than previously (IBISWorld 2005).

    The Westfield Group has interests in 129 shopping centres in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and USA (Datamonitor 2005).

    Wiki entry

    As wikis are a collaborative source, usually there is no named author.

    ‘Title of article’

    Year,

    T itle, - in italics

    format,

    viewed day month year, <URL>.

    ‘The exponential power of connectedness’ 2007, Connectedintelligence, wiki article, viewed 11 November 2007, <http://connectedintelligence.wikispaces.com/

    Exponential+Power+of+Connectedness>.

    In (Connectedintelligence 2007) …

    Table 4b

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Weblog site

    Author(s) of weblog – Family name(s) and initial(s) Year, Weblog name, format, viewed day month year, <URL>.

    Weblog post

    Author(s) - family name(s) and initial(s)

    Year,

    ‘Title of post’,

    Weblog name, in italics

    format,

    date of posting day month, viewed day month year, <URL>.

    Webber. S & Boon, S 2006, Information literacy weblog, weblog, viewed 10 January 2008, <http://information-literacy.blogspot.com>.

    Webber. S 2008, ‘Events from CILIP’, Information literacy weblog, weblog post, 9 January, viewed 11 January 2008, <http://information-literacy.blogspot.com>.

    (Webber & Boon 2006).

    Webber (2008) posted the following information...

    Intran et/c ourse n otes

    Format: Author(s) family name(s) and Initial(s)

    Year of publication,

    Title of work – in italics

    course notes from (Course Code),

    Publisher,

    Place of publication,

    viewed day month year, Online@RMIT.

    Smith, H 2005, Metadata, course notes from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8 July 2005, Online@RMIT.

    2.4.2 Electronic journal articles

    Table 4c

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Journal articles online

    If a journal article appears in a library database as a page image (pdf), you may cite it the same way as the original hard copy format.

    If you wish to show where the article was located online, you may add date of access and either database name or URL.

    If the article is only available on a Library database as HTML or plain text, then you will need to cite the date of access and either the database name or URL.

    If the article has been located on the internet and not on a database, you will need to cite the date of access and URL.

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113-134.

    OR

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113-134, viewed 11 November 2007, Ebsco database.

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management , vol. 32, no. 1, p 113, viewed 11 November 2007, Factiva database.

    Brewer, P & Sherriff, G 2007, ‘Is there a cultural divide in Australian international trade?’, Australian Journal of Management , vol. 32, no. 1, viewed 11 November 2007, <www.agsm.edu.au/~eajm/0706/06-brewersherriff.html>.

    Brewer and Sherriff (2007) suggest…

    …(Brewer and Sherriff 2007).

    2.4.4 Legislation and legal cases

    When referring to legislation including Acts, Ordinances and Regulations, the title must be reproduced exactly, without changing the capitalisation or spelling. The words Act and Bill are generally written with a capital letter.

    An Act or Ordinance may be cited by the short title, which is usually drafted into modern legislation. The first reference must always include the short title in italics. Subsequent references may refer to it by an undated, descriptive title in Roman type (normal or regular type).

    Legislation or legal cases are only included in the reference list if they are important to the understanding of the work. In this case it is best to set the list apart from the main body of the reference list and use the heading Legislation or Legal authorities.

    Further guidance is provided in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, pp. 224-8.

    Table 4d

    Reference type

    Reference list

    In-text citation

    Legislation

    An Act or Ordinance may be cited by the given short title. The first reference must always include the short title in italics.

    Subsequent references may refer to it by an undated, descriptive title in roman i.e. normal or regular type.

    Not generally required.

    The Trade Practices Act 1974 (Commonwealth) provides that …

    One of the shortcomings of the Trade Practices Act is …

    The jurisdiction must be made clear, either by including it in the body of the text or in abbreviated form in brackets after the act title.

    Not generally required.

    The Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic) covers …

    OR

    In Victoria this is covered by the Fair Trading Act 1999

    Legal cases

    To fully cite legal authorities list name of case in italics (date) or volume number, or both; abbreviated name of report series; and beginning page. No commas are used.

    Not generally required.

    Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v. Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447

    This case appeared in 1983 in the Commonwealth Law Reports, volume 151, starting on page 447.

    Legal referencing

    If you have been instructed by your lecturer to use footnotes in your referencing, refer to the link given.

    http://mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/aglcdl.pdf

    2.4.5 Order of entries in a reference list

    Note: The following provide examples of how to order your reference list. No full stops are used between an author’s initials, and no comma is used after the last author's initials. The dots following the entries’ names indicate the details of the reference that should follow.

    Table 5

    Reference list order rules

    Reference list

    The reference list is arranged first alphabetically by author, and if the authors are the same then by date.

    A reference with multiple authors follows single author entries beginning with the same author name.

    Where an item has no author it is listed by its title.

    Where several works have the same author and year of publication, add the letters a, b, ... etc according to the alphabetical order of the titles in the reference list, ignoring the initial articles A, An or The.

    Jones, AB 2000, ... Origin Energy 2005, …

    Smith, AK 1990, ...

    Smith, AK 1999, …

    Smith, AK 2004, …

    Stein, B 2003, …(single author entry)

    Stein, B, Lee, HK, Yin, CX & Singh, GS 2000, … (plural and alphabetical author entry, that is, Lee comes before Reynolds in the English alphabet.)

    Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, … Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, … (This reference is sorted by its date, it has the same authors as the reference before it but was written at a later date)…

    Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, ...

    Young, JC 1988a, Economic indicators … Young, JC 1988b, A quick guide … (Economic comes before quick in the English alphabet)

    Young, JC & Smith, AK 1988, …

    2.5 Other referencing systems

    Although you are normally required to use the style described above, you will come across many other methods of referencing. These include other versions of the Author-date or Harvard system as well as Note systems. Further details of some of these styles are available via the Library website at www.rmit.edu.au/library/reference/manuals or in style manuals in the Library.

    Table 6

    Referencing system

    Examples

    Other author-date styles

    There are many other versions of the Author-date or Harvard style apart from that described above. The main similarity is that they use in-text citations and a reference list. However they may differ in their use of punctuation, brackets, italics, underlined or bold formatting, method of designating volume, issue and pages numbers, etc.

    Only use a different author-date style if your lecturer specifically requests it, and make sure you follow the required style closely.

    Reword to include exceptions eg Law.

    APA style, as described in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 2001, 5th edn, APA, Washington, DC. This style is widely used internationally in the social sciences.

    Many academic journals have their own author-date style.

    Many style manuals e.g. Chicago, MLA and Turabian include an author-date style.

    Note systems

    While it is not RMIT Business style, you may at some stage be asked to use the Note system of referencing, either footnotes or endnotes. This system is commonly used in law, as well as sciences and humanities. Examples of styles using a Note system are shown opposite.

    Only use a Note style if your lecturer specifically requests it, and make sure you follow the required style closely.

    Australian Legal Citation Style, as described in Australian guide to legal citation 2002, 2nd edn, Melbourne University Law Review Association and at http://mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/aglcdl.pdf

    Documentary note style as described in Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia, pp. 208-15.

    Vancouver style as described in Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia, pp. 215-8 or other sources.

    2.6 Commonly used abbreviations in referencing

    The abbreviations listed below may appear in other bibliographies, lists of references, footnotes and endnotes:

    Table 7

    Abbreviation

    art.

    app.

    c. (Latin circa) e.g. c. 1835

    cf.

    ch., chs

    col., cols

    edn (note: no full stop)

    ed., eds

    e.g.

    et al.

    f., ff.

    fig., figs

    id.

    i.e.

    n.d.

    no., nos

    p., pp.

    para., paras

    rev.

    2nd (note: no full stop – see ch.8.2 on numbering)

    sec., s., ss.

    vol., vols

    article

    appendix

    approximately, about

    compare

    chapter(s)

    column(s)

    edition

    editor(s)

    for example

    and others

    and the following pages

    figure(s)

    the same

    that is

    no date

    number(s)

    page(s)

    paragraph(s)

    revised

    second (edition)

    section (s. for section, ss. for subsection of legislation)

    volume(s)

    2.7 Using EndNote with RMIT Business style

    EndNote is a software program that helps you keep track of the details of books, articles, websites or other information sources which you may need to refer to in your assignments or thesis. It is particularly recommended for use by staff and postgraduate students.

    EndNote allows you to

    • create, store and manage references to books, journal articles, web sites, conference papers, multimedia and other sources of information

    insert selected references directly into a word processed document and automatically create and format bibliographies in a chosen style

    search and retrieve records from remote catalogues and databases

    RMIT has a site licence for EndNote, which allows you to use it at RMIT and on your own computer. Further details are available on the Library's EndNote tutorial at www.rmit.edu.au/library/endnote" www.rmit.edu.au/library/endnote. This site also has an output style available for download, labelled "Harvard ed6" which follows Style manual (2002) as used at RMIT Business.

    3. Plagiarism

    3.1 RMIT University definition of plagiarism

    RMIT has an assessment charter, which elaborates key responsibilities common to all staff and students in relation to assessment and defines the University’s policy on plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined (RMIT University 2003a) as stealing somebody’s intellectual property (IP) by presenting their work, thoughts or ideas as though they are your own. It is cheating. It is a serious academic offence and can lead to expulsion from RMIT.

    Plagiarism can take many forms - written, graphic and visual forms, and includes use of electronic data and material used in oral presentations. Plagiarism may even occur unintentionally, such as when the origin of the material used is not properly cited.

    3.1.1 What constitutes plagiarism?

    Under the charter, you may be accused of plagiarism if you do any of the following:

    · Copy sentences or paragraphs word-for-word from any source, whether published or unpublished (including, but not limited to books, journals, reports, theses, websites, conference papers, course notes, etc.) without proper citation.

    · Closely paraphrase sentences, paragraphs, ideas or themes without proper citation.

    · Piece together text from one or more sources and add only linking sentences without proper citation.

    · Copy or submit whole or parts of computer files without acknowledging their source.

    · Copy designs or works of art and submit them as your original work.

    · Copy a whole or any part of another student’s work.

    · Submit work as your own that someone else has done for you.

    Enabling Plagiarism is ‘the act of assisting or allowing another person to plagiarise or to copy your own work’ (RMIT 2003a). It is also a serious academic offence. More detail on what constitutes plagiarism is found in the January 2003 Policy on Plagiarism

    3.1.2 What is the penalty for plagiarism?

    Plagiarism is not permitted in RMIT University. Any use of another person’s work or ideas must be acknowledged. If you fail to do this, you may be charged with academic misconduct and face a penalty under RMIT Regulations 6.1.1 – Student Discipline. This may be viewed at http://mams.rmit.edu.au/7w2uew7i6v2.pdf

    Penalties for plagiarism (RMIT University 2003b) include:

    · recording of a failure for the assignment or course.

    · cancellation of any or all results.

    · suspension from the program.

    · expulsion from the program.

    3.2 Examples of plagiarism

    RMIT University’s Learning Skills Unit has developed a range of examples to help you identify the most common forms of plagiarism, such as:

    Table 8

    Direct use of another person's work without citation

    If the sentence opposite appeared in an assessment :

    It is plagiarism because the words have been copied directly from a book

    Work motivation and performance increase when employees feel personally accountable for the outcomes of their efforts.

    A properly referenced paper would use the sentence this way:

    McShane and Travaglione (2003 p.199) state that ‘work motivation and performance increase when employees feel personally accountable for the outcomes of their efforts’.

    Table 9

    Paraphrasing sentences, paragraphs and ideas without citation

    These are your words but not your idea/information.

    When employees feel responsible for their work, they tend to be more motivated which results in higher performances.

    You MUST show where the idea came from. Hence…

    Note: no page number needed as not a direct quote.

    When employees feel responsible for their work, they tend to be more motivated which results in higher performances (McShane & Travaglione 2003).

    Table 10

    Piecing together texts from one or more sources and linking them

    The following in a paper is plagiarism:

    Employees must be given control of their work environment to feel responsible for their successes and failures. This is called employee involvement, designed to encourage increased commitment to the organisation’s success.

    A correct way of referencing the paragraph is:

    ‘Employees must be assigned control of their work environment to feel responsible for their successes and failures’ (McShane & Travaglione 2003, p. 199). Robbins, et al. (2001 p. 237) call this ‘employee involvement …designed to encourage increased commitment to the organisation’s success’.

    Table 11

    Integrating ideas from multiple sources

    A good model of how to integrate ideas from multiple sources.

    Read through the example. Note:

    • Usually the first sentence is a statement of proposition introducing the ideas that you want to put forward in the paragraph.

    Then support the proposition by at least one or more authorities.

    Include a statement of opinions contrary to the proposition (demonstrates that you have considered all sides to the argument).

    Summarise your argument or proposition in your own words.

    Eunson (1987, p. 67) defines motivation as ‘what is important to you’, and explores the importance of ‘money as a motivator’. However, recent studies outlined by Leonard, Beauvais and Scholl (1999) suggest that personality and disposition play an equally important role in motivation.

    Conversely Robbins et al. (1994, p. 241) put forward the idea that ‘motivation is a set of processes that stimulate, direct and maintain human behaviour towards attaining a goal’

    In other words ‘motivation’ is a complex concept, which encompasses a variety of competing theories. There are many reasons why people behave differently in the workplace, but it is because these differences exist that managements pay attention to the theories, which provide them with frameworks for problem solving.

    3.3 How to avoid plagiarism

    Use this checklist to ensure you avoid accusations of plagiarism:

    Table 12

    How to avoid accusations of plagiarism

    DO NOT directly copy phrases and / or passages (transcribe) without a reference and / or quotation marks

    DO NOT paraphrase other writers’ work in your written work without citing references.

    DO NOT make a direct reference to an author or authors you have not read, even if you may have read about them.

    (While the use of secondary sources is not encouraged, if the primary publication is out of print or difficult to obtain, you should cite the secondary source you have actually read rather than the original that you have not read.)

    DO NOT copy another person’s work, in part or in whole, or allow someone else to copy part or all of work you have completed.

    DO NOT write your work in conjunction with other students without prior permission. (Except in group assignments where wider consultation is expected, you should only meet with other students initially to discuss the essay topic and/or analyse the question.)

    DO NOT submit written work already submitted for assessment in any other course.

    Examples based on information available on RMIT Library referencing section.

    Further information is available online from the Study and Learning Centre.

    4. Essay writing

    What is an essay?

    An essay is:

    • a continuous piece of writing that sets out to discuss or argue a point of view or opinion.
    • information presented formally often with the intention of defending or promoting a particular point of view.

    Why are you required to write essays?

    to demonstrate knowledge and expertise in a subject area.

    to apply theories and models to given topics/ questions/ issues - to support the proposition you are putting forward.

    to demonstrate your ability to synthesise various sources of information in a coherent and concise piece of writing enabling the reader to easily follow the flow of ideas.

    to develop your ability to argue, persuade, explain, inform and/or discuss.

  • to convince the reader by the logic of the argument presented.

    • A Step By Step Guide to Essay Writing

    Step 1 Choose your topic

    If you have a choice of topics – select the one that interests you the most or that has relevance to your chosen career.

    If you are allowed to create your own essay topic, choose a subject that you want to learn more about and which interests you.

    Step 2 Read the instructions, relating to your assessments as set down in your Course Guide

    Always check your Course Guide to ensure that you are clear about what you are required to do:

    • When is the essay due?

    How long is it?

    What is the format?

    How does this topic relate to the course?

    How does this topic relate to the current area being studied?

    Step 3 Analyse the topic

    Break the topic into its component parts to understand what the main elements of the task are. Essay topics can usually be divided into three sections:

    • Content What is the topic about?
    • Instruction What have you been asked to do in relation to the topic?
    • Scope How has the topic been limited – is there a focus on particular organisations/ countries, /year(s)?

    Underline key words and draw circles around the action/instruction words. Below is an example of an essay question.

    Compare and contrast the financial reports and ratios of two Australian companies

    It is important that you fully understand what the instruction words are telling you to do.

    Table 13 provides a list of words and definitions that are often used in your assessment tasks.

    Table 13

    Action/instruction words used in assessment tasks

    Definitions

    Analyse

    Separate or break the subject matter into its parts to discover their nature, proportion, function and relationships.

    Argue

    Systematically support or reject a position by presenting reasons and evidence for acceptance or rejection, while indicating your awareness of opposing points of view.

    Comment

    Make critical observations about the subject matter; be careful not to cast too wide a net here, or to write in too many generalisations.

    Compare

    Find similarities and differences between two or more ideas, events, interpretations etc. Ensure you understand exactly what you are being asked to compare.

    Contrast

    The remarks on ‘compare’ also apply to ‘contrast’. Usually the difference is that you should concentrate on dissimilarities.

    Define

    Provide clear, concise, authoritative meanings, in which you address the nature or essential qualities. Details are not necessarily required, but you may wish to cite the boundaries or limitations of the definition, since meanings can extend beyond simple definitions.

    Describe

    Recall facts, processes or events. You are not asked to explain or interpret. Try to provide a thorough description, emphasising the most important points.

    Discuss

    Present a point of view, that of others and/or your own. This is likely to entail both description and interpretation. Your opinion should be supported by arguments and evidence.

    Evaluate

    Here you are asked to appraise in order to make a judgment, which means considering both strengths and weaknesses.

    Illustrate

    Clarify, exemplify or elucidate by presenting a figure, picture, diagram or concrete example.

    Outline

    Give an organised description or an ordering of information in which you state the main point, but omit details. Present the information in a systematic arrangement or classification.

    Review

    Re-examine, analyse and comment briefly (in an organised sequence) on the major points of an issue.

    Summarise

    Provide a brief statement or an account covering the main points in sequence or by assimilating parts into a general comment: omit details.

    Step 4 Brainstorm - What do you already know about the topic?

    • Using your reading, lectures and your own experiences think about what you already know about the topic.
    • On a blank piece of paper, write down all the ideas that you think might be related to the topic.

    A brainstorm is the beginning of a mind map – these random ideas can be organised into a structured mind map that will provide you with a guide for your research and your writing.

    Step 5 Starting your research

    Although you are required to read and research widely, it is better to gain an overview of the topic by firstly reading the recommended texts – don’t go straight online unless instructed to do so by your lecturer / tutor.

    The texts will give you a broad understanding of the main ideas, writers and theories associated with the topic.

    By familiarising yourself with the key concepts, the next stage of your research will be more targeted.

    Step 6 Mind mapping

    A mind map is a visual way of gathering your ideas about a particular topic.

    Mind maps help you to identify the main ideas and what research needs to be conducted to provide the evidence that supports these ideas.

    Your mind map is a good time management resource. It will help you to focus your search for information more efficiently and to organise your ideas into a coherent argument when you write your essay.

    Table 14

    Mind mapping for essays

    Topic question

    On a blank piece of paper, write down the topic.

    Key ideas

    Use the brain storming notes and information gained from general reading to jot down the key ideas. This is the first step in developing a mind map.

    Research

    As you continue to do research, start to put the information into groups so that you can see the connections between ideas/theories. This will help you to sort out which are the key ideas and what is the supporting information.

    Delete any unnecessary ideas

    Once you have completed this task, you can delete any unnecessary ideas that you have now identified as irrelevant.

    Single page

    Keep your mind map to a single page.

    For more information on mind mapping go to the Learning Lab - Study Skills <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Step 7 Focus your research

    As Business students you need to be familiar with current trends and thinking. Websites, newspapers and journals will be important resources for your research.

    When you are using the online resources use the search engines provided by the university such as Factiva, Proquest, Blackwell Synergy, IBIS world, Informit. These will provide you with sources that can be relied on for accuracy and integrity.

    At this stage you must read with a purpose and only make notes when you are sure that the text has the information you need to use in your assessment task.

    Always make sure you have recorded the full reference list entry details – you will need this information later.

    For more information on recording your research go to the interactive online referencing resource for Business students <http://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing>.

    Refer to your course guide for recommended reading lists. If there are no recommended texts, you will need to use resources available through the Library data bases <http://www.rmit.edu.au/library>.

    Hints and Tips on Efficient Reading Strategies

    Once you have identified the key words and concepts relating to the topic, use these reading strategies to make your research more efficient and to maximise the use of your time.

    Skim and scan. Use key words and concepts to quickly locate information

    Use chapter headings, abstracts, introductions, conclusions to find the main ideas the writer is exploring – if they are relevant – continue

    Make notes when key information has been identified

    Contact the Library Liaison Officer for your course if you need assistance.

    For additional help with reading more efficiently visit the Learning Lab <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Hints and Tips on Critical Reading

    One of your tasks when researching is to determine the validity, accuracy and credibility of your sources. This requires you to consider carefully what you are reading. It is always important to critically examine the statements being made and the evidence being used.

    For your assessment tasks you will often be using the websites of companies and organisations. The information they provide will be positive and promotional so it is important to question the objectivity and reliability of the data.

    Do this by considering the following questions:-

    • Who is the writer?
    • When was the article written?

    What evidence has the writer provided to support their argument?

    How convincing is it? Why? - What are the grounds for saying so?

    How logical is it? - Again, what are the grounds for saying so?

    What assumptions / overgeneralizations does the writer make?

    What are the implications of this work?

    What has the writer failed to consider? Where are the gaps?

    Is there evidence of bias?

    Do you agree or disagree with this writer’s standpoint?

    With which parts of the argument do you agree/disagree, and for what reasons?

    Is the methodology / the analysis appropriate?

    Are there any weaknesses or errors in the writing or calculations?

    What are primary information sources?

    Students are required to use primary sources whenever possible. This means that you read and reference the original works of the authors. Information you have gathered from first hand experience – eg. an interview or survey – is also a primary source.

    What are secondary information sources?

    When you use the ideas /words of one author that have appeared in another writer’s text you are using a secondary source.

    Below are two examples of how to use a secondary source in a sentence:

    (1) Bartlett and Ghoshal (cited in Daft 2004) suggest that companies expanding into global markets are forced to do so because of economic, technological and competitive factors, which relate to economies of scale, economies of scope and cheaper production factors.

    (2) Companies expanding into global markets are forced to do so because of economic, technological and competitive factors, which relate to economies of scale, economies of scope and cheaper production factors (Bartlett & Ghoshal, cited in Daft 2004).

    Note: Wherever possible, use primary sources

    Step 8 Draw up a detailed plan

    Before writing the first draft of your essay use your mind map and your summarised notes to draw up a detailed essay plan identifying the main ideas and the evidence that supports those ideas.

    A detailed plan can help you to have confidence when you start to write. You know what you want to write, why you are including it and the logical order in which to present it.

    Step 9 Writing the Essay

    Essay Structure

    An essay is a structured form of writing. Your purpose in writing an essay is to demonstrate to the reader that you understand the topic and can use research to support your argument.

    An essay has 3 parts-:

    • the introduction
    • the main section where the argument is developed, and
    • the conclusion

    See Diagram 1 below for a detailed outline on what each part should contain.

    Diagram 1

    Essay Structure

    Introduction

    an outline for the reader

    Begins with a brief general statement setting the essay/assignment in the context of the assessment question.

    Indicates the areas and perspectives to be discussed in the essay.

    Leads to a statement, which summarises the essay and indicates the writer’s point of view.

    Terms or definitions that are critical to an understanding of the essay should be introduced at the beginning.

    Main section

    the development of the discussion or argument

    Each paragraph contains one main idea, which is expressed in a topic sentence (usually the first sentence).

    The topic sentence contains the key idea discussed in the paragraph and should relate directly back to the assessment question.

    The rest of the paragraph expands on the topic sentence or gives evidence or examples.

    Each paragraph needs to be linked to the following one to create a logical development of the argument for the reader.

    Conclusion

    In the conclusion the main points or arguments made in the essay are summarised and the main point of view is restated.

    A conclusion may also include:

    • Implications

    Predictions

    Recommendations

    It should always relate back to the assignment topic or the objectives set out at the beginning of your essay.

    Do NOT introduce new ideas in your conclusion.

    ·

    Paraphrasing, Synthesising and Direct Quotations

    When you write your essay, you will need to use techniques such as paraphrasing and synthesising.

    Paraphrasing is expressing in your own words the ideas of another writer.

    Synthesising is the ability to express in your own words the similarities or differences in the ideas of a number of authors.

    You must always acknowledge the sources for your ideas even when you use your own words. For more information on how to paraphrase and synthesise go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    For more information on how to reference when paraphrasing go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing>.

    Direct quotations are when you use the exact words of the author/source.

    You may use direct quotation in your assessment tasks, but these should be kept to a minimum.

    Whenever quoting from any source you must correctly reference the work. For further information on how to reference direct quotes, go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing>.

    For more information on direct quotes, go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Note: Do NOT just cut and paste information from sources! To just use the words of an author does not demonstrate your understanding or ability to create a logical argument. The quality of your work will be better if you paraphrase and synthesis your research, as this will show that you are able to interpret and critically analyse what you have read in relation to the topic.

    Step 10 Writing the first draft

    Using the detailed plan you have now developed, set aside a block of time to write the first draft of your essay. Aim to write the whole essay in the time you have set aside as this will give your work a clear flow. Do not be concerned at this stage with correct grammar, spelling, referencing as this will be done at the editing stage.

    Once you have written this first draft it will be much easier to see where evidence is lacking, and where information could be more logically re-organised.

    As you will probably need to write several drafts before the essay is ready for submission, make sure you have allowed sufficient time to do this.

    Consider the items below to ensure your essay is a well written and well constructed piece of writing.

    Table 15

    Checklist for essays

    Each paragraph contains one central idea

    The above idea is supported by sufficient evidence from your research

    The last sentence in each paragraph links to the main idea of the next paragraph

    The writing:

    • has a logical structure and the overall argument is easy to follow

    presents a reasoned and supported argument

    uses only relevant information which is accurate – precise / specific

    uses impersonal language – do not use personal pronouns such a ‘I’ or ‘we’ unless you are given permission to do so

    is objective and unbiased

    uses formal English – do not use abbreviations or colloquialisms or SMS language

    Step 11 Editing your final draft

    You need to edit your draft before submitting the final version.

    Read your Course Guide carefully to ensure that you have met the requirements of the assignment.

    Observe the word limit or you may be penalised. Word limits as the words imply set the limit on the number of words that can be used. The topic has been designed so that the issues and complexities can be explored within this word limit.

    Using ‘Tools’ on the menu bar in Microsoft Word, check your spelling and grammar and make the necessary changes

    Remember: Good academic writing is clear, straightforward and grammatically correct. Sentences do not have to be overlong or use very complex vocabulary.

    Referencing

    All essays must be referenced according to the guidelines set out

    <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html" www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html>.

    or

    <http://prodmams.rmit.edu.au/s9sx559hurvc.rtf.>.

    or

    <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    5. Report Writing

    What is a business report?

    A report is a document that:

    • records an investigation into a specific problem(s)/ subject.

    analyses researched information.

    contains factual / statistical information.

    makes recommendations about how to resolve the problems that have been addressed.

    and/or the type of action that should be taken.

    sets out information in a formal and structured manner using numbered headings and sub-headings to make it easier to read and access the information.

    A business report is written in a simple, ordered and precise manner to ensure that the information provided is easy to read and to access.

    What is the purpose of a business report?

    Reports are usually written for specific readers to communicate information which has been compiled as a result of research and analysis of data.

    Why are you required to write reports?

    To develop the ability to thoroughly research a problem or an issue

    To analyse the results

    To record and draw conclusion from the analysis

    To communicate that information clearly and concisely

    Employers value people who have developed these skills in written communication.

    In organisations and businesses, reports are often used as the basis on which major decisions are made.

    What are the different types of reports?

    There are many different types of reports. They vary according to the reason/s for the report and for the purpose it will serve for the intended reader.

    In the College of Business, you are required to develop the skills of report writing using investigative methods and research from a variety of sources

    Note: Always check your Course Guide for the required report format to ensure that you are meeting the specific assessment criteria.

    A step by step guide to report writing

    Step 1 Choose your topic

    If you are given a list of topics from which to choose, select the one that interests you the most or that may have relevance to your chosen career.

    If you are allowed to create your own report topic choose a subject that you want to learn more about and that interests you or is a current problem in your workplace that you wish to address.

    Step 2 Read the instructions relating to your assessments as set down in your Course Guide

    Always check your course guide to ensure that you are clear about what you are required to do.

    • When is the report due?

    How long is it?

    What is the format?

    What is the structure?

    How does this topic relate to the course?

    How does this topic relate to the current area being studied?

    Step 3 Analyse the topic

    Break the topic into its component parts to understand what the main issue is that must be addressed.

    Report topics can usually be divided into three sections:

    • Content What is the issue or problem to be addressed?
    • Instruction What have you been asked to do in relation to the topic?
    • Scope How has the topic been limited – is there a focus on particular organisations/ countries /year(s)?

    Underline key words and draw circles around the action/instruction words.

    It is really important that you understand what the instruction words are telling you to do.

    Step 4 Brain storm – what do you already know about the issue?

    A brainstorm is the beginning of a mind map – these random ideas can be organised into a structured mind map that will provide you with a guide for your research and your writing.

    • Using your reading, lectures and your own experiences think about what you already know about the problem/issue.
    • On a blank piece of paper, write down all the ideas that you think might be related to the subject under review

    Write down where you think you need to go to get information other than from books, journals websites etc. Think about who you know in business who you might be able to interview.

    Step 5 Starting your research

    Although you are required to read and research widely, it is better to gain an overview of the topic by firstly reading the recommended texts – don’t go straight online unless instructed to do so by your lecturer or tutor.

    The texts will give you a broad understanding of .the main ideas, writers and theories associated with the issue.

    By familiarising yourself with the key concepts, the next stage of your investigation will be more targeted.

    Step 6 Mind mapping

    A mind map is a visual way of gathering your ideas about a particular topic.

    Mind maps help you to identify the main ideas and what research needs to be conducted to provide the evidence that supports these ideas.

    Your mind map is a good time management resource. It will help you focus your search for information more efficiently and to organise your ideas into a coherent and logical structure when you write your report.

    Table 16

    Mind mapping for reports

    Topic question

    On a blank piece of paper, write down the topic.

    Key ideas

    Use the brain storming notes and information gained from general reading to jot down the key ideas. This is the first step in developing a mind map.

    Research

    As you continue to do research, start to put the information into groups so that you can see the connections between ideas/theories. This will help you to sort out which are the key ideas and what is the supporting information.

    Delete any unnecessary ideas

    Once you have completed this task, you can delete any unnecessary ideas that you have now identified as irrelevant.

    Single page

    Keep your mind map to a single page.

    For more information on mind mapping go to the Learning Lab - Study Skills <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Step 7 Focus your research

    As Business students you need to be familiar with current trends and thinking. Websites, newspapers and journals will be important resources for your research.

    When you are using the online resources use the search engines provided by the university such as Factiva, Proquest, Blackwell Synergy, IBIS world, Informit. These will provide you with sources that can be relied on for accuracy and integrity.

    At this stage you must read with a purpose and only make notes when you are sure that the text has the information you need to use in your assessment task.

    Always make sure you have recorded the full reference list entry details – you will need this information later.

    For more information on recording your research go to the interactive online referencing resource for Business students <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing>.

    Refer to your course guide for recommended reading lists. If there are no recommended texts, you will need to use resources available through the Library data bases <www.rmit.edu.au/library" www.rmit.edu.au/library>.

    Hints and Tips on Efficient Reading Strategies

    Once you have identified the key words and concepts relating to the topic, use these reading strategies to make your research more efficient and to maximise the use of your time.

    Skim and scan. Use key words and concepts to quickly locate information

    Use chapter headings, abstracts, introductions, conclusions to find the main ideas the writer is exploring – if they are relevant – continue

    Make notes when key information has been identified

    Contact the Library Liaison Officer for your course if you need assistance. For additional help with reading more efficiently visit the Learning Lab <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Hints and Tips on Critical Reading

    One of your tasks when researching is to determine the validity, accuracy and credibility of your sources. This requires you to consider carefully what you are reading. It is always important to critically examine the statements being made and the evidence being used.

    For your assessment tasks you will often be using the websites of companies and organisations. The information they provide will be positive and promotional so it is important to question the objectivity and reliability of the data.

    Do this by considering the following questions:-

    • Who is the writer?
    • When was the article written?

    What evidence has the writer provided to support their argument?

    How convincing is it? Why? - What are the grounds for saying so?

    How logical is it? - Again, what are the grounds for saying so?

    What assumptions / overgeneralizations does the writer make?

    What are the implications of this work?

    What has the writer failed to consider? Where are the gaps?

    Is there evidence of bias?

    Do you agree or disagree with this writer’s standpoint?

    With which parts of the argument do you agree/disagree, and for what reasons?

    Is the methodology / the analysis appropriate?

    Are there any weaknesses or errors in the writing or calculations?

    What are primary information sources?

    Students are required to use primary sources whenever possible. This means that you read and reference the original works of the authors. Information you have gathered from first hand experience – eg. an interview or survey – is also a primary source.

    What are secondary information sources?

    When you use the ideas /words of one author that have appeared in another writer’s text you are using a secondary source.

    Below are two examples of how to use a secondary source in a sentence:

    • Bartlett and Ghoshal (cited in Daft 2004) suggest that companies expanding into global markets are forced to do so because of economic, technological and competitive factors, which relate to economies of scale, economies of scope and cheaper production factors.
    • Companies expanding into global markets are forced to do so because of economic, technological and competitive factors, which relate to economies of scale, economies of scope and cheaper production factors (Bartlett & Ghoshal, cited in Daft 2004).

    Step 8 Draw up a detailed plan

    Collecting the data for a report takes place over an extended period of time. Before you start writing, you need to use your mind map, your notes from various sources, texts, websites, surveys, interviews and more to draw up a report plan identifying the main ideas and the evidence that supports those ideas.

    A plan is like a road map which allows you to have a clear understanding of the direction your report is going to take. A detailed plan can help you to have confidence when you start to write. You know what you want to write, why you are including it and the logical order in which to present it.

    Step 9 Writing the report

    Report Structure

    It is important to follow your course guidelines or company /organisation instructions for your industry projects as guidelines for how to present your report are generally given to you. However, if you have not been given instructions about the format of your report, below is listed the structure of a business report.

    Reports are generally divided into the following sections:-

    • Cover sheet (use the RMIT cover sheet as per your course guide)

    Title page

    Acknowledgements (if necessary)

    Table of contents

    Executive Summary

    Introduction

    Main section(s) of the report

    Conclusion

    Recommendations

    Appendices

  • Glossary

    • Reference List

    Table 17 covers each part in detail.

    Table 17

    Sections of a report

    Explanation

    Cover sheet

    Download from the Course Guide

    Every assignment must have the cover sheet stapled to the front of your assignment.

    See <http://mams.rmit.edu.au/7ksj9bbov094.doc" http://mams.rmit.edu.au/7ksj9bbov094.doc>.

    Title page

    The title of the report copied from the Course Guide.

    If you have created your own project then the title needs to be a clear explanation of what the report is about

    The title page also includes:-

    • Student name and number

    Lecturer’s name or the manager who requested the report

    Date the report was submitted

    Name and number of the course

    Table of Contents

    The Table of Contents provides the reader with an easy guide to where information is located in the report.

    Any report that is longer than a few pages needs a Table of Contents.

    The Table of Contents lists

    • sections, sub-sections of the report and the corresponding page numbers.

    diagrams and appendices.

    .

    The Table of Contents should be written when the final draft has been completed to ensure that the page numbers and headings match.

    All numbering must be consistent and accurate.

    For instructions on how to generate an automated Table of Contents in Microsoft Word go to <http://office.microsoft.com/en-au/word/HP051892931033.aspx>. This enables you to match headings and page numbers into your Table of Contents.

    Abstract/ Executive Summary

    In companies and organisations, the Executive Summary is critically important as managers tend to read this section first to gain an overview of the whole report.

    The Executive Summary

    • provides a short and comprehensive summary of the whole report.

    gives the bare facts of the report including the findings and conclusions.

    provides enough detail for the reader to have a clear understanding of the main facts and critical findings.

    is typically very short.

  • is written in the past tense as it is a record of what has been done.

    • Although the Executive Summary appears at the beginning of the report, this section should be written after the report has been finalised and you have had time to reflect on the report as a whole.

    Introduction

    The Introduction provides a brief, accurate background for the main section of the report.

    Introductions typically include

    • the purpose of the report/ background
    • the scope, methods used – issues covered/not covered

    the limitations of the report and outlines terms of reference/definitions

    Questions to be considered-

    What is the situation that has made an investigation into the issue or problem necessary?

    How will the research be carried out?

    What are the aims/ objectives? What are you setting out to do? (Th ese objectives will be addressed throughout the report and provide the framework for the research and the conclusions ) .

    Scope-

    Often an issue will be extremely broad and you will need to narrow the focus to the specific areas to be investigated.

    There will be other factors that limit the scope of the report. State what they are e.g. time, budget, geographical location, client availability, a particular company …

    Terminology -

    If there are terms or words that are critical to an understanding of the report but may be unfamiliar to the reader, introduce them and define what they mean as used within the report.

    Main section(s) of the report

    may include:

    a literature review (optional depend ing on assessment instructions)

    Methodology

    Findings

    Analysis

    There is no particular formula for this section of the report. What you are required to do is to thoroughly investigate, examine and analyse the factors that impact the current situation.

    There is often a Literature Review as a component of your report.

    The research methodology(ies) and the reasons why you have chosen them need to be explained.

    A variety of methods can be used depending on the problem being investigated.

    Examples of methodologies include questionnaires, focus groups, interviews, experiments, literature searches.

    The findings / results from the research are documented and analysed.

    Your research needs to be presented in a logical sequence using numbered headings that clearly show the reader what information is contained in each paragraph.

    Note: Refer to your Course Guide to ensure that your report meets the assessment criteria.

    Conclusion

    The conclusion summarises the main points investigated and comments on the significance of the findings.

    The conclusion/s are based on the results of the research you have conducted and not on your personal opinion. All the conclusions must be supported by the material / facts you have presented in the report.

    Remember the conclusion/s should always relate back to the stated objectives of the report.

    Do not introduce new ideas /theories/ issues in the conclusion.

    Recommendations

    The recommendations are based on the conclusions and provide possible solutions or courses of action to resolve the problems examined in the report. when and how action should be taken

    Having completed the report, recommendations may include any of the following

    • what action should be taken and who should be involved in its implementation
    • what could have been done differently to achieve better more comprehensive outcomes

    what possible costs or risks are involved in carrying out your recommendations

    what makes this the best solution

    what further research might be conducted for continuous improvement

    Appendix / Appendices

    Information that is not essential to the general understanding of the report but may be important in supplying further information for the reader is placed in an Appendix:

    • a copy of the questionnaire you have used when interviewing

    a financial statement / annual reports

    technical data

    The information in the Appendix must be discussed in the main part of your report and the reader directed to both the Appendix number and the page where it can be found.

    Glossary

    If you have used words, phrases and terms which may not be familiar to the reader, you need to place these in an alphabetical list accompanied by a short explanation.

    If they are unusual or essential to an understanding of the text, such terms should be defined at the beginning of the report or the reader should be directed to refer to the glossary.

    Reference List

    All the references used n your report must be documented fully in the reference list using the Harvard system used by RMIT College of Business.

    The guide to RMIT referencing can be found at <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing" www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing>.

    If you have not used Harvard referencing before, the online tutorial on <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>. will help you.

    Step 10 Using your plan to start writing

    In Step 8 you wrote a detailed plan which included the various sources, texts, websites, surveys, interviews that you researched for your report. Your plan has identified the main ideas and the evidence that supports those ideas.

    Sort your plan into sections so that you know what you want to include in the introduction, the various paragraphs in the main part of your report, the conclusion and recommendations. The more organised this plan is, the easier it will be to write the report.

    Step 11 Writing the first draft

    Using the detailed plan you have now developed, set aside a block of time to write the first draft of your report. Aim to write the whole report in the time you have set aside as this will give your work a clear flow. Do not be concerned at this stage with headings, numbering systems, correct grammar, spelling, or referencing as this will be done at the editing stage.

    Once you have written this first draft it will be much easier to see where evidence is lacking, and where information could be more logically re-organised. Then you can start to create headings and subheadings related to each section of information.

    Leave the numbering of each section until you have a final draft.

    As you will probably need to write several drafts before the report is ready for submission, make sure you have allowed sufficient time to do this.

    When you write your essay, you will need to use techniques such as paraphrasing and synthesising.

    Paraphrasing is expressing in your own words the ideas of another writer.

    Synthesising is the ability to express in your own words the similarities or differences in the ideas of a number of authors.

    You must always acknowledge the sources for your ideas even when you use your own words. For more information on how to paraphrase and synthesise go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    For more information on how to reference when paraphrasing go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing>.

    Direct quotations are when you use the exact words of the author/source.

    You may use direct quotation in your assessment tasks, but these should be kept to a minimum.

    Whenever quoting from any source you must correctly reference the work. For further information on how to reference direct quotes, go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing>.

    For more information on direct quotes, go to <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Step 12 Formatting your report

    Headings

    A report is divided into numbered sections using headings and subheadings which highlight the main parts and ideas within the report. Headings need to be brief and informative.

    Headings are used to:

    • separate the text into smaller, more manageable units that summarise the content of each headed section.

    assist the reader to find information quickly and easily.

    present a new idea / aspect of the content.

    A sub-heading is used when this idea is extended and further explored.

    Numbering system

    You need to use a consistent numbering system to identify the different sections of a report. It is recommended that you use the decimal system as shown in the example below.

    • MANUFACTURING

    1.1 Staff

    1.1.1 Recruitment

    1.1.2 Training

    1.1.3 Salary

    1.1.4 Promotion

    1.2 Equipment

    1.2.1 Costing and budgeting

    1.2.2 Ordering

    1.2.3 Repair and maintenance

    1.3 Inventory

    1.3.1 Raw materials

    1.3.2 Component parts

    1.3.3 Inventory management

    1.4 Output

    1.4.1 Work in progress

    1.4.2 Finished goods

    2 SALES

    2.1 Staff

    2.1.1 Recruitment …

    All numbered sections and headings must all be included in the Table of Contents and must match with the respective page numbers. This ensures that the reader can access information easily.

    Remember each page of your report must also be numbered.

    Style of language

    Reports are intended to be read easily and to provide quick access to information. You are writing about facts or relevant pieces of information. Therefore the style of language is simple and direct.

    Sentences should not be complicated - state the point you are making clearly and directly.

    A report is written in an objective and impersonal manner as it is presenting facts. Unless you have been asked for your personal opinion you should not be using personal pronouns such as ’you’,’ we’ and ‘I’. Do not offer your own personal point of view.

    Language needs to be formal. Do not use abbreviations or slang or SMS.

    Table 18

    Examples of the language used in the different sections of a report

    Reasons for the report

    This report was commissioned as a result of ongoing concerns about..

    The report sets out to examine the reasons for …

    This report investigated..

    Objectives

    This report aims to explore the options available...

    The main objectives of the report are to examine the reasons …

    This report examines the relationship between …

    Methodology

    In order to review current procedures …

    Staff members were asked to complete an on-line questionnaire…

    Findings

    The investigation clearly showed that …

    Initial findings suggest that ….

    Conclusions

    Analysis of the data showed that …

    The following conclusion can be drawn from the investigation …

    Recommendations

    It is recommended that …

    Because of the …, it is suggested that the following actions be considered.

    Do NOT use informal language. Note the way impersonal and passive language has been used in Table 19.

    Table 19

    Informal versus formal language

    Informal

    Formal

    I think that this sort of thing should never happen again.

    Correct procedures, as set out in the Staff Manual, must be followed so that such incidents do not occur again.

    I reckon if customers are unhappy about the service or our product, the boss needs to know.

    When complaints are made, the problem needs to be reported and the situation monitored.

    You should have got the minutes by now.

    The minutes for the AGM has been circulated to all participants.

    Cul8r

    The committee will meet tomorrow.

    Bullet points

    In some reports, bullet points are acceptable. C heck that they are allowed in your report.

    When you use bullet points as part of the sentence, each bullet point is in lower case and should be grammatically correct, e.g.

    The success of a report depends on:-

    the objectivity of the presentation

    the value of the research

    the analysis of relevant information

    the ease with which information can be accessed

    Use of visual material

    Graphic materials, e.g. figures, tables, illustrations and charts are a very useful way of presenting information.

    If used in the text, visual material should be positioned as close as possible to the discussion and cited appropriately, both in the text and the reference list.

    If used in the Appendices, they should be clearly labelled and referred to in the discussion within the report. They must also be cited appropriately and listed in the Table of Contents.

    In your discussion, you will need to inform the reader what the graphic material represents, e.g. point out any important trends or generalisations and highlight the significant point(s) you are making.

    Different types of figures and tables fulfi l l different functions. You should always choose the most appropriate type of illustration for your purpose. For example:-

    • line graphs are useful for showing trends,

    bar graphs clearly show comparisons

    pie charts can be used to show sub-categories in relation to the whole e.g. the percentage of students attending RMIT University classified by nationality.

    If you are giving the report orally, pie charts and graphs are easier to read and understand than tables.

    Refer to<www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/2_AssessmentTasks/assess_tuts/Format_LL/figures.html>.

    Editing your final draft

    You need to edit your draft before submitting the final version.

    Read your Course Guide carefully to ensure that you have met the requirements of the assignment.

    Observe the word limit or you may be penalised. Word limits, as the words imply, set the limit on the number of words that can be used. The topic has been designed so that the issues and complexities can be explored within this word limit.

    Using ‘Tools’ on the menu bar in Microsoft Word, check your spelling and grammar and make the necessary changes.

    Report writing checklist

    Have you followed the instructions on report formatting set out in your course guide?

    Table 20

    Report Writing Checklist

    Feature

    Details

    Title page

    • Title of the assignment

    Author’s name

    Receiver’s name

    Name of course

  • Date of submission

    • Table of Contents

    • Accurate reflection of structure

    List of tables/figures

    Headings that match page numbers

    Executive Summary

    • A separate page

    Heading

    Summary of the main points in whole assignment

    • Numbering

    Introduction

    Definition of the topic and key terms

    Delineate the scope and focus of the topic

    Indicate the writing task

    Present a plan of the argument

    • Show the writer’s theoretical approach

    Main section of the report

    An introductory section

    Logical developments of problem and research

    Use quotations as evidence

    Use secondary and primary research

    Conclusions

    Recommendation

    Conclusion

    Restate the main ideas

    Give the writer’s personal opinion on the matter

    State implications

    Recommendations

    Relate to the conclusions

    Are they specific

    Are they action orientated

    Layout of the report

    Headed

    Numbered

    Spaced as instructed (+ margins)

    Final edit

    Spell checked

    Grammar checked – electronically and personally

    For more information on report writing, go to the learning lab <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Referencing

    All reports must be referenced according to the guidelines set out at

    <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html" www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/bus/public/referencing/index.html>.

    or

    <http://prodmams.rmit.edu.au/s9sx559hurvc.rtf>.

    or

    <www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu>.

    Reference list

    Cortada, J (ed). 1998, Rise of the knowledge worker, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.

    RMIT Business 2004 RMIT Business assignment cover sheet, RMIT University, viewed 20 January 2006, < MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor http://mams.rmit.edu.au/7ksj9bbov094.doc>.

    RMIT University 2003a, Policy:Plagiarism, Academic Registrar’ s Group, RMIT University, viewed 25 August 2003, < MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor http://mams.rmit.edu.au/1oavdg0bdd1.pdf>.

    RMIT University 2003b, RMIT Regulations 6.1.1 – Student Discipline, RMIT Online, viewed 19 August 2003, < MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor http://mams.rmit.edu.au/j4lb68xx36oj1.pdf>.

    Shannon, J (2003), A companion to business statistics, Pearson, Frenchs Forest, NSW.

    Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.

    Bibliography

    The Australian Oxford dictionary 2004, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne

    Collins Australian dictionary 2003, 5th edn, HarperCollins, Pymble, NSW.

    Macquarie dictionary 2005, 4th edn, Macquarie Library, North Ryde, NSW.

    RMIT Academic Registrar's Group 2005, Plagiarism (and how to avoid it): resources for students, RMIT University, viewed 6 February 2006, <http://www.rmit.edu.au/academic-policy/plagiarism_resources>.

    RMIT University Learning Skills Unit 2006, Learning Lab, RMIT University, viewed 6 February 2006, <http://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/>.

    Hint: Click on link to Business at bottom of page for tutorials on literature reviewing, report writing and referencing.

    RMIT University Library 2005, Copyright, plagiarism and fair use, RMIT University, viewed 6 February 2006, <http://www.rmit.edu.au/library/info-trek/copyright> .

    RMIT University Library 2005, Referencing resources, RMIT University, viewed 6 February 2006, <http://www.rmit.edu.au/library/info-trek/referencing>.

    RMIT University Teaching and Learning 2005, Academic Integrity @ RMIT, RMIT University, viewed 6 February 2006, <http://www.rmit.edu.au/academicintegrity>.

    Glossary

    Instruction words – likely to occur in the topic question of an essay or business report:

    Table 21

    Instruction words

    Explanation

    Analyse

    Separate or break the subject matter into its parts to discover their nature, proportion, function and relationships

    Argue

    Systematically support or reject a position by presenting reasons and evidence for acceptance or rejection, while indicating your awareness of opposing points of view

    Comment

    Make critical observations about the subject matter; Be careful not to write too many generalisations

    Compare

    Find similarities and differences between two or more ideas, events, interpretations etc. Ensure you understand exactly what you are being asked to compare.

    Contrast

    Similar to Compare, the difference is that you should concentrate on dissimilarities

    Define

    Provide clear concise, authoritative meanings, in which you address the nature or essential qualities of the question. Details are not necessary but you may wish to cite the boundaries or limitations of the definition, since meaning can extend beyond simple definitions

    Describe

    Recall facts, processes or events. Try to provide a thorough description emphasising the most important points. You are not asked to explain or interpret

    Discuss

    Present a point of view, that of others and/or your own. This will entail both description and interpretation. Your opinion should be supported by arguments and evidence.

    Enumerate

    Provide a list or outline form of reply. In such essays you should recount one by one, but concisely, the points required

    Evaluate

    To appraise in order to make a judgment which requires consideration of strengths and weaknesses.

    Illustrate

    Clarify, exemplify or elucidate by presenting a figure, picture, diagram or concrete example

    List

    Provide an itemised series or tabulation - often expressed in point form.

    Outline

    Give an organised description or an ordering of information in which you state the main point, but omit details. Present the information in a systematic arrangement or classification

    Relate

    When showing relationships your answer should emphasise connections and associations in a descriptive manner.

    Review

    Re-examine, analyse and comment briefly (in an organised sequence) on the major points of an issue

    State

    Formally set forth a position or declare definitely. Details and examples can be omitted

    Summarise

    Provide a brief statement or account covering the main points in sequence, or assimilate parts into a general comment. Omit details

    Acknowledgements

    The College of Business Guidelines for referencing and presentation in written reports and essays has been designed and developed by the Academic Development Group, College of Business, in partnership with the Study and Learning Centre.