Computer science Lab7
Wilson Li
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File_1.docx
File and Operating Systems
Early Computers (50's, 60's and 70's) are all arcane, very difficult to use, and not very user-friendly. They typically have a "command" style of interface and a limited display capability. For example, AT & T invented UNIX, which is one of most widely operating system in the world. UNIX interface is all "command line" type. Its strengths are its networking capabilities and its file system. Today, Apple OS X and Linux are variants of UNIX.
Not until Apple introduced its Macintosh, the first general personal computer Operating Systems are also command line based, e.g., Apple II DOS (Disk Operating System), MS-DOS, etc. Apple worked on Mac OS version 1 to 9 which are variant of the original Macintosh OS. By mid-90's, Apple abandoned completely its own GUI-based Mac OS and switched to UNIX, called OS X. One of the main reasons is due to the networking and solid foundation of UNIX. OS X, as we know today, is a beautiful "veneer" (GUI) built on top of UNIX.
Linus Torvald, a university student in Finland, developed his own version of UNIX, called Linux, as a project to create a free operating system that is compatible with UNIX. Many businesses are using Linux as a free operating system to run Web servers. There are thousands of "free programmers" around the world working on the Linux project.
Microsoft on the other hand has been building MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, Window 95, Windows 2000, and finally Windows 7. These are all "new technologies" developed by Microsoft to compete with UNIX.
Q. What exactly is the role of an operating system? What does it do?
Roughly, in any computer system there are the 1) the hardware (e.g., keyboard, mouse, screen, hard drives, memory, processor, etc), 2) the operating system, and 3) the applications.
The applications are software that we used from day to day (e.g., word processing, web browsing, listening to music, etc.) The applications are typically written for a specific operating system platform (e.g., OS X, Windows, Linux). Generally, an application written for Apple's OS X cannot be made to run inside Windows 7, and vice versa
For most users, the Operating System (OS) provides a GUI (graphical user interface), a file system and networking. The OS hides all operational idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware from its users; it turns a boring computer into something appealing, easy to operate, and fun to use tool. Other than GUI, file system and networking, most users would not know what is underneath.
The original UNIX has a file system and networking, but it doesn't have a pleasing GUI. Apple OS X changes all that. Microsoft Windows dominates the market of personal computers because it runs on all Intel hardware that any manufacturer can build without special licensing. Early Apple computers only run on special hardware designed by Apple; only Apple computers can run Apple OS X. In some sense, the OS defines the "personality" of a personal computer. The file system and networking features of Apple OS X and Windows 7 are becoming more alike; so their unique aspect is their GUI.
Q. What is a file system?
In early 90's, a personal computer with a 10 MB hard disk is considered to be BIG! Today, most personal computers have a 100 to 500 GB hard disk, which costs under $100. With a big hard disk, it is difficult to organize and locate data. So a file system is a "structured" storage representation of a basic hard disk. When you get a new hard disk, you need to "format" it with a particular file system before you can use it. This process of formatting is to lay down some structures to organize your data.
There are three common file systems in use today:
· FAT (File Allocation Table) (also known as FAT16, FAT32 as size of hard disk increases): this is one of the oldest file system used by MS-DOS.
· NTFS (New Technology File System): Microsoft creates NTFS for its recent Windows OS (used in Windows 2000, Windows NT, XP, Vista, 7). It is still in use today by most Winodws machines.
· HFS+ (Hierarchical File System Plus): Apple OS X uses this for its OS X based computers.
Apple OS X can read/write FAT and NTFS. But, Windows can read/write FAT and NTFS, but cannot read/write HFS+. So, if you share portable hard disk or USB flash disk between Windows and Apple OS X computers, then you should stay with FAT file system.
FAT is the oldest and also the simplest file system. It doesn't support any security features. NTFS and HFS+ are modern file systems designed to address the security issue for sharing data, and to be able to handle very large data files (e.g., 10 GB of video).
Q. What is the structure of a file system?
Today, most file systems support the concepts of:
· Drives or Volumes
· Folders or Directories
· Files
Every hard disk, after formatting, will have a "drive" or "volume" label. Each drive will contain many folders or directories. Each folder/directory will contain data files, or more sub-folders/sub-directories. This structure repeats itself in a hierarchy, called a file tree. In Windows, "C:" refers to the default hard disk where the operating system, applications and user data are stored. In OS X, "HD" volume refers to the default hard drive where the OS, applications, and user data are. When you insert a new hard drive (e.g., an external portable disk), you get a new drive label (e.g., "D:") in Windows or a new volume (e.g., "EXT HD") in OS X.
The path "C:\Windows" is where Windows stores its operating system software. The path "HD/System" is where OS X stores its OS software. Windows uses "\" to indicate a sub-directory; while OS X uses "/". So, the path "C:\Windows\Systems" refers to the directory "Systems" under the directory "Windows" under the "C:" drive. And the path "HD/Systems/Library" refers to the folder "Libary" under the folder "Systems" under the volume "HD".
When multi-user is introduced in an OS, protection and security become an issue. Data files must be protected from improper or illegal access by other users. Some files are read only; some are applications that be executed only; some can only be modified by some users. These are called "permissions". OS X uses the UNIX convention of file permissions: read, write and execute. Windows OS uses a much more sophisticated model of security. Check it out on Windows: right click on any folder and select the tab "Security". Today OS X and Windows 7 support multiuser and multitasking. Several users can be login at the same time; each user can ran multiple applications at once. We now take multitasking for granted because we expect that our personal/portable computer can do many thing simultaneously.
Hard disks eventually will fail. They all have a limited lifetime. It is important to recover the data when they start to fail. So, many file systems have support for backup and recovery. It is important to backup personal data frequently. It is not just because of disk failures but also theft or data corruption. Check out these two free software tools for backup data files:
· Microsoft Sync Toy 2.1 (A Free File Backup Tool for Windows only)
· Backuplist+ 7.2.3 (A Free OS X "Sync Tool" like back up tool)
Other than the GUI and the File system, networking is the next most important aspect of a modern OS.
File_2.docx
Motherboard and I/O
Inside a computer, there is often a "motherboard" which allows various components, e.g., CPU, Memory, Hard Disk, etc., to be connected. It is a circuit board that provides the Bus (a bunch of wires) that connects everything together. For easy assembly and replacement, there are often multiple standard connectors used to add more Memory or Hard Disks, etc. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) or DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) are standard connectors for adding memory. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronic) or EIDE (Extended IDE) are the most common connectors for Hard Disks and CD/DVD-ROM Drives. We won't cover all possible interconnection standards. There are just too many and too technical. Instead, we will examine the history of some of the most common I/O devices, how they have evolved, and how their progress has simplified our way of interacting with computers. The most basic input device is our keyboard. A keyboard is essentially a electro-mechanical device that converts our key presses/releases into electrical pulses. Our typing speed is VERY SLOW (less than 15 times per second) as compared to our CPU (1 billion times per second). At the beginning, there is a slow "serial" interface that connects a keyboard to a computer. The keyboard doesn't transmit the actual "character" (i.e., "a", "b", "A", "B", etc.) to the computer. Instead, it transmits a "key code" to the computer (e.g., row 1 column 1, row 1, colum 5, etc.). There is a piece of software, called the "keyboard device driver", that converts the key code into the corresponding characters. Why? By replacing the keyboard device driver (i.e., the software), we can easily provide a different key code encoding for different country, as long as we used the same keyboard layout. For example, Chinese and Japanese are using the same keyboard layout as our QWERTY keyboard, but their character encoding is quite different from ours. And there are the French, German, East European, etc. Device drivers are an essential piece of software inside the Operating System. Today, there are literally tens of thousands of device drivers inside the Operating System. Each device driver is designed and built by the manufacturer of the peripheral device in order to function properly inside a common Operating System. The Operating System itself often provides a few standard device drivers of its own. It is these device drivers (software built inside the OS) that interact with the peripheral devices directly. (Note: There are lots more device drivers in the Windows OS than the Apple OS X. As a result, it is quite possible that you may buy a peripheral device that only works in the Windows OS, but not in OS X. Check with the manufacturer first.) Other than the keyboard, there is our ubiquitous mouse. Again, it is an electro-mechanical device that converts "rolling ball" motion into X-Y movement of our mouse cursor. Inside every mouse, there are two sensors that measure the relative motion of a rolling ball. Today, the same concept of measuring relative motion is done via an "optical" (light) image sensor. It is essentially a "digital camera" with a resolution of 18 by 18 pixels, and it takes a picture of your mouse pad (or desk) a few hundred times a second and then measures the changes in the images. There is a mouse device driver inside the Operating System for every brand of mouse. This piece of software converts the mouse input (relative ball/image motion) into cursor movement. The mouse and the keyboard are standard input devices for almost all computer today. They are both slow serial input devices. In the early days, there are special connectors for connecting the mouse or the keyboard to the computer itself. They are called the mouse port or keyboard port. In the early days of personal computers, all hardware and peripheral devices must be connected to the computer before it is powered on. That is, if a piece of hardware/peripheral that is not connected when the computer is powered on, that piece of hardware is missing, i.e., failed or disconnected. Most hardware/peripherals are not "hot pluggable" (or hot swappable), including Memory, internal Hard Disks, internal CD/DVD ROM drives, early keyboard and mouse, etc. Therefore, one must connect all these devices to the computer because the computer is powered on. As the number of peripherals increases, e.g., printers, scanners, tape backup, etc., the number of special connectors increases. It becomes increasingly difficult to connect peripherals to the computer, i.e., some may require special hardware interface boards/connectors. In the late 90's, Intel introduced the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard for connecting peripherals to a computer. Other than improving the speed of older serial interface, USB also introduces the idea of "hot pluggable" devices. That is, a USB-based peripheral can connect to or disconnect from a computer anytime while the computer is powered on. Due to this change, the Operating System must dynamically detect what kind of USB-based peripheral device is connected when it is plugged into a computer. Then, the corresponding device driver is then loaded into memory. That is, if you plug in a USB-based scanner, then the scanner's device driver is loaded into memory from the File System and it will communicate with your scanner. When you unplug the scanner later, the device driver will be removed from memory. This hot-swappable feature of USB standard is so convenient that most peripherals today are USB-based, including iPod, headsets, etc. The number of USB-based devices has increased dramatically. Today, it is difficult to find a printer which is not USB-based. Many computers have a limited number of USB ports (typically 2 to 4). If you need to connect more USB-based devices (e.g., microphones, scanners, printers, webcam, mice, keyboards, etc.), you will need a USB hub, which splits one USB port from your computer into severals. (Warning: There is a power limited on how many USB devices that can be connected at the same time. When you exceed this limit, the OS will inform you that you have exceeded this limit.) It is important to note that the USB standard is primarily designed to connect a device (a peripheral) to the computer, not device to device, nor computer to computer. You cannot connect a USB digital camera to a USB digital camera, or a laptop to another laptop directly using USB.
When Intel first introduced USB standard, Apple also introduced its own hot-pluggable standard called Firewire. Every Apple computer designed in the past 10 years will have at least 1 Firewire port. Windows based computers don't normally provide Firewire ports. However, due to the popularity of USB and iPod on Windows computers, Apple is slowly phasing out Firewire altogether. Firewire standard is similar in concept to USB standard but uses a different connector. The first version of USB (called 1.0) is slower (up to 12 million bits per second), which is plenty fast for mouse and keyboard, but a bit slow for scanner and printer. Today, in the past 5 years, USB 2.0 is the predominant standard and is faster (up to 480 million bits per second), about 40 times faster than 1.0. In the next year, some computers will be equipped with USB 3.0, up to 3 billion bits per seconds, about 6 times faster than 2.0. So, USB is becoming a unified interface standard for the majority of external peripheral devices. Bluetooth is a wireless standard for connecting headsets to cellphones. It is a standard invented by the Swedish cellphone company, Ericsson. It is a short range wireless radio standard with a range of around 10 meters. For Apple computers, they are often equipped with standard Bluetooth radio inside. Many of the Apple manufactured mices and keyboards are Bluetooth enabled. As a result, you can connect your Bluetooth enabled cellphones to an Apple computer easily. There are many wireless mice and keyboards don't use Bluetooth at all. They are based on proprietary wireless radio frequency technologies, but they don't license the Bluetooth standard. Finally, there is one area where its speed of progress has changed how we use computers today: computer display and its interfacing technology. A computer display requires "refreshing" 60-120 times a second. For a display resolution of 1024 by 768 pixels by 24-bit colors, we need to refresh 1024 x 768 x 24 x 60 bits per second (which is 1 Gbps, or one billion bits per second). For computer graphic and animation, the amount of calculations and data generated is staggering, so inside every computer there is a dedicated chip or display card that takes care of all display/graphic functions. This is called the Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) which is typically built into a Graphics Card. A Graphic Card has some standard connectors for connecting to a computer color displayer. The most common is the VGA (Vector Graphic Array) standard, which is the 15-pin D-shape connector available on almost all laptop except Apple computers. The second most common is the DVI (Digital Video Interface) standard. Many Apple computers and higher quality LCD monitors use DVI standard. Finally, HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) is becoming available for TVs and computers as long as the resolution is within its limit of 1920 by 1080 pixels. For example, Apple Mac-mini has both DVI and HDMI interfaces. Traditionally, GPU is used primarily for vector graphic intensive or animation graphic applications. Today, many supercomputers are combining many CPUs and GPUs together for scientific applications. As for the future of computer user interfaces, it seems that touch or gesture based input devices are becoming widely available. Touch-screen technology has been around for quite a long time (e.g., Airport ticket booths, or Photo Kiosks). As the cost goes down, it is now available on small handheld portable devices, e.g., Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), Smartphones, and some laptops etc. Our "cursor" is now replaced by our finger; relative motion (moving the cursor) is replaced by absolute position (pointing). Gesture input is taking the concept of finger/hand movement to the next level. The gaming industry is leading the development of future gesture-based input devices, e.g., Wiimote, Playstation 3 Move controller and Xbox's Kinect.
Mantis Cheng, 17 March 2013
File_3.docx
COMP152: Networking
A modem is a device which converts digital data into voice (i.e., audible sound) so that it can be transmitted over the telephone system, and vice versa from voice back into digital data. If you ever pick up a phone call that was dialled by a fax machine, you'll hear a continuous high-pitch sound. When the Internet became available to users at home, we used a modem to connect the computer to the telephone network. We had to dial-in to an ISP (Internet Service Provider) to obtain an IP address. The ISP is our gateway to the Internet. This dial-up modem technology is slow; the modem speed is around 56Kbps (56 thousands bits per second). There are still computers today that have a built-in modem for faxing. You may find a 4-wires connector (called RJ-11) matching your telephone socket at home.
Ethernet is a Local Area Network (LAN) technology invented in the 70s by Xerox PARC, which also invented the mouse, the graphical user interface, and the laser printer. Slowly, Ethernet became widely available as a result of the immense growth of WWW and Internet. Today, a large percentage of computers on the Internet use Ethernet technology. Today, almost every computer (bought in the last 5 years), has a built-in Ethernet capability. There should be a 8-wire connector (RJ-45) that looks like a telephone socket (RJ-11), but is wider with 8 wires instead of 4 wires. Ethernet speed ranges from 10 Mbps (million bits per second), to 100 Mbps, to 1 Gbps (Giga or billion bits per second). 10 Mpbs Ethernet is becoming obsolete; today, most connections are 100 Mbps or 1 Gbps.
For high speed internet access, we often sign up with a local cable (e.g., Shaw, Rogers) or phone company (e.g., Telus, Bell). They would provide a " modem" (cable or ADSL modem) which basically gives you a Ethernet connection to their cable/phone network which is connected to the Internet. They will assign one unique IP address to your machine that connects to this modem, and this is your Internet IP address that is reachable world-wide. That is, anyone who knows your cable or ADSL modem's IP address can send you an IP packet. If you have only one computer connecting to the Internet, then you can connect directly to the modem and use the assigned IP address on your computer. However, this is not desirable because any intruder can temper with your computer from anywhere.
A router is device designed to connect two separate networks together. Its main function is to forward data packets from one network to the other, and vice versa. We are often advised to use a router at home to set up a Local Area Network (LAN) for all our computers. First, we create a LAN at home with several computers and a router. The router typically has several LAN connections and one WAN (Wide Area Network) connection. All your local computers will use the LAN connections to create a local area network for printer and file sharing. The WAN connection is reserved for the cable modem. The router is thus a device that connects your LAN to your ISP's WAN. The router has two IP addresses: one on the WAN side (e.g., 24.96.24.56) and one on the LAN side (e.g., 192.168.2.100). The IP address on the WAN side is visible to the rest of the world, but all IP addresses in your LAN are hidden. As a result, outside intruders cannot contact your computers directly; they can only contact your router. Since your router is not a computer with your files and personal data, there is a much less chance of personal information being stolen.
Most routers have a built-in "firewall" feature, which essentially disallows IP packets coming in or going out via certain IP ports (e.g., Internet Services). This IP packet filtering feature prevents unintended data packets to reach their destinations. You may choose to filter whatever undesirable network traffic by configuring the firewall inside your router. By default, a router with firewall will disallow most IP packets except port 80 for HTTP and port 53 for email. So, most of the time, the router is filtering out the majority of unintended data traffic to your home. With a router, it is much harder for an intruder to temper with your computers in your LAN.
WiFi is essentially a wireless Ethernet technology. There are three common standards of WiFi: 802.11b (11 Mbps, million bits per second), 802.11g (22 Mbps) and 802.11n (300 Mbps). Many newer computers support all three standards 802.11 b/g/n. So, you can connect to many wireless routers that use these standards.
The Internet, on the other hand, is regarded as a Wide Area Network (WAN), i.e., it spans miles or kilometers, cities and countries. When Internet (and thus WWW) becomes the dominant network for sharing information online, many LANs are connected to WAN using a router. A router in general connects two separate networks together, LAN to LAN, LAN to WAN, or WAN to WAN. Today, most households have a "wireless router" which creates a wireless local area network for all wireless computers/devices, and connects the LAN to the Internet (WAN) via a cable or ADSL modem. On most routers, there is a WAN connection and a LAN connection. The WAN connection is for the modem at your ISP (e.g., Shaw or Telus); and LAN connection is for local computers, or printers.
Networking is changing the way we use our computers, desktop or portable. We spend more time accessing information (e.g., news, music, online movies) and sharing media with our friends and families (e.g., social networking, online photo sharing) than generating information. As a result, our future computers may become more like an "information appliance"---a tool for the delivery of information.
File_4.docx
The Internet
Internet was introduced at least 15 years earlier than the World-Wide Web (WWW). The pioneering work on the Internet was mostly developed in academic research labs in the 70's. The earliest "killer" applications on the Internet (was known as ARPANET) included email and file transfer.
The Internet, is a public, decentralized, open network. It is open in the sense that anyone can make a compatible network and connect to the Internet. It is a data network by design, as opposed to voice network like Telephone network. No company, organization, government agency, country owns the Internet, not even the US military which funded the development of ARPANET. Its topology (i.e., the way how each computer connects to each other) changes from time to time. Between any two nodes (or computers), there may be more than one "route" (or path) to get from one to the other node. This route changes due to failures, congestion, availability, etc. This approach of "routing" Internet traffic dynamically has the advantage that it is "resilient", i.e., a failure in some part of the network doesn't affect the whole network, and "incremental", i.e., it can grow or shrink gradually without telling everyone on the network about what has changed.
Every machine on the Internet has a globally unique IP (Internet Protocol) address (similar to a phone number). In order for two machines to communicate, they must know each other's IP address. We demonstrated in class how a machine can find out its own IP address, using http://whatismyipaddress.com. People don't remember phone numbers. Similarly, they don't remember IP addresses. So, that is why we need a global "Internet Directory ", which we can look for "hostnames" to find out their "IP addresses". A hostname name, e.g., Facebook.com, is registered in an International "Internet Directory" with several IP addresses, and Google the same, and so on for any other Internet businesses, companies, government organizations, charity organizations, education institutions, etc. This public directory is how the Internet converts "hostnames" into IP addresses, from Facebook.com to 69.63.189.16. Anyone can register in this directory as long as there is an unused IP address. The machine that provide this "hostname" lookup service are called the "Domain Name Server" (kind of like Yellow/White Page services for phone numbers). There are thousands of these servers. They are everywhere, and they may not store all the hostnames from the entire Internet. Therefore, each DNS server knows other DNS servers in order to lookup missing or outdated hostnames.
The convention for the name of the domain starts with the Top Level Domains (TLD), e.g., .edu (for education), .com (for commerce), .gov (for US government), .org (for non-profit organization), etc. These Top Level Domains are further subdivided into "subdomains", e.g., "camosun.bc.ca" is a subdomain of ".bc.ca ". Each subdomain can be further subdivided into more subdomains. Most countries have their own TLD, e.g., .uk for UK, .fr for France, .cn for China, .mx for Mexico etc.
When two computers communicate over the Internet, they use the TCP/IP protocol. For many organizations, (e.g., Google) there may be multitude of services provided by each computer. When we make a call to a big company, we need to select different services by pressing additional keys (e.g., press 1 for Accounting, press 2 for Customer Services, etc.) These internal phone extensions (services) are hidden from the outside. Each company typically defined its own set of internal services and extensions. Instead of allowing each computer to define its own "Internet Services", which can be very confusing, the Internet defines a "standard" set of services, denoted by "port numbers" (kind of a local extension phone number). All computers use the same "extension" (i.e., port number) for the same service. For example, port 22 for FTP and port 80 for HTTP. When your machine sends a request to another machine at port 22, you're making a "File Transfer" request; at port 80, you're making a "HyperText Transport Procotol" request, etc. Hence, all machines on the Internet will respond to the same "extension" (port number) call.
Although Internet country-coded hostnames (such as "bbc.co.uk") do represent some "geographical" information, there is no enforcement or rule that the actual site must reside in that region. In a sense, Internet Domain Names or Hostnames are purely for easy memorization. The actual IP address of a given host may change over time. When we visit "msn.com", we really don't know where this site actually is. This makes "tracing" the physical location of an IP address very difficult. In theory, anyone in the world can register any IP address with any hostname.
When a computer sends a request to another computer, it typically sends the request to a port. For example, visiting http://facebook.com means sending to the IP address “69.63.181.12" (IP address of Facebook.com) the HTTP request (port 80) of downloading Facebook home page. Using FileZilla to login to "studentlabs.cs.camosun.bc.ca" means sending to the IP address " 204.174.60.190" a request of "login my username and password" to "my default home directory" (FTP to port 22).
Typically, we don't make "explicit" requests directly, i.e., we don't explicitly specify that we want port 80 and we want to download a web page. But, instead, we use special "client" applications to perform all computer communication. Therefore for browsing the WWW, we use a "browser" (e.g., Firefox, Safari, Chrome, IE), which handles mostly HTTP requests using port 80; for file transfer, we use "an FTP client" (e.g., FileZilla), which handles all file transfer requests on port 22.
images.docx
Boot up Process
File PATH
Spread Sheet files
Network
Router
Security
lab.css
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Lab7_SH_PageLayout.html
Lab 7: Page Layout
- Learning Outcomes and Introduction
- Task 1: Document Structure
- Task 2: General Layout
- Task 3: Add Captions to Pictures and Tables
- Task 4: Creating a Citation and Bibliography
- Task 5: Create Table of contents and Figures
- Submission
Learning Outcomes and Introduction
In this lab you will be using a word processor tool to layout your document for presentation.
During this process, you will review and learn: what you learned in Lab 3 in order to structure, and set up the general layout of your document; Add Captions to Pictures; include citation for your references; generate bibliography; create table of contents and figures.
Task 1: Document Structure (20 marks)
In your word processor, create a document called Lab07_Firstname_Lastname (using your name! ) and save it in COMP152>Lab7 folder. Download the compressed file called Lab7. Extract the content in your Lab7 folder.
Instructions
- Insert the text from the 5 files File_1 - 5 in order into Lab07_Firstname_Lastname without formatting.
- Insert a section break in an appropriate location so that a new topic starts on the top of a new page.
- Insert title “Final Exam Review Material”at the top of the document
- Copy the images from the images.doc file and incorporate them into your Lab07_Firstname_Lastname file.
- Centre the images on the page.
- Resize all the images so that they are around 2" wide and maintain the aspect ratio.
- Save your file and close it.
Task 2: General Layout (? marks)
For this task, you will set up the general layout of your document. These parameters such as ; single or double spaced, margins, header, and footer, and many more apply to your document in general.
Instructions
- Change all 4 margins to 1.5 inches; change the font to Bookman Old Style and font size to 11 point for your entire document.
- Change spacing for your document except the Word Art title to having 12 points after each paragraph and 1.5" line spacing.
- Justify the text in the document (Hint: There are four choices, left, right, centre, justify)
- In the header input and centre the text: COMP152 Lab07.
- In the footer of Lab07_Firstname_Lastname add the “file name” field, and the “date” field (do not type in the file name and date, use quick parts! or equivalent).
- Run spell check and correct spelling errors if any.
- Use print preview to confirm page layout and make adjustments as needed so that you do not have any orphan pages! Note: Google for the definition of “orphan pages” in needed.
Deliverables
- Save your file as Lab07_1_Firstname_Lastname and close it.
Task 3: Add Captions to Pictures and tables (? marks)
Working on reports, you need to identify a picture or a figure
Instructions
- Insert a caption for the pictures you inserted in your document.
Note:
right click on the image, Select Insert Caption.
- Caption: Shows what the image is called
- Label: whether this is a figure or table
- Position:whether you would like the description to be above or below image. Below is usually prefered
Task 4: Creating a Citation and Bibliography (? marks)
Working on reports, you need to identify a picture or a figure
Instructions
- Insert a caption for the pictures you inserted in your document.
Note:
Select References --> insert citation .
Dialog box for the citation will show up.
-
You have three options:
- place a holder for later
- add a new citation
- select from an existing citation
- At the end of the document, create a selection with heading Bibliography
- select References --> Bibliography , then choose the Bibliography.
Task 5: Create Table of contents (? marks)
Occasionally you have to prepare a Report and you would need a table of contents to go with the report. Your word processor usually offers some built in functions, which makes this task easy. there are two steps involved:
- Mark enteries for your table of contents
- choose your format and build the table of content use the Built In Headline Styles
Instructions
- Mark enteries for your table of contents
- use the headline styles under home --> Styles, and choose appropriate headings for your topics.
- Go through all the document and mark all the appropriate headings
- Build your table of contents
- Build your table of Figures
Submission
ZIP and submit your COMP152/Lab7/ folder with work from each Task.
NOTE: This assignment is to be done individually. You can help one another with problems and questions, but in the end everyone must do their own assignment.
Criteria Marks All tasks ... ? Task 1 Document Structure 20 Task 2 General Layout 15 Task 3 Add Captions to Pictures and tables 20 Task 4 Creating a Citation and Bibliography 20 Task 5 Create Table of contents and Figures 15 Total 90
