Research Paper

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Research Title/ Thesis statement

Transportation Planning For Proper Urban Development

For the human being to live on safely in the world the issue of proper urban development is very crucial. Transportation planning has important impact on the proper urban development. Lack of strategic transportation system will hamper the process of developing proper urban development. So, it is very important to know about the transportation planning, importance of strategic transporation system for proper urban development, several approch for urban planning, and rhe roles of Transport Planners in the proper transportation system.

A research is mainly conducted with the consideration some specific research’s aims and objectives. So, it is crucial to identify the main aim and objective of this study. The key objective of this study is as follows.

· To understand the concept of urban developmnet.

· To understand the concept of tranporation planning.

· To understand the role of tranporation planning on strategic urban developmnet.

· To understand the several approaches of tranporation planning.

· To understand the best tranporation planning for strategic urban developmnet.

Transportation Planning

Transportation planning involves elevation, design, and assessment of transport facilities which include highways, bike lanes, public transport lines and streets. Transportation planning has from history followed a rational planning model in defining objectives and goals, identifying the problems, generating the alternatives, evaluating and analyzing the alternatives and finally developing plans.

The modern origin of transportation planning lies in urban reform movement which arose as a response against the ineffectiveness of industrial city in mid 19th century. By applying the transportation planning techniques to the existing cities and urban centers suffering from decline, transportation planning enables urban renewal. In the 20th century, sustainable development has been included as the core goal for transportation planning.

Emprical Studies on Transportation Planning

Hanson analyzes the approaches linked to urban geography. In his book, he defines the first approach as involving the study of hindrances that relate to spatial distribution of urban centers and the critical patterns of movement linkages and flows binding them in space. This approach mostly concerns with the study of the city system. The second approach concerns with study of patterns involved in distribution and interaction in cities, especially the study of inner structure. This approach concerns with the study of the city as the system. (Hanson 1995)

The book written by Robin S Liggett; William H Jepson; (1993) describes and analyzes models that predict environmental stresses linked to urban development and the related changes in human activities and land use under alternative economic, environmental, and demographic and policy scenarios. The book analyzes how the main urban actors that are represented in the models as objects that correspond to developers, businesses, household and governments make decisions on land development and location of activities. Robin and Jepson discuss three environmental factors which include resource use, land conversions and emissions.

The book by Yoram Shiftan; Kenneth John Button; Peter Nijkamp; (2007) provides an overview and summarizes the basic principles applied in transportation planning. Button and Shiftan describe the conventional transport planning that focuses on motor vehicles traffic conditions. They also analyze the newer methods for enhanced evaluation and planning in transport sector.

Weiner provides an overview of around 40 years of urban planning transportation history. The book begins with the developments made in highway planning in 1930s and with a shift to decentralization of the decision-making agency in the 1990s. The book explains how the planning procedures and processes have evolved in the years and the new concerns and issues raised and the changes in priorities and attitudes that have occurred over the years.( Weiner; 1999)

Alan provides an introduction to the United States geography together with a discussion of various economic and population trends and their impact on transportation. The main modes of transportation which include motor carriers, water carriers, airlines and rail road’s are discussed under the current trends and problems of transportation in U.S. The regulations in transportation in U.S by independent agencies are discussed by Alan and along with some commentary on recent trends towards deregulation. (Alan Black; 1995)

The effect of information technology on transport planning is examined in the book. Banister first examines the general context of global changes and outlines the growth of a knowledge-based economy, breakdown of various trade barriers and development of enhanced patterns of travel. The book covers briefly the traditional views, and a case made for long-term, more direct and indirect influence of technological innovations on transport. (Banister 2007)

The book The Four Pillars of Sustainable Urban Transportation by Christopher Kennedy, Eric Miller, Amer Shalaby, Heather Maclean & Jesse Coleman; (2006) analyzes four pillars essential in achieving a more sustainable transportation. The four pillars include: effective governance in land use as well as transportation; fair, efficient and stable funding; strategic investments in infrastructure; and paying attention to the neighborhood design. The book provides an overview of the four pillars and how they can be effectively integrated in transportation planning.

Lambert and Matthew focus on emerging scenarios of environment, economy, and technology on transportation planning involving the federal funding. This book develops a practical method of scenario-based plan within the multi-criteria decision in analyzing the comparison between transportation policies across different state, local or regional agencies.( Chroeder & Lambert 2010)

The book Shih-Lung Shaw; (2010) by discusses the geographical information systems (GIS) while reviewing on the critical transportation elements and issues identified by US Transportation Research Board. Shaw presents the geographical information systems from three perspectives by use of spatial database, using the GIS-T as the modeling and analysis environment, and using the GIS-T as the communication tool.

Zhang & Chenfeng focus on how various states are applying modern transportation planning models in order to meet the travel demands both at regional and provincial levels. The book analyzes the transportation planning models developed and applied involving advanced four steps and an integrated micro-simulation method. The main emphasis of the book is on data requirements and model applications on modeling methods as applies in transportation planning. (Xiong & Zhang 2011)

The 21st Century Approach to Transportation Planning

Planners are increasingly mandated to adopt and apply a multi-disciplinary approach in transportation planning especially because of the rising need of environmentalism.

The role of transport planner is gradually shifting from a technical analysis approach to promoting sustainability by application of integrated transport policies. For example, application of behavioral psychology in persuading people to leave their cars and instead use public transport.

Integration aspects of Transportation Planning

In the current era, the “predict and provide” approach is applied in formulating transportation planning policies.

The approach entails predicting the future demand in transport and providing a network for it. The policies involve integrating with emphasis on: integrating between and within various modes of transport; integrating with the land use planning; integrating with policies for health, education and wealth creation.

Role of Transport Planners

The key role of transport planning involves planning, designing, delivering, managing and reviewing transportation through balancing the society’s needs, the environment and economy.

Transport planners roles includes designing the essential transport projects, services and systems, understanding and creating transport policies, compiling plans and strategies which contribute to meeting the economic, social and environmental needs. They are required to know and understand the commercial elements of operating the transport systems through applying the essential tools and techniques.

Application of Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) in U.S

The U.S transportation planning process includes the MPO which considers environmental issues and air quality, looking at the planning questions in a fiscally constrained way while involving the public.

The first stage of MPO is the pre-analysis where issues and problems the region faces are and what objectives and goals can be set to assist in addressing those issues. The MPO collects data in a wide range of regional characteristics, and then develops sets of various alternatives which will be looked upon as part of planning process while creating a number of measurable outcomes which will form a basis of checking whether the objectives and goals have been achieved.

Research design prescribes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data for research purpose. There are wide ranges of research design methods including case studies, experimental design, descriptive design, cross sectional design, exploratory design etc. Our research design is mainly case descrptive analyis in nature. Descriptive research refers to a kind of research which tries for providing the answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and how associated with a particular research problem (Cooper and Schindler, 2006). This type of research is usually conducted to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena. In this reeasrch as a part of understanding proper transportation system for strategic urban planning we will gotry to explore what is strategic urban planning, what is tranportation planning, importance of proper transporation system for proper urban development, several approch for urban planning, consideration of several aspects of transportation planning, role of Transport Planners in the proper transportation system etc.

This research will follow the structure as below:

Chapter 1: This chapter throws light on the research project background and the reasons for the study as well as aims and objectives of the study.

Chapter 2: This chapter will present the literature review of the research regarding transportatio

Chapter 3: This part is the amin body of the research. This part will make study, alayze, and dicuss the about the research issue.

Chapter 4: This part will conclude the study or research finding along with mentioning the scope of futuure research.

TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Primary objective

1.3.2 Secondary objectives

1.4 Scope of the study

1.5 Research methodology

1.6 Limitations of the study

1.7 Layout of the study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Definition of strategic urban planning

2.3 Theme of strategic urban planning

2.4 Past studies on strategic urban planning

2.5 Summary

CHAPTER 3: STUDY, ANALYSIS, and DISCUSSION

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Overview of the urban development

3.3 Definition of transportation planning

3.4 Consideration of several aspects of transportation planning

3.5 Several aspects of transportation planning

3.6 Summary

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Conclusions

4.3 Recommendations for future research

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEXURES

Amer Shalaby, C. K. (2006). The Four Pillars of Sustainable Urban Transportation. Department of Civil Engineering, University Toronto, Canada.

Banister, D. (2010). Impact of Information and Communications technology on transport . OTB Research Institute for Housing, Urban and Mobility Studies .

Banister, D. (2007). Impact of Information and Communications technology on transport. OTB Research Institute for Housing, Urban and Mobility Studies.

Black, A. (1995). Urban Mass Transportation Planning. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Chenfeng Xiong, L. Z. (2011). Deciding whether and how to improve statewide travel demand models based on transportation planning application needs. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, USA.

Hanson, S. (1997). The Geography of Urban Planning. New York: Guilford Press.

Lambert, M. J. (2010). Scenario-based multiple criteria analysis for infrastructure policy impacts and planning. Center for Risk Management of Engineering Systems, and Department of Systems and Information Engineering , University of Virginia, Charolottesville, VA, USA.

Robin S Liggett, W. H. (1993). An Integrated Environment for Urban Simulation. Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Carlifornia , 34-45.

Shaw, S.-L. (2010). Geographical information systems for transportation: from a static past to a dynamic future. University of Tennessee, TN, USA.

Weiner, E. (1999). Urban Transportation Planning in the United States: An Historical Overview. Washinton: National Transportation Liabrary.