paraphrase

1. In the Paleolithic period, the society of human was focused on survival. For example, in chapter 1, there are several of art works describing hunting scenes or animals (fig.1-10, 1-13 etc.). In that period, people had to get their food by themselves and if not, they couldn’t survive. In this ways, people had struggled for survival. Also, men were described as strong and brave. Unlike men, women were considered lower level than men. Women’s social status was very low and considered only for produce next generation. Figure 1-5, the nude woman, is a good example to support that. This woman is bearing child and it represents not only a specific woman but most female in that period.

In the ancient near east, typical trend was powerful kingdom. Unlike the concept of tribal society in Paleolithic, there were several powerful kings in the ancient near east.The kings made some arts to reveal their power. For example, in chapter2, figure 2-13 Victory stele of Naram-Sin was made by Naram Sin who was 4th king in the ancient Akkad and set up the stele to celebrate his victory of a war between the Lullubi. In the stele, the Naram-Sin stands on the top with a helmet and other men stand bottom of him and looking the Naram-Sin.It shows how the Naram- Sin was powerful.

In the ancient Greece, the society was concentrated on the Gods and Goddesses. There were lots of temples and statues for the Gods and Goddesses and it expressed focusing on the beauty of them. The technique of expression in the art was very detailed and expressed very actively. People in the ancient Greece described human body very in detail not only shape and pose but even muscles. For example, fig 5-39 it looks like real human. Also the Hellenistic is representative aspect in the ancient Greece. There are many statues which displaying the eroticism of the nude female form, and the Aphrodite was one of the most representative works in the Hellenistic (fig 5-83).

3.

- The code of Hammurabi is a law code which is made by King Hammurabi of Babylon in the early 18th century BCE. It has great detail which prescribed various penalties for murder, theft, breaking property of others, and etc. Also, its sculptor use well “foreshortening” that way to suggest depth through angle, not frontally or in profile.

The code of Hammurabi which is made by Hammurabi is a law code. Hammurabi, who was a king in Babylon, was a very powerful king. The code of Hammurabi prescribes various penalties very strongly and detailedly especially for murder and theft.

4.

- It is known as spring frescoes because it depicts pure landscape, the essence of the spring, with vivid colors. It is decorated on house wall. Also, it is painted in wet fresco, so it requires fast speed to draw it. Through those facts, we can know that Minoan fresco painting wasn’t limited to wall of the great palace or other important space, and it wants to express essence of landscape not animal or human. In addition, Minoan fresco painting is expressed by vivid colors with wet fresco.

5.

- Hatshepsut was first great female pharaoh, and she was principal wife of the forth pharaoh, whose name is Thutmose 2, of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. She made Egypt most powerful city in the world, and she encouraged to create a lot of buildings, and sculptors of female pharaoh.

The unique part of her mortuary temple is three level of colonnades. It is connected through ramps on the central, and the colonnades are consisted of pillars-rectangular-, and chamfered-flatter.

Hatshepsut was one of great pharaohs even though she wasn’t male.

6. - The female figures of Paleolithic period are nude and ball-shape. Their breast, abdomen, genital organs, and hips are exaggerated, but they don’t have any facial expression. It is because women were consideredthe way to reproduce the species, and make them survive.

7.

-Akhenaton made Aton is the universal and only god, so he gets rid of worships of all other gods. Also, he argued that he is prophet and son of Aton. The god is not animal or human figure anymore, and the god is represented by sun disk. In addition, he changed the figures of Egyptian statue. The body shape is effeminate, which has narrow waist, weak arm, and large hips, and it has potbelly.

8.

- The Akkadians made one king govern the whole city, not like city-state which has lots of rulers.

9.

-Delian League was an alliance to fight against Persians, and its head offices were on the island of Delos. The Athenian was center of the league, so they could determine which cities provide fleet commander and ships. The power of Athenian became strong gradually while the fighting against Persians was continued. Also, they took Delian treasury to Athens, and used League for Athenian empire. Finally, the allies protested against decision of Athenian.

10.

-The Egyptian prototype has funerary function. It depicts King and queen, or gods of Egypt, and it is for the dead people. Also, Egyptian stressed permanence, so they suppressed the motion. However, early Greek Archaic kourousis nude unlike Egyptian, and they don’t have to use stone block in order to suppress the motion. Also, they don’t have any identity of statuary.

11.

- When end the Minoan civilization, Minoan already moved to Crete, and built the palace of the Knossos. They governed that island until Minoan was destructed eventually around 1200 BCE. But their culture was disappeared around after 1400 BCE.

12.

-The severe style refers to sculpture in early classical period. Before early classical period, the sculpture was based on Egyptian style which has Archaic smile, funerary function, repressed pose with standing. However, the Severe Style got rid of Archaic smile, so sculptor could represent various expressions on the face. Also, it made sculptor concentrate more realistic of human body. Even though the pose was little stiff yet, sculptor contrapposto pose. The contrapposto pose it that depicts that the one leg supports the weightof the body, and the other remains loose and free. Due to contrapposto pose, sculptor could make different kind of poses, and they could represent human body more natural, and real. After classical period, the sculpture could suggest various poses which resemble real humans, the body of sculpture focused on anatomical part of the human body.

13. -Praxiteles is one of the great sculptors in fourth century BCE. The Praxiteles Hermes is monumental statuary, and it has slender, S curve body shape. It depicts god like real human, and depicts situation that interaction between adult and child. Its face was sharp unlike plykelitos’ sculpture, and there is no specific idea model for human body. The sculptor of early classical period named Plykelitos desires to represent human movement, and to make human body beautiful and perfect. He considered harmony as most important part and, made standard perfection of human body named canon.Plykelitos made sculpture based on his own proportion of body which makes human body perfect.

14.

-There are inlaid figures on the body of Sumerian Sound Box Lyre. They are curved with gold leaf, and lapis lazuli. On that Lyre, heroic man who seems to be Gilgamesh embraces two bulls which have human head. He is also depicted in composite view, and seems to enjoy regal feast. Thus, the Sumerian Sound Box Lyre is related to Gilgamesh.

15.

- The twisted perspective is that one part of figure is depicted in profile view, and other part of same figure is depicted in frontal view. For example, in the Hall of Bulls, bulls’ head is seen in profile, but the horns are seen in frontal view.

Artists use the twisted perspective when they want to show the works in various angles. In the Hall of Bulls, we can see the bulls’ two horns not only one horn because the horns are twisted even though the bulls’ face is toward in front view.

16.

- Horus is depicted by falcon or by combination of falcon head and human body. Also, all pharaohs were represented with Horus. In the image of Khafre seated, there is also falcon on the pharaoh’s head as if falcon tries to protect Khafre.

17.

-In Amarna period, people almost use luxurious materials such as gold, or lapis lazuli for figures of royal. Thus, people decorated king Tut’ssarcophagus really luxurious. It is made of gold, lapis lazuli, turquoise, and carnelian. The mask of king is also made of gold, and some jewelry. The gold and other expensive material represents royal power, and Egyptian wealth.

18.

-Homer’s Iliad wrote about myth. However, it is not completely fake story, but it is based on the history. Thus, many historians named decoration or palace, which they found, by using homer’s Iliad. For example, Historian refers to fortification walls of Tiryns as “Cyclopean masonry” by using Homer’s story that Cyclopes, a one eyed giant.

Homer’s Iliad is a book about classic myths especially about Trojan Horse. It is not perfectly fiction, so experts could refer to Homer’s Iliad and named palace by using that.

19.

-A pediment placed above Entrablatureis an element of Greek temple, and it is a triangular shape.It is used for celebrating Athena in the Parthenon. In the Parthenon, the east pediment depicted the birth of Athena, and the west pediment depicted Athena and Poseidon. People could deal with triangular frame of the pediment though making leaning figure, or depicting rising chariot-sun- form the ground.

20.

-The ground line in the image hunting Lions is that vertical line which decides location of figures. Through verticalline, people can represent figure at right size, right location. In Warka vase, horizontal base line was used for ground line of figures on the vase.

In the image of hunting Lions, the ground line is vertical line which makes the painting looks like balanced. Next to the battle scenes, the Lions are killed by vertical arrows.

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22. - The Praxiteles is the sculptor of it, and he is one of the great masters of the fourth century. However, Alexander the Great choose other master named Lysippos.