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PowerPoint Presentations for

Psychology

The Science of Behavior

Seventh Edition

Neil R. Carlson,

Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,

John W. Donahoe, and

G. Neil Martin

Prepared by Linda Fayard

Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Chapter 15

Social Psychology

Social Cognition

Attitudes: Their Formation and Change

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Social Influences and Group Behavior

Interpersonal Attraction and Loving

Social Cognition

Impression Formation
The Self
Attribution
Attributional Biases
Attribution, Heuristics, and Social Cognition

Impression Formation

How do we form impressions of others?

Schema are the mental frameworks that organize or synthesize information about a person, place, or thing
Central traits are personality attributes that organize and influence the interpretation of other traits
Primacy Effect is the tendency to form an impression of someone based on the initial information one receives about him/her

The Self

Self-concept is one’s knowledge, feelings, and beliefs about him/her.

Self-schema is a mental framework that represents and synthesizes information about oneself

Attribution

Attributions are the processes by which people infer the causes of other people’s behavior
Situational factors: are stimuli in the environment
Dispositional factors: are a person’s traits, needs, and intentions
Kelly’s Theory of Attribution

Attributional Biases

The fundamental attribution error is our tendency to overestimate the significance of internal factors and underestimate the significance of external factors when explaining other people’s behavior

Belief in a just world is when we believe that people get what they deserve

Attributional Biases

Actor-observer effect is when we tend to attribute one’s own behavior to external factors but others’ to internal factors
Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute our accomplishments and successes to internal causes and our failures and mistakes to external causes
Self-handicapping is impairing one’s performance so as to attribute failures situationally and successes dispositionally

Attribution, Heuristics, and Social Cognition

Representativeness heuristic is a general rule for decision making through which people include a person, place, or thing in the category to which it appears most similar
Availability heuristics is a general rule for judging the likelihood or importance of an event by the ease with which examples of that event are recalled

Attitudes:
Their Formation and Change

Formation of Attitudes

Attitude Change and Persuasion

Cognitive Dissonance

Self-Perception

Attitude Change and Persuasion

Figure 15.1: Elaboration Likelihood Model of Attitude Change

Cognitive Dissonance

The theory that chances in attitude can be motivated by an unpleasant state of tension caused by a disparity between our attitudes and our behavior
Justification

Self-Perception

Self-perception Theory states that we come to understand our attitudes and emotions by observing our own behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs

Stereotypes and Prejudice

The Origins of Prejudice

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Hope for Change

The Origins of Prejudice

A prejudice is a preconceived opinion or bias, especially a negative attitude or evaluation toward a group of people defined by their racial, ethnic, or religious heritage or by their gender or occupation

Prejudice may lead us to stereotype people or to discriminate against them

The Origins of Prejudice

The Role of Competition

The Role of Self-Esteem

The Role of Social Cognition

The Role of Evolution

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a stereotype that causes a person to act in a manner consistent with that stereotype

Hope for Change

If people can be made aware of their prejudices, they may be persuaded that their attitudes are unjustified

Exposure and training to different groups

Social Influences and
Group Behavior

Conformity
Social Facilitation
Social Loafing
Commitment and Compliance
Obedience to Authority
Group Decision Making
Resisting Social Influences

Conformity

Conformity is the adoption of the attitudes and behaviors that characterize a particular group of people
Social Norms
Bystander Intervention

Figure 15.3: An Example of the Stimuli Used by Asch (1951)

Which of the three alternatives is the same length as the sample?
Would you change your answer if everyone in the class picked a different answer than you?
What if their answer was wrong?

Social Facilitation and Social Loafing

Social facilitation is when there is an enhancement of task performance because there are other people present

Social loafing is the decreased effort put forth by individuals when working in a group

Commitment and Compliance

Products and opinions are made more attractive when they are demonstrated by attractive people

Attractive people get better compliance

Group Decision Making

Group Polarization is the tendency for the initial position of a group to become more extreme during the discussion preceding a decision

Group Think is the tendency of group members to avoid dissent so as to achieve consensus

Figure 15.6: A Summary of Janis’s Conception of Groupthink

Resisting Social Influence

We can be sensitive to ourselves and to the situation

Try to realize when we are being manipulated

Interpersonal Attraction and Loving

Interpersonal Attraction

Loving

Interpersonal Attraction

Positive Evaluation
Familiarity
Similarity
Physical Appearance

Sternberg’s Theory of Love

Based on different combinations of:

Intimacy
Passion
Commitment

These elements may combine to form eight different kinds of relationships