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PowerPoint Presentations for

Psychology

The Science of Behavior

Seventh Edition

Neil R. Carlson,

Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,

John W. Donahoe, and

G. Neil Martin

Prepared by Linda Fayard

Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Chapter 12

Life-Span Development

Prenatal Development

Physical and Perceptual Development in Infancy and Childhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood

Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

Development of Gender Roles

Moral Development

Adolescence

Adulthood and Old Age

Prenatal Development

Stages of Prenatal Development
Zygotic Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
Threats to Normal Prenatal Development
Malnutrition
Teratogens

Figure 12.1: Differentiation and Development of the Sex Organs

Physical and Perceptual Development in Infancy and Childhood

Motor Development
Maturation
Practice
Perceptual Development
Form Perception
Distance Perception

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood

The Importance of a Responsive Environment
The Work of Jean Piaget
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
Applying Information-Processing Models to Cognitive Development

Piaget’s Four Periods of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Period
Object Permanence
Preoperational Period
Egocentrism
Conservation
Period of Concrete Operations
Period of Formal Operations

Figure 12.6: Conservation

F 12.5

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development

Believed culture was important for cognitive development

Around age seven a child uses more inner speech which represents the internalization of words and concepts

Applying Information-Processing Models to Cognitive Development

Changes in Cognitive Processes

Changes in Cognitive Content

Theory of Mind

Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

Behaviors of the Infant That Foster Attachment

The Nature and Quality of Attachment

Approaches to Child Rearing

Interactions with Peers

Behaviors of the Infant That Foster Attachment

Sucking
Cuddling
Looking

Smiling and Imitation
Crying

The Nature and Quality of Attachment

Stranger anxiety is when a child is wary and/or fearful in the presence of strangers
May be demonstrated by crying or clinging to their caregivers
Separation Anxiety is a fearful

response exhibited by a child

when its caregiver leaves

Approaches to Child Rearing

Authoritarian parents: “You know better than that! Don’t you ever play with a ball in the yard again. Now go to your bedroom and don’t come out until I tell you to. And I’m withholding your allowance until the window is paid for.”

Permissive parents: “Well, don’t worry about it. These things happen; it was an accident. I’ll talk to our neighbor.”

Approaches to Child Rearing

Authoritative parents: “You know better than that—you agreed not to play with the ball in the yard. Now you know why we made that rule. Go get the broom and the dustpan and offer to clean up this mess. When you finish, go to your bedroom and wait for me. I want to talk to you some more about how we’re going to pay for the window.”
Indifferent parents: “Now you’re in trouble. I don’t care what you do about it, but just don’t come crying to me about it!”

Interactions with Peers

Harlow and colleagues (1974) found that social contact with peers is essential to an infant monkey’s social development.
An infant monkey that is raised with only a cuddly surrogate mother can still develop into a reasonably normal adult if it has peers to play with

Development of Gender Roles

The Nature of Gender Differences
Biological Causes
Cultural Causes

The Nature of Gender
Differences

Gender identity is one’s private sense of being male or female
Gender roles are the cultural expectation about the way in which men and women behave and think
Gender Stereotypes are beliefs about differences between the behaviors, abilities, and personality traits of males and females

Moral Development

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Evaluation of Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s Theories of Moral Development

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

Moral realism is the first stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development
Includes egocentrism and blind adherence to rules
Morality of cooperation is the second stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development
Includes recognition of rules as social conventions

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Preconventional level
Morality of punishment and obedience
Morality of naïve instrumental hedonism
Conventional level
Morality of maintaining good relations
Morality of maintaining social order
Postconventional level
Morality of social contracts
Morality of universal ethical principles
Morality of cosmic orientation

Evaluation of Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s Theories of Moral Development

Critics of Piaget and Kohlberg point out that the stages of moral development are, to a certain degree, products of the measuring instruments

Adolescence

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social Development

Physical Development

Puberty is the period during which people’s reproductive systems mature, marking the beginning of the transition from childhood to adulthood

Sexual Maturation

Behavioral Effects of Puberty

Cognitive Development

Researchers suggest that there are two reasoning systems:
Analytic processing system
Experiential processing system

Klaczynski, 2004

Social Development

Forming an Identity

Identity and Self-Perception

Sexuality

Relations with Parents

Social Development

Figure 12.10: Marcia’s Four Identity Statuses

Social Development

Sexuality
At least half of all males and females are sexually active by the end of eleventh of twelfth grade
Friendships and relations with parents
The nature of friendship changes with adolescence
Adolescence brings conflict with parents

Adulthood and Old Age

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social Development

Physical Development

Our physical abilities peak at around age thirty and decline gradually thereafter
By age seventy, strength has declined by approximately 30 percent in both men and women
Changes in Sensory Systems

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development and Brain Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease

Cognitive Development and Normal Aging
Memory

Social Development

Three main areas of interest:
Marriage and Family
Work
Death
Kübler-Ross (1981)