PSY essay

viena1992

carlson_chapter_11_final.ppt

Home >Psychology homework help >PSY essay

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

PowerPoint Presentations for

Psychology

The Science of Behavior

Seventh Edition

Neil R. Carlson,

Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,

John W. Donahoe, and

G. Neil Martin

Prepared by Linda Fayard

Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Chapter 11

Intelligence and Thinking

Intelligence: Is It Global or Componential?

Intelligence Testing

The Roles of Heredity and Environment

Thinking and Problem Solving

Intelligence: Is It Global or Componential?

Spearman’s g theory
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Spearman’s g Theory

g-factor is a factor of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks
Includes apprehension of experience, education of relations, and education of correlates

s-factor is a factor of intelligence that is specific to a particular task

Evidence from Factor Analysis

Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among large groups of tests

Using factor analysis, there appear to be three factors that are measured on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

The three factors are:
Analytic intelligence – the mental mechanisms that people use to plan and execute tasks
Creative intelligence – the ability to deal effectively with novel situations
Practical intelligence – the abilities that are subject to natural selection

Successful Intelligence

Made of the triarchic components
The ability to effectively analyze and manage personal strengths and weaknesses

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner proposes a neuropsychological theory of intelligence that is based on the deficits that people demonstrate following brain injury
Currently there are eight categories of intelligence: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, naturalistic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, and two types of personal intelligence

Intelligence Testing

Intelligence Tests
Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests
The Use and Abuse of Intelligence Tests

Intelligence Testing

There is a long history of intelligence testing
However, most modern tests use the normal curve to assess intelligence

Intelligence Tests

There are a number of intelligence tests
Binet-Simon Scale
mental age
Stanford Binet
ratio intelligence quotient (IQ)
WAIS
deviation IQ score

Figure 11.2: Calculating the Deviation IQ Score

Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests

Reliability of modern IQ tests is about .85
Validity is the correlation between the test scores and the criterion (an independent measure of the variable that is being assessed)
There is much criticism of the validity of these tests

The Use and Abuse of Intelligence Tests

There may be cultural biases on tests
Problem of self-fulfilling prophecy
The use of the tests to determine who has special learning needs also is problematic
How is classifying the level at which a person functions intellectually going to be used?

The Roles of Heredity and Environment

The Meaning of Heritability

Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects During Development

A Sample of Results from Heritability Studies

The Meaning of Heritability

Heritability is the degree to which the variability of a particular trait in a specific population is a result of genetic differences among those organisms
Heritability of IQ

Heritability can range between 0 and 1.0

Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects During Development

Genetic factors that affect intelligence include
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Phenylketoneuria
Prenatal environment
Presence of teratogens (alcohol, other drugs)
Nutrition

Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects During Development

Postnatal Development
Injury
toxic chemicals
poor nutrition
disease

A Sample of Results from Heritability Studies

General Intelligence

Specific Abilities

Issue of Race and Intelligence

A Sample of Results from Heritability Studies

In studies of intelligence and heritability between siblings:
Identical twins reared together had a correlation of .86
Fraternal twins reared together had a correlation of .62
Siblings reared together had a correlation of .41
Siblings reared apart had a correlation of .24

Thinking and Problem Solving

Classification and Concept Formation

Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Problem Solving

Classification and Concept Formation

Concepts are categories of object or situations that share some common attributes

Formal concepts are a listing or dictionary definition of common essential characteristics

Figure 11.4: Examples of Basic-Level, Subordinate, and Superordinate Concepts

Figure 11.5: Concept Formation

Which group of shapes is most similar

(a) or (b) ?

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning is when you infer specific instances from a general principle or rule

John is taller than Phil.

Sue is shorter than Phil.

Therefore, John is taller than Sue.

Figure 11.6: A Mental Model

Figure 11.7: A Mental Model of the Craftsman Experiment

Which Craftsman is Taller?
People could judge the heights of the electrician and the painter faster than the plumber or the carpenter

Figure 11.8: A Spatial Model of Reasoning

What do you call your mother’s sister’s son?

Figure 11.9: Cards Used in a Formal Test of Problem Solving

More Realistic Version of Problem Solving

Figure 11.10: Cards Used in a Socially Situated Version of the Problem-Solving Test

Figure 11.11: Examples of the Types of Cards Used in a Test of Inductive Reasoning

When you infer general principles or rules from specific facts
What is the rule demonstrated in the cards to the left?

Problem Solving

Algorithms
A procedure consisting of a series of steps that will solve a specific type of problem
Heuristics
A general rule (a rule of thumb) that guides decision making or problem solving
Means-ends analysis