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THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suffer- able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abus- es and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their for- mer systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- tions, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world:

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda- don of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved representative houses, repeatedly for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative pow- ers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the mean-

time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and convulsions within.

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- don of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of new offices and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a juris- diction foreign to our Constitution and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation—

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; For protecting them by mock trial, from punishment

for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- tants of these States;

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial

by jury; For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre-

tended offences; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a

neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valu- able laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments.

For suspending our own legislatures and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun with circumstances of cruelty and per- fidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and total- ly unworthy the head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.

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He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated peti- tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwar- rantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kin- dred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity.

We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends.

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states: that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all politi- cal connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, con- clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- quillity, provide for the common defense, promote the gen- eral welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I SECTION i . All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall con- sist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

SECTION 2. 1. The House of Representatives shall be com- posed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

3. Representatives and direct taxes' shall be appor- tioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. 2 The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num-

1 See the Sixteenth Amendment. 2See the Fourteenth Amendment.

ber of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representa- tive; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

SECTION 3. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, 3 for six years; and each senator shall have one vote.

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 4

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a cit-

3See the Seventeenth Amendment. tee the Seventeenth Amendment.

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izen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the President of the United States.

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall neverthe- less be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.

SECTION 4. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- scribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regula- tions, except as to the places of choosing senators.

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SECTION 5. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elec- tions, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceed- ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

SECTION 6. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their atten- dance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office

under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.

SECTION 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may pro- pose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon- sideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the jour- nal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays except- ed) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the con- currence of the Senate and the House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, accord- ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

SECTION 8. 1. The Congress shall have the power 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excis-

es, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;

7. To establish post offices and post roads; 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts,

by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;

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10. To define and punish piracies and felonies com- mitted on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;

13. To provide and maintain a navy; 14. To make rules for the government and regulation

of the land and naval forces; 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute

the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplin- ing the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the govern- ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other need- ful buildings; and

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the gov- ernment of the United States, or any department or officer thereof.

SECTION 9. 1. The migration or importation of such per- sons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.

4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein- before directed to be taken. 5

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular

5 See the Sixteenth Amendment.

statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State.

SECTION 10. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant, any title of nobility.

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspec- tion laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

3. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with anoth- er State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II SECTION 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the leg- islature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding any office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the govern- ment of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- son having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- ber of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no per- son have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by

APPENDIX A-5

States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President. 6

3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to the office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:—"I do solemn- ly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

SECTION 2. 1. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili- tia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein other- wise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such infe-

rior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of laws, or in the heads of departments.

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacan- cies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

SECTION 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and rec- ommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

SECTION 4. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and estab- lish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SECTION 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;—to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;—to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; 7—to controversies between two or more States;—between a State and citizens of anoth- er State;—between citizens of different States;—between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens there- of, and foreign States, citizens or subjects.

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public min- isters and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- ment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be such place or places as the congress may by law have directed.

7See the Eleventh Amendment. 6Superseded by the Twelfth Amendment.

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SECTION 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall con- sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witness- es to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the pun- ishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained.

ARTICLE IV SEcrioN 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and pro- ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

SECTION 2. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.'

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in con- sequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.9

SECTION 3. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the terri- tory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any partic- ular State.

SECTION 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on applica- tion of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legis- lature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case shall be valid

to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the sev- eral States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

ARTICLE VI 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into,

before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 19

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

3. The senators and representatives before men- tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.

Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty- seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names.

[Signatories' names omitted] Articles in addition to, and amendment of the Constitution

of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution.

Amendment I [First ten amendments ratified December 15, 1791] Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg- ing the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the gov- ernment for a redress of grievances.

8See the Fourteenth Amendment, Sec. 1.

8See the Thirteenth Amendment. 18See the Fourteenth Amendment, Sec. 4.

APPENDIX A- 7

Amendment 11 A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

Amendment III No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, hous- es, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict- ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be sub- ject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Amendment VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been com- mitted, which district shall have been previously ascer- tained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Amendment VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be pre- served, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reex- amined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Amendment VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Amendment IX The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Amendment X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Amendment XI [January 8, 1798] The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commended or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.

Amendment XII [September 25, 1804] The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;—The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;—The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors • appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- ber or members from two thirds of the States, and a major- ity of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest num- bers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person con- stitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eli- gible to that of Vice President of the United States.

Amendment XIII [December 18, 1865] SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

•

A-8 APPENDIX

SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this arti- cle by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XIV [July 28, 1868] SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liber- ty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

SEcrioN 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participating in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation there shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SEcrtoN 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two thirds of each House, remove such disability.

SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay- ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion; shall not be questioned. But nei- ther the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebel- lion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

SEcrtoN 5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Amendment XV [March 30, 1870] SEcrioN i . The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XVI [February 25, 1913] The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportion- ment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

Amendment XVII [May 31, 1913] The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for elec- tors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the execu- tive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

Amendment XVIII" [January 29, 1919] After one year from the ratification of this article, the man- ufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is thereby prohibited.

The Congress and the several States shall have concur- rent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the consti- tution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by Congress.

Amendment XDC [August 26, 1920] The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XX [January 23, 1933] SECTION 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

SEcrioN 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

11 Repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment.

APPENDIX A-9

SEcrioN 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect shall have qual- ified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the man- ner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

SECTION 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom, the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

SEcnoN 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

SECTION 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

Amendment DU [December 5, 1933] SECTION 1. The Eighteenth Article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

SECTION 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for deliv- ery or use therein of intoxicating liquors in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

SECTION 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the sub- mission thereof to the States by the Congress.

Amendment XXII [Mardi 1, 1951] No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.

But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, dur- ing the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within

seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

Amendment XXl11 [March 29, 1961] SECTION 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct.

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the elec- tion of President and Vice President, to be electors appoint- ed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and per- form such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XXIV [January 23, 1964] SECTION I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by rea- son of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XXV [February 10, 1967] SECTION 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

SECTION 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority of both Houses of Congress.

SECTION 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

SECTION 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of

A- lo APPENDIX

his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their writ- ten declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declara- tion, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two- thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting

President; otherwise, the President shall resume the pow- ers and duties of his office.

Amendment XXVI [June 30, 1971] SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States who are eighteen years of age or older to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Amendment XXVI112 [May 7, 1992] No law, varying the compensation for services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

12James Madison proposed this amendment in 1789 together with the ten amendments that were adopted as the Bill of Rights, but it failed to win ratification at the time. Congress, however, had set no deadline for its ratification, and over the years—particularly in the 1980s and 1990s—many states voted to add it to the Constitution. With the ratifi- cation of Michigan in 1992 it passed the threshold of 3/4ths of the states required for adoption, but because the process took more than 200 years, its validity remains in doubt.

APPENDIX A- 1 1

PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT George Washington (1789)

John Adams (1789)

2. John Adams (1797) Thomas Jefferson (1797)

3. Thomas Jefferson (1801) Aaron Burr (1801) George Clinton (1805)

4. James Madison (1809) George Clinton (1809) Elbridge Gerry (1813)

5. James Monroe (1817) Daniel D. Thompkins (1817)

6. John Quincy Adams (1825) John C. Calhoun (1825)

7. Andrew Jackson (1829) John C. Calhoun (1829) Martin Van Buren (1833)

8. Martin Van Buren (1837) Richard M. Johnson (1837)

9. William H. Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841)

10. John Tyler (1841)

11. James K. Polk (1845) George M. Dallas (1845)

12. Zachary Taylor (1849) Millard Fillmore (1849)

13. Millard Fillmore (1850)

14. Franklin Pierce (1853) William R. King (1853)

15. James Buchanan (1857) John C. Breckinridge (1857)

16. Abraham Lincoln (1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861) Andrew Johnson (1865)

17. Andrew Johnson (1865)

18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869) Schuyler Colfax (1869) Henry Wilson (1873)

19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877) William A. Wheeler (1877)

20. James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881)

21. Chester A. Arthur (1881)

22. Grover Cleveland (1885) T. A. Hendricks (1885)

23. Benjamin Harrison (1889) Levi P. Morgan (1889)

24. Grover Cleveland (1893) Adlai E. Stevenson (1893)

25. William McKinley (1897) Garret A. Hobart (1897) Theodore Roosevelt (1901)

26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles Fairbanks (1905)

27. William H. Taft (1909) James S. Sherman (1909)

28. Woodrow Wilson (1913) Thomas R. Marshall (1913)

29. Warren G. Harding (1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921)

30. Calvin Coolidge (1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925)

31. Herbert C. Hoover (1929) Charles Curtis (1929)

32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933) John Nance Garner (1933) Henry A. Wallace (1941) Harry S. Truman (1945)

33. Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949)

34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953) Richard M. Nixon (1953)

35. John F. Kennedy (1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961)

36. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963) Hubert H. Humphrey (1965)

37. Richard M. Nixon (1969) Spiro T. Agnew (1969) Gerald R. Ford (1973)

38. Gerald R. Ford (1974) Nelson A. Rockefeller (1974)

39. James E. Carter Jr. (1977) Walter F. Mondale (1977)

40. Ronald W. Reagan (1981) George H. Bush (1981)

41. George H. Bush (1989) James D. Quayle III (1989)

42. William J. Clinton (1993) Albert Gore (1993)

43. George W. Bush (2001) Richard Cheney (2001)

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS Percent-

Number age of of

Popular Electoral Popular

Year States Candidates Party

Vote* Votet Vote

1789 11 GEORGE WASHINGTON John Adams Other Candidates

1792 15 GEORGE WASHINGTON John Adams George Clinton Other Candidates

No party designations

No party designations

69

34

35

132 77 50

5

1796 16 JOHN ADAMS Federalist 71

Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 68

Thomas Pinckney Federalist 59

Aaron Burr Democratic-Republican 30

Other Candidates 48

1800 16 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 73

Aaron Burr Democratic-Republican 73

John Adams Federalist 65

Charles C. Pinckney Federalist 64

John Jay Federalist 1

1804 17 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 162

Charles C. Pinckney Federalist 14

1808 17 JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 122 Charles C. Pinckney Federalist 47

George Clinton Democratic-Republican 6

1812 18 JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 128

DeWitt Clinton Federalist 89

1816 19 JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 183

Rufus King Federalist 34

1820 24 JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 231

John Quincy Adams Independent-Republican 1

1824 24 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS Democratic-Republican 108,740 84 30.5

Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican 153,544 99 43.1

William H. Crawford Democratic-Republican 46,618 41 13.1

Henry Clay Democratic-Republican 47,136 37 13.2

1828 24 ANDREW JACKSON Democrat 647,286 178 56.0

John Quincy Adams National Republican 508,064 83 44.0

1832 24 ANDREW JACKSON Democrat 687,502 219 55.0

Henry Clay National Republican 530,189 49 42.4

William Wirt Anti-Masonic 7

John Floyd National Republican I 33,108

11 2.6

A- 12 APPENDIX

* Percentage of popular vote given for any election year may not total 100 percent because candidates receiving less than 1 percent of the popular vote have

been omitted.

I. Prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1904, the electoral college voted for two presidential candidates; the runner-up became Vice-President.

Data from Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 (1961), pp. 682-683, and The World Almanac.

APPENDIX A- 133

4111=111F 4•1111=111•11/

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS (CONTINUED)

Year

Number of

States Candidates Popular

Party Vote Electoral

Vote

Percent- age of

Popular Vote

1836 26 MARTIN VAN BUREN Democrat 765,483 170 50.9 William H. Harrison Whig 73 Hugh L. White Whig 26 Daniel Webster

739,795 Whig 14 49.1

W. P. Mangum Whig 11

1840 26 WILLIAM H. HARRISON Whig 1,274,624 234 53.1 Martin Van Buren Democrat 1,127,781 60 46.9

1844 26 JAMES K. POLK Democrat 1,338,464 170 49.6 Henry Clay Whig 1,300,097 105 48.1 James G. Birney Liberty 62,300 2.3

1848 30 ZACHARY TAYLOR Whig 1,360,967 163 47.4 Lewis Cass Democrat 1,222,342 127 42.5 Martin Van Buren Free Soil 291,263 10.1

1852 31 FRANKLIN PIERCE Democrat 1,601,117 254 50.9 Winfield Scott Whig 1,385,453 42 44.1 John P. Hale Free Soil 155,825 5.0

1856 31 JAMES BUCHANAN Democrat 1,832,955 174 45.3

John C. Fremont Republican 1,339,932 114 33.1

Millard Fillmore American ("Know Nothing") 871,731 8 21.6

1860 33 ABRAHAM LINCOLN Republican 1,865,593 180 39.8 Stephen A. Douglas Democrat 1,382,713 12 29.5

John C. Breckinridge Democrat 848,356 72 18.1

John Bell Constitutional Union 592,906 39 12.6

1864 36 ABRAHAM LINCOLN Republican 2,206,938 212 55.0

George B. McClellan Democrat 1,803,787 21 45.0

1868 37 ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,013,421 214 52.7

Horatio Seymour Democrat 2,706,829 80 47.3

1872 37 ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,596,745 286 55.6

Horace Greeley Democrat 2,843,446 43.9

1876 38 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES Republican 4,036,572 185 48.0

Samuell. Tilden Democrat 4,284,020 184 51.0

1880 38 JAMES A. GARFIELD Republican 4,453,295 214 48.5

Winfield S. Hancock Democrat 4,414,082 155 48.1

James B. Weaver Greenback-Labor 308,578 3.4

1884 38 GROVER CLEVELAND Democrat 4,879,507 219 48.5

James G. Blaine Republican 4,850,293 182 48.2

Benjamin F. Butler Greenback-Labor 175,370 1.8

John P. St. John Prohibition 150,369 1.5

1888 38 BENJAMIN HARRISON Republican 5,447,129 233 47.9

Grover Cleveland Democrat 5,537,857 168 48.6

Clinton B. Fisk Prohibition 249,506 2.2

Anson J. Streeter Union Labor 146,935 1.3

* Because of the death of Greeley, Democratic electors scattered their votes.

A- 14 APPENDIX

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS (CONTINUED)

Year

Number of States Candidates Party

Popular Vote

Electoral Vote

Percent- age of

Popular Vote

1892 44 GROVER CLEVELAND Democrat 5,555,426 277 46.1

Benjamin Harrison Republican 5,182,690 145 43.0

James B. Weaver People's 1,029,846 22 8.5

John Bidwell Prohibition 264,133 2.2

1896 45 WILLIAM MCKINLEY Republican 7,102,246 271 51.1

William J. Bryan Democrat 6,492,559 176 47.7

1900 45 WILLIAM MCKINLEY Republican 7,218,491 292 51.7

William J. Bryan Democrat; Populist 6,356,734 155 45.5

John C. Woolley Prohibition 208,914 1.5

1904 45 THEODORE ROOSEVELT Republican 7,628,461 336 57.4

Alton B. Parker Democrat 5,084,223 140 37.6

Eugene V. Debs Socialist 402,283 3.0

Silas C. Swallow Prohibition 258,536 1.9

1908 46 WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 7,675,320 321 51.6

William J. Bryan Democrat 6,412,294 162 43.1

Eugene V. Debs Socialist 420,793 2.8

Eugene W. Chafin Prohibition 253,840 1.7

1912 48 WOODROW WILSON Democrat 6,296,547 435 41.9

Theodore Roosevelt Progressive 4,118,571 88 27.4

William H. Taft Republican 3,486,720 8 23.2

Eugene V. Debs Socialist 900,672 6.0

Eugene W. Chafin Prohibition 206,275 1.4

1916 48 WOODROW WILSON Democrat 9,127,695 277 49.4

Charles E. Hughes Republican 8,533,507 254 46.2 A. L. Benson Socialist 585,113 3.2 J. Frank Hanly Prohibition 220,506 1.2

1920 48 WARREN G. HARDING Republican 16,143,407 404 60.4 James M. Cox Democrat 9,130,328 127 34.2 Eugene V. Debs Socialist 919,799 3.4 P. P. Christensen Farmer-Labor 265,411 1.0

1924 48 CALVIN COOLIDGE Republican 15,718,211 382 54.0 John W. Davis Democrat 8,385,283 136 28.8 Robert M. La Follette Progressive 4,831,289 13 16.6

1928 48 HERBERT C. HOOVER Republican 21,391,993 444 58.2 Alfred E. Smith Democrat 15,016,169 87 40.9

1932 48 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democrat 22,809,638 472 57.4 Herbert C. Hoover Republican 15,758,901 59 39.7 Norman Thomas Socialist 881,951 2.2

1936 48 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democrat 27,752,869 523 60.8 Alfred M. Landon Republican 16,674,665 8 36.5 William Lemke Union 882,479 1.9

1940 48 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democrat 27,307,819 449 54.8 Wendell L. Winkle

9

Republican 22,321,018 82

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS (CONTINUED)

Year

Number of States Candidates Party

Popular Vote

Electoral Vote

Percent- age of

Popular Vote

1944 48 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democrat 25,606,585 432 53.5 Thomas E. Dewey Republican 22,014,745 99 46.0

1948 48 HARRY S. TRUMAN Democrat 24,105,812 303 49.5 Thomas E. Dewey Republican 21,970,065 189 45.1

J. Strom Thurmond States' Rights 1,169,063 39 2.4 Henry A. Wallace Progressive 1,157,172 2.4

1952 48 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 33,936,234 442 55.1 Adlai E. Stevenson Democrat 27,314,992 89 44.4

1956 48 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 35,590,472 457* 57.6

Adlai E. Stevenson Democrat 26,022,752 73 42.1

1960 50 JOHN F. KENNEDY Democrat 34,227,096 303t 49.9

Richard M. Nixon Republican 34,108,546 219 49.6

1964 50 LYNDON B. JOHNSON Democrat 42,676,220 486 61.3

Barry M. Goldwater Republican 26,860,314 52 38.5

1968 50 RICHARD M. NIXON Republican 31,785,480 301 43.4

Hubert H. Humphrey Democrat 31,275,165 191 42.7

George C. Wallace American Independent 9,906,473 46 13.5

1972 50 RICHARD M. NIXONI Republican 47,165,234 520 60.6

George S. McGovern Democrat 29,168,110 17 37.5

1976 50 JIMMY CARTER Democrat 40,828,929 297 50.1

Gerald R. Ford Republican 39,148,940 240 47.9

Eugene McCarthy Independent 739,256

1980 50 RONALD REAGAN Republican 43,201,220 489 50.9

Jimmy Carter Democrat 34,913,332 49 41.2

John B. Anderson Independent 5,581,379

1984 50 RONALD REAGAN Republican 53,428,357 525 59.0

Walter F. Mondale Democrat 36,930,923 13 41.0

1988 50 GEORGE BUSH Republican 48,901,046 426 53.4

Michael Dukakis Democrat 41,809,030 111 45.6

1992 50 BILL CLINTON Democrat 43,728,275 370 43.2

George Bush Republican 38,167,416 168 37.7

H. Ross Perot United We 19,237,247 19.0

Stand, America

1996 50 BILL CLINTON Democrat 45,590,703 379 49.0

Robert Dole Republican 37,816,307 159 41.0

H. Ross Perot Reform 7,866,284 8.0

2000 50 GEORGE W. BUSH Republican 50,459,624 271 47.9

Albert Gore, Jr. Democrat 51,003,328 266 49.4

Ralph Nader Green 2,882,985 0 2.7

2004 50 GEORGE W. BUSH Republican 59,117,523 286 51.1

John Kerry Democrat 55,557,584 252 48.0

Ralph Nader Green 405,623 0 0.3

* Walter B. Jones received 1 electoral vote.

1. Harry F Byrd received 15 electoral votes.

* Resigned August 9, 1974: Vice President Gerald R. Ford became President.

APPENDIX A-15

A- 16 APPENDIX

ADMISSION OF STATES INTO THE UNION State Date of Admission State Date of Admission

1. Delaware December 7, 1787 26. Michigan January 26, 1837 2. Pennsylvania December 12, 1787 27. Florida March 3, 1845 3. New Jersey December 18, 1787 28. Texas December 29, 1845 4. Georgia January 2, 1788 29. Iowa December 28, 1846 5. Connecticut January 9, 1788 30. Wisconsin May 29, 1848 6. Massachusetts February 6, 1788 31. California September 9, 1850 7. Maryland April 28, 1788 32. Minnesota May 11, 1858 8. South Carolina May 23, 1788 33. Oregon February 14, 1859 9. New Hampshire June 21, 1788 34. Kansas January 29, 1861

10. Virginia June 25, 1788 35. West Virginia June 20, 1863 11. New York July 26, 1788 36. Nevada October 31, 1864 12. North Carolina November 21, 1789 37. Nebraska March 1, 1867 13. Rhode Island May 29, 1790 38. Colorado August 1, 1876 14. Vermont March 4, 1791 39. North Dakota November 2, 1889 15. Kentucky June 1, 1792 40. South Dakota November 2, 1889 16. Tennessee June 1, 1796 41. Montana November 8, 1889 17. Ohio March 1, 1803 42. Washington November 11, 1889 18. Louisiana April 30, 1812 43. Idaho July 3, 1890

19. Indiana December 11, 1816 44. Wyoming July 10, 1890 20. Mississippi December 10, 1817 45. Utah January 4, 1896

21. Illinois December 3, 1818 46. Oklahoma November 16, 1907

22. Alabama December 14, 1819 47. New Mexico January 6, 1912

23. Maine March 15, 1820 48. Arizona February 14, 1912 24. Missouri August 10, 1821 49. Alaska January 3, 1959

25. Arkansas June 15, 1836 50. Hawaii August 21, 1959

POPULATION GROWTH Year Population Percent Increase

1630 4,600 1640 26,600 478.3 1650 50,400 90.8 1660 75,100 49.0 1670 111,900 49.0 1680 151,500 35.4 1690 210,400 38.9 1700 250,900 19.2 1710 331,700 32.2 1720 466,200 40.5 1730 629,400 35.0 1740 905,600 43.9 1750 1,170,800 29.3 1760 1,593,600 36.1 1770 2,148,100 34.8 1780 2,780,400 29.4 1790 3,929,214 41.3 1800 5,308,483 35.1 1810 7,239,881 36.4 1820 9,638,453 33.1 1830 12,866,020 33.5 1840 17,069,453 32.7 1850 23,191,876 35.9 1860 31,443,321 35.6 1870 39,818,449 26.6 1880 50,155,783 26.0 1890 62,947,714 25.5 1900 75,994,575 20.7 1910 91,972,266 21.0 1920 105,710,620 14.9 1930 122,775,046 16.1 1940 131,669,275 7.2 1950 151,325,798 14.5 1960 179,323,175 18.5 1970 203,302,031 13.4 1980 226,542,199 11.4 1990 248,718,301 9.8 2000 281,421,906 13.1

WORK FORCE

Year

Total Number Workers (1000s)

Farmers as % of Total

Women as % of Total

% Workers in Unions

1810 2,330 84 (NA) (NA) 1840 5,660 75 (NA) (NA) 1860 11,110 53 (NA) (NA) 1870 12,506 53 15 (NA) 1880 17,392 52 15 (NA) 1890 23,318 43 17 (NA) 1900 29,073 40 18 3 1910 38,167 31 21 6 1920 41,614 26 21 12 1930 48,830 22 22 7 1940 53,011 17 24 27 1950 59,643 12 28 25 1960 69,877 8 32 26 1970 82,049 4 37 25 1980 106,940 3 43 23 1990 125,840 3 45 16 2000 140,863 2 47 12

VITAL STATISTICS ( \ IN THOUSANDS) Year Births Deaths Marriages Divorces

1800 55 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1810 54.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1820 55.2 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1830 51.4 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1840 51.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1850 43.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1860 44.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) 1870 38.3 (NA) 9.6 (1867) 0.3 (1867) 1880 39.8 (NA) 9.1 (1875) 0.3 (1875) 1890 31.5 (NA) 9.0 0.5 1900 32.3 17.2 9.3 0.7 1910 30.1 14.7 10.3 0.9 1920 27.7 13.0 12.0 1.6 1930 21.3 11.3 9.2 1.6 1940 19.4 10.8 12.1 2.0 1950 24.1 9.6 11.1 2.6 1960 23.7 9.5 8.5 2.2 1970 18.4 9.5 10.6 3.5 1980 15.9 8.8 10.6 5.2 1990 16.7 8.6 9.8 4.7 1997 14.6 8.6 8.9 4.3

APPENDIX A- 17

DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE UNITED STATES

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States (1975); Statistical Abstract by the United States (2001). Note: Figures for 1630-1780 include British colonies within limits of present United States only; Native American population included only in 1930 and thereafter.

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States (1975); Statistical Abstract of the United States (2001).

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States (1975); Statistical Abstract of the United States (1999).

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