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Psychology: An Introduction

Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition

Slides by Kimberly Foreman

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Chapter One:

Introduction to Psychology

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Psyche + Science = Psychology

Psyche: - Aristotle used the term psyche to refer to

the essence of life

- means “mind” in Greek

- emphasis on observation is basis for

methods of contemporary science

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Psyche + Science = Psychology

(cont.)

Psychology:

– science of behavior and mental processes

- behavior:

- overt actions that others can directly observe

- mental processes:

private thoughts, emotions, feelings, and motives

that cannot be directly observed

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Psyche + Science = Psychology

(cont.)

Goals of psychology:

– describe

– predict

– understand

– influence

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Founding the Science of

Psychology

Nature of conscious experience:

- structuralism:

- Wilhelm Wundt

- Edward Titchener:

- basic elements of conscious experience

- introspection

- J. Henry Alston:

- sensations of hot and cold

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Nature of conscious experience (cont.): - Gestalt psychology:

- Max Wertheimer:

- the whole is different from the sum of the parts

- phi phenomenon

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Functions of the conscious mind:

- functionalism:

- William James:

- conscious mind helps us survive

as a species

- functions of the mind

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Functions of the conscious

mind (cont.):

- studies of memory:

- Hermann Ebbinghaus:

- experiments called

nonsense syllables

- Mary Whiton Calkins:

- paired associates method

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Functions of the conscious mind (cont.):

– cognitive psychology:

- perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering

knowing, deciding, etc.

- modern version of functionalism

- influenced by Gestalt psychology

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Behaviorism and social learning theory:

- behaviorism:

- Ivan Pavlov:

- classical conditioning

- John B. Watson

- Margaret Floy Washburn

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Behaviorism and social learning theory

(cont.):

- social learning theory:

- Albert Bandura:

- most important aspects of our behavior are

learned from other persons in society

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Nature of the “unconscious mind”:

- psychoanalysis:

- Sigmund Freud:

- unconscious mind

- emotional conflicts

- motives:

- sexual

- aggressive

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Nature of the “Unconscious

Mind” (cont.):

- humanistic psychology:

- Abraham Maslow

- Carl Rogers

- Viktor Frankl:

- self-concept

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Psychometrics:

– Alfred Binet:

- measurement of mental functions

- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

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Founding the Science of

Psychology (cont.)

Neuroscience perspective:

- structures of the brain that play roles in:

- emotion

- reasoning

- speaking

- other psychological processes

- heredity

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Contemporary Perspectives and

Specialty Areas in Psychology

Sociocultural perspective:

– derived from social anthropology

– cultural relativity

– diversity

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Contemporary Perspectives and

Specialty Areas in Psychology

(cont.)

Basic areas of modern psychology: - biological psychology

- sensation and perception

- learning and memory

- cognition

- developmental psychology

- motivation and emotion

- personality

- social psychology

- sociocultural psychology

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Contemporary Perspectives and

Specialty Areas in Psychology

(cont.)

Applied areas of modern psychology:

- clinical psychology

- counseling psychology

- educational and school psychology

- industrial and organizational psychology

- health psychology

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Contemporary Perspectives and

Specialty Areas in Psychology

(cont.)

Relationship between psychiatry and

psychology:

- psychiatrists:

- M.D.

- can prescribe drugs

- psychologists: - Ph.D or Psy.D

- not licensed to prescribe drugs in most states

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What We Know about Human

Behavior

– Human beings are biological creatures.

– Every person is different, yet each is

much the same.

– People can be understood fully only in

the context of their cultures and

other social influences.

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What We Know about Human

Behavior (cont.)

– Human lives are a continuous process of

change.

– Behavior is motivated.

– Humans are social animals.

– People play an active part in creating their

experiences.

– Behavior can be adaptive or maladaptive.