History of Middle East 2
١٥ 15
Chapter on the Modalities of Legislative Statements
Al-Shāfiʿī said: “Legislative statement” is a term comprising several conver- gent basic meanings which, however, diverge in their details. The lowest common denominator among those convergent and yet divergent mean- ings is that such a statement is directed to whoever is addressed by it among those in whose language the Qurʾan was revealed. Those meanings are very close in import for such persons, even though some legislative statements exhibit a stronger emphasis than others. They are quite disparate, however, for those ignorant of the Arabs’ language.
Al-Shāfiʿī said: The sum total of legislative statements that God has pro- vided for His creation in His Book—concerning those obligations to which He has subjected them, according to what He has foreordained—are several:
One type includes what God has stated in the form of an explicit text, like His general obligations to wit: that they must perform prayers, give alms, perform the Pilgrimage, and fast; and that He has forbidden sexual indecen- cies, whether committed openly or in secret.30 He has also provided explicit texts concerning unlawful sexual intercourse, wine-drinking, and the eat- ing of carrion, blood, and swine flesh. And He has clarified for them how to perform the obligation of ablutions, along with other matters that He has explained in the form of explicit texts.31
Another type of legislative statement includes those matters the obli- gation of which He has affirmed in His Book and then explained how they are to be performed through the words of His Prophet, like the number of prayers, alms and the times when they fall due, and other obligations that He has revealed in His Book.
Another type of statement includes those things for which God’s Emis- sary has established a practice and in respect of which God has provided no explicit text of a rule. In His Book, God has imposed the obligation to obey His Emissary and to abide by his rulings. Thus, whoever accepts something from God’s Emissary accepts it by reason of God’s obliging him to do so.
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un de r U. S. o r ap pl ic ab le c op yr ig ht l aw .
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١٧ 17
Chapter on the Modalities of Legislative Statements
Yet another type of legislative statement includes those things in respect of which God has imposed on His creatures the obligation to engage in legal interpretation in order to arrive at an answer. He tests their obedience in regard to legal interpretation just as He tests their obedience in regard to the other things that He has imposed on them. For God (blessed and exalted) says: «We shall try you until We know those of you who strive hard and are steadfast, and until We test your tidings.»32 He also says «So that God might test what is in your breasts and prove what is in your hearts»33 and «Perhaps your Lord will destroy your enemy and make you successors in the land and see how you act.»34
Al-Shāfiʿī said: He made them face the prayer-direction, toward the Sa- cred Mosque, and said to His Prophet: «We see you turning your face about in the sky, and so We make you turn to a prayer-direction that will please you. Turn your face toward the Sacred Mosque. Wherever you may be, turn your faces toward it»35 and «From wherever you approach, turn your face toward the Sacred Mosque; and wherever you may be turn your faces toward it, so that the people may not have any argument against you.»36
Thus, He indicated to them (sublime His praise) that if they were distant from the Sacred Mosque itself, a correct result would be arrived at through interpretation, an obligation which He imposed on them in conjunction with the intellects that He placed in them, which can distinguish between things and their opposites, and those signs that He set up for them apart from the Sacred Mosque itself, toward which He had commanded them to face. So He said: «He placed the stars for you, for you to be guided by them in the darknesses of land and sea»37 and «And signs. And men can guide themselves by the stars.»38
These signs consisted of mountains, night, and day; winds of well-known names even though their directions might differ; and the risings of the sun, moon, and stars, risings whose locations within the heavens were well known. God obligated them to use interpretation in order to face toward the Sacred Mosque, indicating its direction for them as I have just described. And so as long as they engaged in such interpretation, they did not aban- don God’s command (sublime His praise). He did not allow them to pray in whatever direction they wished when the Sacred Mosque itself lay distant from them.
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un de r U. S. o r ap pl ic ab le c op yr ig ht l aw .
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Chapter on the First Kind of Legislative Statement
Thus did He inform them of His decree: «Does Man think he will be left without guidance?»39 “Without guidance” means to be neither commanded to do something nor prohibited from doing something.
This all indicates that no one other than God’s Emissary may pronounce on the law except by means of inference, as I have just described, or on what makes someone just such that they may be appointed a witness, or on the le- gal equivalent of game wrongly killed. Neither may anyone express opinions based on subjective interpretation, since to do so is to pronounce according to mere preference, something that is simply invented and not based on a prior example.
Included in the foregoing category are rulings in regard to which God (blessed and exalted) indicated for His creatures the way to determine a cor- rect result based on appearances only. Thus, He made them face in the direc- tion of the Sacred Mosque for prayer, and set out signs that they could use to guide themselves in facing toward it. He also commanded them to appoint two just persons as witnesses. A just person is one who practices obedience to God. They had ways to know when a person was just and when not.40 This has all been discussed in its proper place, and I have only mentioned it here in a general way, hopeful that it will indicate the underlying point for this and similar issues.
Chapter on the First Kind of Legislative Statement
God (blessed and exalted) said, concerning one who makes both pilgrim- ages at the same time: «Whoever combines the Minor Pilgrimage with the Major Pilgrimage shall give whatever offerings are convenient. Those who do not find any—a fast of three days during the Major Pilgrimage and seven when you have returned; that is ten complete days in all. That is for those whose families are not present at the Sacred Mosque.»41 It is clear to those addressed by this verse that the fast is the three days during the Pilgrimage
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Co py ri gh t © 2 01 3. N ew Y or k Un iv er si ty P re ss . Al l ri gh ts r es er ve d. M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed i n an y fo rm w it ho ut p er mi ss io n fr om t he p ub li sh er , ex ce pt f ai r us es p er mi tt ed
un de r U. S. o r ap pl ic ab le c op yr ig ht l aw .
EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 8/28/2014 1:34 PM via CAL STATE UNIV NORTHRIDGE AN: 660142 ; Shafiʻi, Muhammad ibn Idris, Lowry, Joseph E..; The Epistle on Legal Theory Account: s7451151