biology
Je
28620615_my_presentation_3.pptxBacterial Number and Biomass in selected Masurian Lakes
By: Jehan Alsaiari
What am I going to talk about:
Introduction: General Framework of the study
The Mechanisms around the life of bacteria
Spring Turnover
The Area of my Study
My Method
Expected results
Introduction
There is relation of interdependence between and harmony between bacteria, ciliates, and heterotrophic flagellates. These three form the « Microbial loop ».
There is a number of factors that affects the eutrophication of these 3 elements. This eutrophication process brings about the organic matter that is necessary for the entire ecosystem of lakes.
There are 2 types of factors:
Natural Factors: The natural abundance of nutrients that is built-in by default in the system. This abundance is a natural process that works according to a cycle with the result of providing nutrients for the food chain of the lake.
Industrial factors: These are generally generated by humans, and they are double-edged. They would either intoxicate the ecosystem. And they could as well provide materials that would help to increase the amount of organic matter and enrich the ecosystem.
Bacteria, ciliates, and heterotrophic flagellates are interdependent and essential to the aquatic ecosystem. However, there are factors that can either contribute positively or negatively to the functioning of these 3 elements. These factors can be categorized into « natural » and « industrial factors ».
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The Mechanisms around the life of bacteria
Bottom-up cycle:
BU control refers to the limitation of bacteria by organic and inorganic nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, but also by micronutrients, derived from allochthonous inputs, primary production and heterotrophic production.
Top-down cycle:
TD regulation refers to the limitation of bacteria below levels supportable by resources alone, because of the number of bacterial predators, particularly nanoflagellates and ciliates, but also filter-feeding and gelatinous zooplankton. Among bacterial predators, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) are commonly found to be responsible for most of the bacterial mortality due to grazers.
There are 4 mechanisms that influence the structure of functioning of bacteria in any aquatic ecosystem. The most important two ones are « bottom-up » and « top-down » cycles. The « bottom-up » cycle shows that bacteria are considered food for the creatures are the immediate higher consumers of the chain. The « top-down » cycle shows that bacteria can be themselves limited because of creatures that hinder their production and availability. Those are generally viruses or nanoflagellates and ciliates.
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Internal factors (Physcio-chemical factors):
Temperature, oxygen, pH, and Dissolved Organic Cardon (DOC).
Light.
TSI (Trophic State Index) that includes N, P, chloropyll, and Secchi disc.
There is a relation between these 4 elements in a way that affects the natural mechanism of the numbers of bacteria, their metabolism, morphology, activities of bacteria, and biomass.
External factors:
Exposure to sunlight (essential for photosynthesis & heterotrophic activity), direction of the way (determines which way water goes and the direction that specific elements and waste would take), agricultural waste, industrial waste rich in heavy metals. Viruses, if ever present do also play a role.
Polluting elements rich in N, P, and CO2 lead to the change of key physico-chemical characteristics of water. Therefore, any intervention in one step of the aquatic ecosystem would create a disequilibrium in the entire system.
As I mentioned in a previous slide, there is a relation between « Microbial loop » and eutrophication that is governed by a number of factors. My point here is to explain the type of factors that govern the relation between « bacteria » and « biomass ». These factors either « internal » or « external » as listed here. However, it is worth mentioning that acquatic viruses have a negative effect on the number and good functioning of bacteria. As a conclusion…
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Spring Turnover
The spring wind picks up and the lake mixes. Warm water that is rich in oxygen goes below.
Oxygen and nutrients get distributed throughout the water and fish get more oxygen.
The sun gets stronger and the producer are able to grow.
As the lake turns over and plants start growing in the shallow areas again.
The timing and duration of spring turnover depends on the size and depth of the lake.
The layering of lakes has to do with the relationship between water density and temperature. Water is most dense at 39 Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius), and as water warms or cools from that mark it gets less dense. This has implications for a lake's structure because the denser water is heavier and will be at the bottom of a lake while the less dense water is lighter and will generally be at the top of the lake.
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The Area of Study
My main focus will be the Masurian Lake District. The objective of the study is to identify the Specialization, Neighborhoods, Abundance and Biomass composition of bacteria in selected Mazurian Lakes.
The Masurian Lake District is located in the north-east of Poland, in an area that is ecologically diverse. It is also a popular destination for sailing and camping.
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Mamry, Kisajno, Niegocin, Boczne, Jagodne, Szymonskie, Szymon Taltowisko, Talty, Rynskie, Mikolaskie, Sniardwy, Beldany
The Selected Lakes and their surroundings
My study covers 13 lakes of the Masurian Lake District. They stretch from north to south, and they are interconnected by water canals. It is obvious to notice that the aquatic ecosystem of these lakes is very interconnected. Therefore, any change in one of these lakes would affect the others.
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My method
Researchers have studied the quantity of bacteria in water using several methods.
The method that I am using is « DAPI Staining » .
What is DAPI?
DAPI is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to A-T rich regions in DNA. It is used extensively in fluorescence microscopy. DAPI can pass through an intact cell membrane therefore it can be used to stain both live and fixed cells. DAPI was first synthesized in 1971 in the laboratory of Otto Dann as part of a search for drugs to treat trypanosomiasis.
Step 1: Preparing the slides that were taken in July 2013;
Step 2: Observation with the microscope using UV;
Step 3: Taking snapshots of the observed sample under the microscope;
Step 4: Transferring the snapshots to the computer in order to calculate the particles in question, by using professional software.
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What’s next ?
The study aims at answering the following questions:
Unveiling the relation between the number of bacteria and biomass and discovering the natural affecting factors as well as artificial ones.
Measuring the recent effect of pollution and human activity since the last time that such a study was conducted
Observing the factors that contributed the most to the growth of biomass.
Observing the factors that contributed to the excess of biomass outside the natural equilibrium system of lakes.
Discovering the factors that cause the most pollution and shallowing of lakes over the years.
My main conclusion and recommendation is: to limit throwing human waste in the vicinity of lakes. In fact, it is better to use this waste as well as the excessive biomas in some forms of ecological industry such as heating.
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