Biology assignments
IbrahimCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
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Organic chemistry- purify and improve the yield of substances from organisms
Built on foundation of vitalism:
organic compounds arise only within living organisms
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Inorganic molecules organic molecules?
- Earth’s early atmosphere:
chemicals released by volcanic eruptions
H2O vapor, H2, NH2, CH4
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Figure 26.2
Electrode
Condenser
Cooled water
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
Sample for
chemical analysis
Cold
water
Water vapor
CH4
NH3
- Laboratory experiments simulating an early Earth atmosphere
- WHO?
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 26.2
Electrode
Condenser
Cooled water
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
Sample for
chemical analysis
Cold
water
Water vapor
CH4
NH3
- Laboratory experiments simulating an early Earth atmosphere
- WHO?
-Stan Miller
-Harold Urey
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Figure 26.2
EXPERIMENT:
Electrode
Condenser
Cooled water
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
Sample for
chemical analysis
Cold
water
Water vapor
CH4
NH3
Primeval sea
Reducing atmosphere
Lightning
“Rain” water
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RESULTS:
Figure 26.2
Electrode
Condenser
Cooled water
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
Sample for
chemical analysis
Cold
water
Water vapor
CH4
NH3
Miller and Urey identified
variety of organic molecules
-amino acids
-complex oily hydrocarbons
CONCLUSION:
?
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RESULTS:
Figure 26.2
Electrode
Condenser
Cooled water
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
Sample for
chemical analysis
Cold
water
Water vapor
CH4
NH3
Miller and Urey identified
variety of organic molecules
-amino acids
-complex oily hydrocarbons
CONCLUSION:
In reducing environment
organic molecules can
form from inorganic molecules
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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- Concept 4.2 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon
A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds
Figure 3.1A
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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- Concept 4.2 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon
A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds
build large and diverse organic compounds HOW?
Figure 3.1A
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0
Figure 3.1A
How does carbon allow for large and diverse organic compounds?
Structural Isomers
1. Length
2. Branched or Unbranched
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0
Figure 3.1A
3. Placement of double bond = Geometric Isomers
4. Arrangement around carbon =
Enantiomers
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- 3 types of isomers:
Structural
Geometric
Enantiomers
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- Enantiomers
Are important in the pharmaceutical industry
Ex: Dopa and Thalidomide
L-Dopa
(effective against Parkinson’s disease)
D-Dopa
(biologically inactive)
Figure 4.8
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- Can you identify the following as structural isomers, geometric isomers or enantiomers?
A.
B.
C.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- Can you identify the following as structural isomers, geometric isomers or enantiomers?
A.
B.
C.
Structural isomers
Enantiomers
Geometric isomers
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- Concept 4.3:
Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions
= molecular groups attached to C-skeleton
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- Six functional groups are important in the chemistry of life
1. Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Carboxyl
4. Amino
5. Sulfhydryl
6. Phosphate
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- Some important functional groups of organic compounds
HYDROXYL CARBONYL
Alcohols
Ex: Ethanol
Ex: Acetone
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- Some important functional groups of organic compounds
- stabilize proteins
H
C
C
SH
H
H
H
H
OH
C
C
C
O
P
O
O
H
H
H
OH
O
H
AMINO and CARBOXYL SULFHYDRYL PHOSPHATE
Ex: Amino Acid
Ex: ATP
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Give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties
CH3
OH
HO
O
CH3
CH3
OH
Estradiol
Testosterone
Female lion
Male lion
Figure 4.9
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- Can you identify the functional groups in the following molecules?
A.
B.
C.
*
Answer: c
Source: Barstow - Test Bank for Biology, Sixth Edition, Question #28
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- Can you identify the functional groups in the following molecules?
A.
B.
C.
*
Answer: c
Source: Barstow - Test Bank for Biology, Sixth Edition, Question #28
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- Buffers
- Ch. 4
- Miller Experiment
- Carbon’s bonding ability
- Functional groups
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A.
B.
C.