EDITING - Written assignment + referencing

1

Bibliographies & Referencing A Guide to the Harvard System and Plagiarism

What is Referencing? When you write any piece of work you need to acknowledge all the facts, ideas, quotes and pictures that have come from another source, whether it is a book, magazine, the Internet or from somewhere else. This is called a reference or citation. As well as the reference in the text, you must also have a Reference List at the end of your work. This is a list of all the sources of information you have used. Why should I Reference?

• If you don’t acknowledge throughout your work where your information has come from, it is regarded as plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious offence at Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE. For more information about plagiarism read the section at the end of this document.

• Under Copyright law, you are restricted by how much of a work you can use and the owner of a work has the right to be acknowledged.

• You also need to reference because it indicates you have researched and understand your topic, and anyone who wishes to find out more information can look up the books or articles themselves.

PLEASE NOTE: Always check with your teacher / lecturer about the system they prefer you to use, or any variations on the Harvard system they might require. The style used in this brochure is based on the Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane. R 808.027 STY (Alexandra Hills Campus Library) or Ref:Z253 . A88 2002 (Mt Gravatt Campus Library) How to Reference Parts of the Reference

1. The In-Text Reference

When you directly quote and/or paraphrase another author’s work in your assignment, this is called in-text referencing.

2

A reference must be inserted in the text at the end of the sentence or directly following any information taken from another source. This can be done in 2 ways: the author, year and page number in brackets (Smith 2005, p.54), or the author is in the sentence, and the year and page number in brackets. For Example - As stated by Smith (2005, p.54)…

2. The Reference List

This is a complete list of the books, journals, Internet sites and other material you have used to prepare your work. Place the Reference List on a separate page at the end of your work. The references are listed in alphabetical order, using the surname of the principal author. You can find the date and publishing information on the back of the title page of the book.

Books Include the following information in this order: Books with 1 author Examples In-Text

(Author surname YYYY, p.##) Bland (1974) stated… … (Bland 1974, p.45). … (Bland 1974, pp.45-50).

Reference List Author’s surname, initial/s Year, Title in italics, Edition if other than 1st, Publisher, City of publication.

Bland, P 1974, Heritage One, 2nd edn, Nelson, Melbourne.

Books with 2 authors Examples In-Text

(Author & Author YYYY, p.##)

…(Raymond & Watson 1999, p.64).

Reference List First author’s surname, initial/s & second author’s surname, initial/s Year, Title in italics, Edition, Publisher, City of publication.

Raymond, R & Watson, C 1999, The View from the Top, Angus & Robertson, Sydney.

3

Books with 3 authors Examples In-Text

(Author, Author & Author YYYY, p.##)

Raymond, Watson and Pike (1997, p.64) have found…

Reference List First author’s surname, initial/s, second author’s surname, initial/s & third author’s surname, initial/s Year, Title in italics, Edition if other than 1st, Publisher, City of publication.

Raymond, R, Watson, C & Pike, F 1997, Business Management, Pearson, Sydney

Books with more than 3 authors Examples In-Text

(Author et al. YYYY, p.###).

Robbins et al. (2000, p.327) states … … (Robbins et al. 2000, p.327).

Reference List First author’s surname, initial/s, second author’s surname, initial/s, third author’s surname, initial/s & last author’s surname, initial/s Year, Title in italics, Edition if other than 1st, Publisher, City of publication.

Robbins, S, Bergman, R, Stagg, I & Coulter, M 2000, Management, 2nd edn., Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Organisation as author Examples In-Text

(Name of Organisation YYYY, p.##)

… (Centre for Professional Development 1995, p.75). The Centre for Professional Development (1995, p.75) supported…

Reference List Name of Organisation Year, Title in italics, Edition if other than 1st, Publisher, City of publication.

Centre for Professional Development 1995, The Business Fact Book, The Centre, Kew.

4

Edited Books Examples In-Text

(ed. Editor YYYY, p.##)

… (ed. Crowsley 2002, p.349). Edited by Crowsley (2002, p.349)…

Reference List Editor’s surname, initial/s (ed.) Year, Title in italics, Edition if other than 1st, Publisher, City of Publication.

Crowsley, FK (ed.) 2002, Too Far to Go, Macmillan, London.

Books with no author or editor Examples In-Text

(Title YYYY, p.##) … (The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law 1996, 581). In The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law (1996, p.581)…

Reference List Title in italics Year, Edition if other than 1st, Publisher, City of publication.

The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law 1996, CCH Australia, North Ryde.

Dictionary or Encylopedia Examples In-Text

(Title YYYY, p.##) …(The Harvard Dictionary of Music 2003, p. 85). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (2003, p. 85) defined it as…

Reference List Author/editor’s surname, initial/s Year, Title in italics, Edition, Publisher, City of publication.

Randel, DM (ed.) 2003, The Harvard Dictionary of Music, 4th edn, Belknap Press, London.

5

Journals, newspapers and other materials Include the following information in this order: Journal Articles Examples In-Text

(Author YYYY, p. ##)

…(Jones 1990, p.15). Jones (1990, p.15) reports…

Reference List Author’s surname, initial/s Year, ‘Name of Article’, Title of Journal in italics, Volume number, Issue Number or Date, Page/s.

Jones, FG 1990, ‘Developing open learning through a technological network’, Australian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 20, no.4, Winter, pp. 117-125.

Newspaper articles with an author Examples In-Text

(Author YYYY, p.##) …(Meade 2000, p.7). Meade (2000, p.7) reports…

Reference List Author’s surname, initial/s Year, ‘Name of Article’, Title of the newspaper in italics, Date of publication, Page/s.

Meade, K 2002, ‘Marijuana tea saved my life’, The Australian, 15 November, p. 3.

Newspaper articles without an author Examples In-Text

(Title of newspaper DD Month YYYY, p.#).

…(The Courier Mail 2000, p.19). In The Courier Mail (2000, p.19)…

Reference List Title of newspaper in italics Year, ‘Name of article’, Title of the newspaper in italics, Date of publication, Page/s.

The Courier Mail 2000, ‘Firms pay high price for e-mail overload’, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p. 19.

Films, Videos, TV & Radio Programs Examples In-Text

(Title YYYY) …(Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992). Grumpy meets the orchestra (1992)…

Reference List Title in italics Year of recording, Format, Producer, City of recording.

Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992, video recording, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney. Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.

6

Electronic works Include the following information in this order: Document on the Internet Examples In-Text

(Author YYYY. P. ##) …(Anderson 2000, p.4). Anderson (2000, p.4) revealed...

Reference List Author’s surname, initial/s Year of creation/revision, Title of work in italics, Publisher/sponsor of site, Date of viewing, <URL>.

Anderson, J (Minister for Transport and Regional Services) 2000, CASA approves avgas contamination test, Department of Transport and Regional Services, viewed 7 February 2000, <http://www.dotrs.gov.au/media/anders/ar chive/2000/jan_00/alb_2000.htm>.

Journal Article from Electronic Database Examples In-Text

(Author YYYY, p.##) …(Gordan, C 1999, p.54). Gordan (1999, p.54) proposes...

Reference List Author’s surname, initial/s Year of Publication, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal in italics, Volume number, Issue number or date, Page/s, Date of viewing, Database name (Australia New Zealand Reference Centre, Infotrac, Electric Library Australasia, etc), Article/accession/item number or DOI.

Gordan, C 1999, ‘Forced outside – external hiring’, Human Resource Planning, vol. 20, issue no. 4, pp. 12-15, viewed on 9 August 2000, Electric Library Australasia, Article A5476543.

Newspaper articles - online (with author) Examples In-Text (Author YYYY)

Hewett (2008) states … The law was changed (Hewett 2008) …

Reference List Author’s surname name, initial/s Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of newspaper in italics, Date of issue, Date accessed, <URL>.

Hewett, R 2008, ‘Shock tactics urged on obesity’, Australian, 19 February, accessed 17 March 2008, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/sto ry/0,25197,23230844-5006785,00.html.

7

Newspaper articles – databases (with author) Examples Textual (Author YYYY, p. #).

…(Hyde 2009, p. 24). Hyde (2009, p. 24) claims …

Reference List Author’s surname, initial/s Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of newspaper in italics, Date of issue, Page number/s, Date accessed, Database title, Database publisher.

Hyde, B 2009, ‘Deadlines for water buyback programs’, Advertiser, 17 September, p.24, accessed 22 September 2009, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre, EBSCOhost.

Online Images Examples In-text (Author YYYY).

…(Frith 2010). The image by Frith (2010)…

Reference List Author/creator Year, Title, Download date, <URL>.

NASA 1969, Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, viewed 25 November 2003, <http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/IMAGES/SMALL/ GPN-2001-000013.jpg>.

Email/Interviews/Discussion Lists Examples In-Text

(Surname, initials YYYY, type of communication).

…(Berwick, J 2000, email). Berwick (2000, email)… Mr J Berwick confirmed this by email on 15 January 2000.

Reference List It is generally not necessary to provide the email address or a reference in the reference list. If the reference is included email addresses should never be cited without the permission of the owner of the address. Sender’s surname, initial/s Year, Type of communication, Day Month, <email address>.

Berwick, J 2000, email, 15 January, <[email protected]>.

CD-ROMs Examples In-Text

(Title YYYY) …(Inherited Human Diseases 1998). Symptoms described in Inherited Human Diseases (1998)…

Reference List Title in italics Year, CD-ROM, Producer, Location.

Inherited Human Diseases 1998, CD- ROM, Education Media Australia, South Melbourne.

8

Other Issues Legislation Acts Examples In-Text

(Title of Act in italics YYYY). …(Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2001). Queensland’s Police Powers and Responsibilities Act (2001)…

Reference List An act need only be included in the reference list if it is important to an understanding of the work. It should be in a separate list titled ‘Legislation’ and presented alphabetically. Title exactly as written including the date and jurisdiction (State or Australia), Use ch. for chapters, Use pt. for part, and brackets for subsections and paragraphs.

Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2001 (Qld), ch.6 pt.1 s.198 (1) (d).

Case Law Examples In-Text (Case name in italics YYYY)

…(Jamieson v. Cooper 1942). In the case Jamieson v. Cooper (1942)…

Reference List Case laws need only be included in the reference list if they are important to an understanding of the work. They should be in a separate list titled ‘Legislation’ and presented alphabetically. Case name in italics Year of the judgement Volume number Abbreviated name of the report series First page number.

Jamieson v. Cooper 1942 67 CLR 316.

9

Government Publications Standards Examples In-Text

(Author YYYY) …(Joint Technical Committee QR-008 2000). As specified by the Joint Technical Committee QR-008 (2000)…

Reference List Authoring Body Year, Standard Name, Standard number, Standards Australia, City of publication.

Joint Technical Committee QR-008 2000, Quality Management Systems: Requirements, AS/NZS ISO 9001:2000, Standards Australia, Sydney.

ABS Publications (Australian Bureau of Statistics) Examples In-Text (Publisher YYYY)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002)

Reference List Publisher Year, Title in italics, Number, Publisher, City of publication.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002, Balance of payments and international investment position, Australia, December Quarter 2002, cat. no. 5302.0, ABS, Canberra.

Indirect Citations (citing something someone else has cited) It is better to view the original source of the information, but if this is not possible, include the following information in this order: In-text (Author cited in Author of book YYYY, p.##).

…(Bushouse 2008, cited in Sims & Hutchins 2011, p.12). Bushouse (2008, cited in Sims & Hutchins 2011, p.12)…

Reference List Surname, initial/s of author of book Year, Title in italics, Edition, Publisher, City of publication.

Sims, M & Hutchins, T 2011, Program Planning for Infants and Toddlers: In Search of Relationships, Pademelon Press, Sydney.

Learning Guides/Lecture Notes In-Text

(Author YYY) …(State of Queensland (Department of Education and Training) 2011).

Reference List Author’s surname, initial/s Year, Unit code Title in italics, Publisher, City of publication.

State of Queensland (Department of Education and Training) 2011, Learner Guide: ACMSPE302A Provide Basic Care of Birds, Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE, Brisbane.

10

Incomplete Information Author not known If you are unable to find an author for a particular item, use the title of the item instead. Date not known When you do NOT know the publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (no date) in place of the year. Page numbers not known If the item is a print source, count the pages from the front then include that number in your in-text reference but make sure you place square brackets around the numbers E.g. …(Aurion Corporation, 1999, [p.3]). If it is an electronic source, such as a web site, select “print preview” from the printing options and count the pages from the front and include this number in your in-text reference. Publisher or city of publication not known If you don’t know who the publisher is or where the material was published, use the phrase “not known”, in place of the publisher or city of publication. Common Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning edn. Edition p. Single page pp. More than one page ed. Editor n.d. No date no. Number vol. Volume number ch. Chapter pt. Part s. Section v. Versus cat. Catalogue

11

The Use of Quotes Use of a direct quote is justified:

• when a major argument needs to be documented as evidence • changes, through paraphrasing, may cause misinterpretation • the original words are so concisely and convincingly expressed, that they

cannot be improved upon. Examples:-

Jones (2205, p. 23) suggests ‘the establishment of a reliable agent is the key to export success’, unless…

It has been suggested that governments 'keep all the words and the world involved …' to promote literacy (O’Neil 1970, p. 263).

How to use quotes

• In short quotes (less than 30 words), incorporate the quotation into the sentence or paragraph without disrupting the flow of the text, using the same spacing as in the rest of the text. Use single quotation marks, and acknowledge the source (in the text, and the reference list).

• In long quotations, do not use quotation marks. Indent the quote in the remainder of the text. Use single line spacing instead of double. Use smaller type. Introduce the quotes appropriately using a colon : and acknowledge the source (in the text, and the reference list).

• Irrelevancies maybe omitted with the use of an ellipsis which is indicated by three spaced dots of omission (...). An ellipsis can occur at the beginning or at the end of a quotation, as well as within a sentence.

Paraphrasing

• Paraphrasing means putting the author’s words into your own words. This still has to be referenced in the text, and in the reference list.

Examples: • Stewart (1982) constantly reminds us that for the survival of the planet,

engineers are vital. • Surveys show that women are more often involved in trading than men

(Garnaut & Curtain 1977).

12

Plagiarism What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is the act of misrepresenting as one's own original work the ideas, interpretations, words or creative works of another. These include published and unpublished documents, designs, music, sounds, images, photographs, computer codes and ideas gained through working in a group. These ideas, interpretations, words or works may be found in print and/or electronic media (University Librarian 2005, p. 3).

Plagiarism is a breach of the TAFE Queensland Student Rules. It can also be a breach of Copyright law. Plagiarism can result in disciplinary actions including expulsion. Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional.

Intentional plagiarism is when you actively copy another person’s ideas, work or images from books, another student’s work or the Internet to pass off as your own. Unintentional plagiarism can happen when you don’t reference all your sources correctly, including ideas and images.

How to avoid plagiarising.

• Use the referencing techniques outlined in this document correctly. • Write the reference information on any notes or copies you make from

any document or electronic sources such as the Internet as you go. Some tips are: - print the homepage of any internet site you use - record the article number of any online databases articles you use.

• Sources that must be acknowledged include those containing the concepts, experiments or results from which you have developed your ideas and/or hypothesis.

• Always use quotation marks or some other acceptable form of acknowledgement.

• Avoid excessive paraphrasing even when you do acknowledge the source.

• Be aware of the rules regarding group work and collaboration. Check with your teachers how the marks will be assigned.

• The distinction between common knowledge and what needs to be referenced is not always clear, so always play safe and acknowledge your sources.

13

• Get someone to proofread your work. When you haven’t written the paper, it’s much easier to see what needs referencing.

• Keep a copy of your working papers and print out early drafts. (The University of Newcastle 2003, p. 2)

For further information on referencing and copyright:-

• Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers, 6th edn., rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane.

Guides to Plagiarism • University of Queensland Use-it, Plagiarism: Avoiding, stopping and detecting,

viewed 24 February 2011 <www.library.uq.edu.au/training/plagiarism.html> • Curtin University, Student Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism, viewed 24

February 2011 <http://academicintegrity.curtin.edu.au/local/docs/studentguide2010.pdf>

• University Librarian 2005, Plagiarism: Avoiding, Stopping and Detecting, Use-it, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, viewed 4 October 2005, <http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/plagiarism.html>.

• The University of Newcastle 2003, The University of Newcastle Policy for the Preventions and Detection of Plagiarism, policy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, viewed 24 February 2004, <http://www.newcastle.edu.au/policy/academic/general/plagiarism.htm>.

Guides to the Harvard Referencing System: • Flinders University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Author-date (Harvard)

referencing guide, 3rd edn, viewed 24 February 2011 <http://www.flinders.edu.au/slc_files/Documents/Brochures/Harvard%20Referenc ing%20-%2003-05-2009.pdf>

• Monash University, Harvard Author-Date Style Examples, viewed 24 February 2011 <http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html>

• UNSW. The Learning Centre. Academic Skills Resources, viewed 7 July 2008 <http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/ref_elec2.html>.

• Citing & Referencing Guide: Harvard Style, viewed 7 July 2008 <http://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/library/Public/Harvard_referencing.pdf>

Student guides to copyright • University of Sydney, Copyright guide for students, viewed 24 February 2011

<http://sydney.edu.au/copyright/students/coursework.shtml> • University of Adelaide, Copyright Guide for Students, viewed 24 February 2011

<http://www.adelaide.edu.au/copyright/pdf/Student_brochure_2008_final.pdf>

Other systems of referencing: APA Style • Curtin University Library, APA Referencing, viewed 24 February 2011,

http://library.curtin.edu.au/local/docs/referencing/APA_6th_referencing_guide_Se m_1_2010.pdf

• Murdoch University, APA style : Complete list of examples, viewed 24 February 2011

http://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/content.php?pid=63242&sid=466316