How Brain Damage Impacts

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PowerPoint Presentations for

Psychology

The Science of Behavior

Seventh Edition

Neil R. Carlson,

Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,

John W. Donahoe, and

G. Neil Martin

Prepared by Linda Fayard

Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Chapter 4

Biology of Behavior

The Brain and Its Components

Drugs and Behavior

Study of the Brain

Control of Behavior and the Body’s Physiological Functions

The Brain and Its Components

Basic Structure of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
The Excitable Axon: The Action Potential
Communication with Other Cells: Synapses
A Simple Neural Circuit

Basic Structure of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous System (cranial and spinal nerves)

Figure 4.1: The Central Nervous System

Figure 4.2: A View of the Left Side of the Brain

Cells of the Nervous System

Dendrite – receive

messages from other neurons

Soma – cell body

Axon – carries message away from soma

Myelin sheath – insulates axons

F 4.5

Figure 4.5: The Basic Parts of a Neuron

The Excitable Axon: The Action Potential

Ion channels and ion transporters regulate the number of ions inside and outside the axon.

Figure 4.7: Ion Channels and Ion Transporters

Figure 4.8: Movement of Sodium and Potassium Ions During the Action Potential

Axon potential – causes the release of a neurotransmitter

Communication with Other Cells:

Synapses

Neurons communicate with other cells through synapses, by process known as synaptic transmission.

Figure 4.9: Interaction Between the Effects of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses

Synapse – junction between

neurons

Drugs and Behavior

Effects of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission

Neurotransmitters, Their Actions, and Drugs That Affect Them

Neurotransmitters, Their Actions and Drugs That Affect Them

Glutamate – excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA – inhibitory neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine – muscular movement

Monoamines - includes dopamine, serotonins, and norepinephrine

Peptides – consists of two or more amino acids

Study of the Brain

Experimental Ablation
Visualizing the Structure of the Brain
Measuring the Brain’s Activity
Stimulating the Brain’s Activity
Altering Genetics

Experimental Ablation

Brain lesions
An injury to a particular part of the brain
The effects of that lesion on an animal’s behaviors are studied

Stereotaxic apparatus

Figure 4.12: A Stereotaxic Apparatus

Visualizing the Structures of
the Brain

Human brain visualization methods
CT scans (also called CAT scans)
MRI scans

Measuring the Brain’s Activity

EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Measures brain waves through microelectrodes
MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
PET scans
fMRI scans

Stimulating the Brain’s Activity

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Magnetic fields can be used to stimulate neurons by inducing electrical currents in brain tissue

Figure 4.21: An Example of an Electrical Stimulation Experiment

Altering Genetics

Targeted Mutation (a genetic “knockout”)
This procedure inactivates a gene—for example, the gene responsible for producing a particular neurotransmitter or a particular receptor.
Neural Plasticity
Environmental events that can change the structure and functions of the nervous system

Control of Behavior and the Body’s Physiological Functions

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
Lateralization of Function
Vision
Audition
Somatosensation and Spatial Perception
Planning and Moving
Episodic and Spatial Memory: Role of Hippocampus
Emotions: Role of the Amygdala
Control of Internal Functions and Automatic Behavior

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

Figure 4.24:

A Side View of the Human Brain

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

Figure 4.25:

The Relation Between the Association Cortex and the Regions of Primary Sensory and Motor Cortex

Vision

The visual association cortex is located in the occipital lobe and in the lower portion of the temporal lobe.
Visual agnosia is a deficit in visual perception

Audition

The auditory association cortex is located on the lateral surface of the upper temporal lobe
Damage to the left auditory association cortex causes language deficits; while damage to the right affects ability to recognize nonspeech sounds (tones)

Somatosensation and Spatial Perception

The primary functions of the parietal lobe are perception of our own body and the location of objects in the world around us

Planning and Moving

Frontal lobes - involved in planning strategies for action, evaluating them, and changing them if necessary
Cerebellum - knows what movements the frontal lobes intend to accomplish and what it is doing
Basal ganglia - involved in the control of particularly slow motor movements, especially those that involve the large muscles of the body.

Episodic and Spatial Memory:
Role of the Hippocampus

The hippocampus is involved in spatial orientation and episodic memory or our ability to learn and remember experience from our daily lives
The limbic system is involved in learning, memory, and expression of emotion

F 4.35

Figure 4.29: Principle Structures of the Limbic System

Emotions: Role of the Amygdala

The amygdala is located in the middle of the temporal lobe and affects emotional behavior—especially negative emotions, such as those caused by painful, threatening, or stressful events

Control of Internal Functions and
Automatic Behavior

Brain stem
Controls functions vital to survival
Contains the medulla, the pons, and the midbrain.
Hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system; eating, drinking, and fighting
Controls the pituitary gland

The Brain Stem and Cerebellum

Endocrine System

F 4.301

Figure 4.31: The Location and Primary Functions of the Principle Endocrine Glands

Endocrine System

Figure 4.32: Organs Controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System