How Brain Damage Impacts

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PowerPoint Presentations for

Psychology

The Science of Behavior

Seventh Edition

Neil R. Carlson,

Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,

John W. Donahoe, and

G. Neil Martin

Prepared by Linda Fayard

Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Chapter 3

Evolution, Heredity, and Behavior

The Development of Evolutionary Science

Evolution of Humans

Heredity, Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and Human Behavior

Evolution and Human Behavior

The Development of Evolutionary Science

Charles Darwin:

Voyage of the Beagle

The Origin of Species

The Three Components of Evolution through Natural Selection

Variation

Selection

Retention

The Three Components of Evolution through Natural Selection

Variation – 1st component of evolution
Members of a species differ from one another
Selection – 2nd component of evolution
Provides direction to the process
Retention – 3rd component of evolution
Favored variations are retained through heredity

Evolution of Humans

Methods for Studying Human Evolution
Fossils
DNA
Bipedalism
Carbon Dating

Heredity, Genetics, and Evolution

Basic Principles of Genetics and Genes
Chromosomes and Meiosis
Dominant and Recessive Traits
Importance of Genetic Diversity
Sex-Linked Traits
Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations
Genetic Disorders

Basic Principles of Genetics

DNA and RNA
Gene
Genome
Chromosomes (sex chromosomes, autosomes)
Sexual reproduction and Meiosis

Genes are segments of DNA
Genes are recipes for protein synthesis

The Structure and Composition of DNA

Sexual reproduction
Female – XX chromosomes
Male – XY chromosomes

Figure 3.8: Determination of Sex

Dominant and Recessive Traits

Allele – alternative form of same gene for a trait
Dominant allele – trait shown when only one allele is present
Recessive allele – trait shown only when both alleles of a gene are the same
Genotype – entire genetic makeup
Phenotype – outward expression of genes

Figure 3.9: Patterns of Inheritance
for Eye Color

The Importance of Genetic
Diversity

Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity

Important for survival in a changing environment

Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations

Mutations - accidental alterations in the DNA code within a single gene

Chromosomal aberration – change in part of a chromosome or the number of chromosomes

Genetic Disorders

Down Syndrome
Huntington’s Chorea
Phenylketonuria

Heredity and Human Behavior

Humans are genetically less diverse than other primates
Heritability – variation in a trait due to genetic factors
Experimental Procedures for Studying Genetic Influences
Correlation Methods for Studying the Effects of Genes

Experimental Procedures for Studying Genetic Influences

Artificial Selection in Animals

Molecular Genetics
Knockout mutations
Genetic marker

Correlation Methods for Studying the Effects of Genes

Concordance Research – studies similarity of traits between twins

Segregation Analysis – correlation method used to assess genetic contributions to human behavior

Evolution and Human Behavior

Sociobiology – study of genetic influences on social behavior

Evolutionary psychology – study how human behavior is affected by evolution

Sociobiology

Reproductive Strategies – monogamy, polygny, and parental investment

Sexual selection – naturalistic selection for traits that characterize male/female

Altruism - the unselfish concern for the welfare of another individual and often involves self-sacrifice.

Figure 3.11: Reproductive Strategies

F 2.5

Altruism

Inclusive Fitness (William Hamilton)
The reproductive success of those who share the same genes
Kin Selection
Biological favoritism towards relatives
Reciprocal Altruism
Benefiting another with expectations that the benefit will be returned

Evolutionary Psychology

Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology
Criticisms

Culture