How Brain Damage Impacts

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PowerPoint Presentations for

Psychology

The Science of Behavior

Seventh Edition

Neil R. Carlson,

Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,

John W. Donahoe, and

G. Neil Martin

Prepared by Linda Fayard

Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Chapter 1

The Science of Psychology

Lecture Preview

What Is Psychology?

The Growth of Psychology as a Science

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology

What Is Psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of the causes of behavior.

Why Behavior Is Studied?

To understand human behavior

To explain what people do what they do

Fields of Psychology

Scientists

Practitioners

Areas of Psychological Research

Physiological
Comparative
Behavior Genetics
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Developmental

Social
Personality
Evolutionary
Cross-cultural
Clinical

Question: Why Do People Play Games?

Physiological
What events happen in the brain when people play games?
Comparative Psychology
Do animals other than people play games?
Cognitive Psychology
What types of strategies do people use when playing games?

Question: Why Do People Play Games?

Cognitive Neuroscience
What brain injuries interfere with game playing?

Developmental Psychology
How does play change across the lifespan?

Question: Why Do People Play Games?

Social
What kinds of cues affect the types of games that people will play with each other?

Personality
Are there certain types of people who are more or less likely to play games?

Question: Why Do People Play Games?

Cross-cultural
Do people raised in different cultures play similar games?

Clinical
What effects does play have upon our mental health?

Applied Psychology

Clinical neuropsychologist
What behavioral consequences result from a disease or trauma, and how can they be remedied?

Health Psychologist
What behavior and lifestyle choices maintain health and prevent illness?

Applied Psychology

School Psychologist
What strategies can be used to treat problems (e.g., poor learning, violence, substance abuse, shyness) in schools?

Consumer Psychologist
What motivates the consumer to purchase products?

Applied Psychology

Community Psychologist
How can social systems be improved in a way that is beneficial?

Organizational Psychologist
What interventions will improve productivity and job satisfaction?

Applied Psychology

Engineering Psychologist
What features will facilitate the useability of a computer or digital camera?

Forensic Psychologist
Was the accused mentally competent at the time of the crime?

How is Psychology Used?

Law Enforcement
Constructing facial drawings from eyewitness reports

Rehabilitative Medicine
Design of artificial limbs for amputees

The Growth of Psychology as
a Science

Philosophical Roots of Psychology

Biological Roots of Psychology

The Rise of Psychology as a Science

Philosophical roots of psychology:

René Descartes (1596-1650): Dualist
Rationalist
John Locke (1632-1704): Monist
Empiricist
James Mill (1773-1836): Materialist

The Growth of Psychology as a
Science

Biological roots of psychology:

Johannes Müller (1801-1858): doctrine of specific nerve energies
Pierre Flourens (1774-1867): experimental ablation
Paul Broca (1824-1880): localization of speech production

Applications in Education and Therapy

Producing Change through Education (early 1800’s) : emphasis on causal factors that produce change
Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”: universal principle by which habits might be learned
Montessori Method: children mature through stages

Applications in Education and Therapy

Producing Change through Psychotherapy

Pinel – Father of psychiatry

Mental Illness

Social Causes

Therapies

Major Trends in the
Development of Psychology

Structuralism
Functionalism
Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
Psychology in Transition
Behaviorism
Humanistic Psychology
Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition
Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Neurobiology

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology

Early years:

Structuralism: Wundt
Father of Psychology, Introspection
Functionalism: Darwin, James
Biological emphasis
Psychodynamic theory: Freud
Emphasis on unconscious and biological drives

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology

Psychology in transition:

Experimental emphasis: Baldwin, Calkins
Behaviorism: Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Washburn
Emphasis on observable behavior
Humanistic psychology: Rogers
Reaction against behaviorism and Freud
Emphasis on choice and positive growth

Major Trends in the Development of Psychology

Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition

Gestalt psychology: Wertheimer
Emphasis on organization of cognitive processes
Cognitive psychology: Kosslyn
Emphasis on information processing

The Emphasis on Neurobiology: Hebb

Biologists who study the nervous system