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student_answer_--_assignment_1.docxStudent answer
(a) The primary core of employees is about one third of all employees. It includes civil servants and employees of large enterprises. Regular employees operate in large organizations and are typically employees with longer job tenure. The other two thirds of the labor force work for SMEs, or on a part time basis and usually are not union members.
(b) Companies prefer to hire graduates or school leavers who can start earning a relatively low wage that increases with seniority. Once the employee has reached a high level of skill that tends to be related with pay, is not convenient for either employee or employer to terminate the contract.
(c) In Japan there is a direct relation between the size of enterprises and union organization among employees. There is a greater chance for union organization as the firm expands, and the opposite reaction happens if the firm is small. At the same time, generally in Japan unions are organized by regular employees of a single enterprise regardless of their occupational level, for which blue-collar and white-collar workers are members that usually stay in the firm until their retirement time. in regard to Germany, the negotiations between management and works council lead to works agreement, however, these are prevented from contradicting the industry wide collective contracts.
(d) During the spring offensive, the Japan Federation of Employers’ Associations (Nikkeiren) releases guidelines for employers to follow when dealing with demands from the unions in dealing with collective bargaining.
(e) The main function of the industrial federations of unions is to guide and coordinate activities of the member enterprise unions, in order to improve wages and working conditions.
(2)
(a) Since workers are easy to identify with employers due to favorable working conditions and employment opportunities, it is similar to Thompson Products’ situation.
(b)Joint consultation and collective bargaining in Japan takes place most of the time during the Shunto in April when unions negotiate collective bargaining.
Student answer
1a) Regular employees operate in large organizations and have longer job tenure. The other two thirds of the labor force work part time and usually aren't union members.
(b) Companies prefer to hire graduates or school leavers who can start earning a relatively low wage that increases with seniority. Once the employee has reached a high level of skill that tends to be related with pay, is not convenient for either employee or employer to terminate the contract.
(e) The main function of the industrial federations of unions is to guide and coordinate activities of the member enterprise unions to better the wages and the work conditions of employees.
(2b)Joint consultation and collective bargaining in Japan takes place most of the time during the Shunto. That is when unions negotiate the collective bargaining.
Student answer
(1) a. A typical employee are those non-regular part time, temporary workers who are not represented by a union. A regular employee operates in large organisations with longer job tenure. Primary employees are civil servants and employees of large enterprises and they make up about 1/3 of all employees.
b. Lifetime employment generally applies to makes not females. Employees are expected to stay with the same company until their mandatory retirement age of sixty. Companies however prefer to hire graduates or school leavers because they can pay them low wages that will increase with seniority.
c. Enterprise Unions in Japan consist soley of regular employees of a single company regardless of their occupational status, up to the lower levels of management. If you leave the firm then you leave the union.
d. The spring offensive or "Shunto" is when Nihon Keidanren (Japan Business Organisation) assists employers in dealing with union demands during collective bargaining.
e. The role of the Industrial Federation of Unions is to coordinate activities of member enterprise unions with the aim of improving wages and working conditions. They also handle problems common to a whole industry, guiding and assisting member unions in specific disputes and they perform political lobbying in the interest of workers.
f. Rengo's role has been to pursue cooperative labor management relations, support the establishment of a coalition cabinet and sought to form an expanded liberal democratic league.
(2) a. Enterprise Unions are not the typical company union. They have more resources and are more powerful. They are financially independent and self-supporting. They are sort of hybrid.
b. Joint consultation occur in most unionised enterprises. Collective bargaining takes place at enterprise level only and only then are elaborate joint consultation mechanisms in which unions participate. Collective bargaining main focus is on pay issues. Bargaining in the European Nations takes place between the regional branches of an employer association and the union associated with that industry.
Student answer
1) With respect to Japan,
(a) The primary core of regular employees (in the public sector and large enterprises) constitute only about one-third of all employees. The other two-thirds work for small or medium enterprises or on a temporary or part-time basis and are often not union members (they are usually not allowed to join).
(b) Lifetime employment generally applies to males. Employees are expected to stay in the same company until their mandatory retirement age. Companies tend to employ new school leavers or graduates and train them with the expectation that they will conform to the company’s norms and remain committed to the enterprise.
(c) Unions consist solely of regular employees of a single company regardless of their occupational status, up to the lower levels of management. If you leave the firm then you leave the union.
(d) Japan business association assists employers in dealing with union demands during collective bargaining. Demand and supply conditions in the labour markets, consumer price levels, and business conditions are all factors in the influence in spring offensive (Shunto).
(e) Nihon Keidanren (Japan business organization) coordinates and publicizes employers’ opinions on labour problems, selects representatives to government commissions and International labour organizations delegations, and provides services to member organisations.
(f) Rengo is Japan’s largest trade unions and has pursued cooperative labour management relations. It has been difficult to represent the interests of union members at the grass roots level and has suffered in poor economic periods.
(2) With respect to enterprise unions,
(a) When compared to America, in Japan most union activities occur at the enterprise level, and enterprise unions are financially independent. The relationship between unions and management is based on trust and mutual benefit and employees support management initiatives to enhance the competitiveness of the firm.
(b) In most unionised enterprises, there are elaborate joint consultation mechanisms in which unions participate as compared to European Nations. Japanese employment relations are relatively stable and generally cooperative. Collective bargaining focuses on pay issues, particularly during Shunto.
