biology experts please

Micronutrient:

Define/Describe( do not give an example)?

A- Bioavailability.

B- GLA protein.

C- aTTP ( spell out and define)

Question: - Coumarin drugs decrease clot formation by their inhibition of the following steps of Vitamin K metabolism:__________________ and ______________.

Question: Vitamin K deficiency produces _____________ anemia. In assessing vitamin K deficiency the level of des-carboxyprothrembin would be (high – low)

And the level of prothrembin would be ( high-low) in the blood. Clotting time would be (increased- decreased).

Question: List three conditions/ situations that would increase a person’s risk of deficiency of fat-soluble:

1-

2-

3-

4-

Question: Low levels of vitamin K in the new born are due to ___________ and ___________________.

Question: Name Threeselenoproteins AND foe each describe the reaction ( list and products) catalyzed by each

1- Enzyme:

-Reaction:

2-Enzyme:

-Reaction:

3-Enzyme:

-Reaction:

Question:

· Vitamin E inhibits oxidation of _____________ in LDL particles, which therefore decrease uptake of the particle by__________________in the blood vessel wall. However, other anti-atherosclerotic effects of the vitamin, such as ____________________. Are not explained by its anti-oxidant actions.

Question:

Selenium becomes incorporated into selenoprotiens a process called__________________. First, selenium is added to the amino acid _______________which is attached to specific tRNA. The new amino acid that is formed is called _____________. The tRNA is guided to the UGA codon on mRNA using the __________________element of the mRNA, while it is still in nucleus.

· In the photoreceptors known as rods, light stimulates a change in the conformation of the visual pigment ________________. This leads to the closing of NA+ channels which will cause the neuron to ___________. There by preventing it from inhibiting the next neuron and thus allowing it to tell the brain that we see light. The excited pigment,______________. Then splits into ospin plus ____________(specific form), which eventually is converted to the form__________________before it again combines with opsin in the dark. In vitamin A deficiency the level of visual pigment is low, causing the clinical condition,_________________.

Question:

How dose plasma Retinol Binding Protein control blood levels of Retinol?

Question:

Why is the amount of vitamins expressed in units of activity instead of units of mass?

Question:

To what general form of vitamin K must menadione be converted in order for it to be biologically active?

The coenzyme form of vitamin K is -----------------. Its needed for the post-translational addition of --------------- to the amino acid -------------- which is already part of a polypeptide. During this reaction vitamin K is converted to ---------------- ,which then must be recycled to vitamin K. TOW example of clotting proteins that required this modification are ----------------

And ---------------.

Tow proteins which are NOT involved in any way in the clotting process that require this vitamin K-dependent modification are --------------- and----------------- .coumarin drugs decrease clot formation by their inhibition of the following steps of vitamin K metabolism:-----------------and----------------.

Vitamin A deficiency interferes with normal differentiation of epithelial cells, causing them to produce less --------------.

In the eye, this can lead to the condition known as --------------.

A drop in plasma levels of ca21 stimulates release of the hormone ----------------. What causes the kidney to convert ----------------to-----------------.tow effects that immediately raise plasma ca21 level are ---------------- and ----------------- an effect involving vitamin D that replenishes body Ca in the long run is -----------------

List two changes in vitamin D handing /metabolism (not intake) that occur with aging that contribute to the loss of bone mass:

What form of vitamin E has the highest biological activity ?

What is the likely reason that this form has the highest activity ?

Question:

Describe how retinoic accede effects cellular differentiation be sure to include all the following :

RAR,RXR,DNA,andthe forms of vitamin diagram.

Question:

Diagram and label the path of vitamin D metabolism from its synthesize in the skin (what is the process?)m. to its conversion to its most active form .include the organs involved at each step and how the step is regulated ?

Question:

Describe, step by step , how lack of vitamin E produces hemolytic anemia ?

Question:

Describe how vitamin E AND selenium differ in the mechanisms through which each acts as a biological anti –oxidannt

Question:

There are at least 64 different forms of vitamin E differing in their biological activity .what are the three different aspects of the molecule that could vary to account for the many forms ?