FOR AKADEMIK ONLY

bigtrkboy

example_of_an_annotated_bibliography.doc

Home >Literature homework help >FOR AKADEMIK ONLY

Running head: SOCIAL BEHAVIOR EVOLUTION AND ARISING OPPORTUNITIES 1

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR EVOLUTION AND ARISING OPPORTUNITIES 6

The Evolution of Social Behavior and Opportunities That Arise Annotated Bibliography

Joseph L Yokum

Grantham University

CA499 Professional Strategies

Prof Matt Diggs

25 February 2014

The Evolution of Social Behavior and Opportunities That Arise Annotated Bibliography

Bergman, J. (2002). Darwin’s critical influence on the ruthless extremes of capitalism. Technical

Journal, 16(2), 105-109. Retrieved from http://creation.com/darwins-critical-influence-on-the-ruthless-extremes-of-capitalism

This article discusses the influence that Charles Darwin’s survival of the fittest theory, had on the evolution of social behavior, and the ruthless rise of capitalism. The author argues that Darwin’s theory not only promoted capitalism, but it promotes an extreme brand of individualistic capitalism, where “. . . other persons count for little, and that it is both natural and proper to exploit "weaker" companies” (Bergman, 2002). In addition, the author points out that although Darwin’s theory applied to the evolution of living things; businessmen, engaged in exploitative economic pursuit, adopted it to legitimize their actions in the market place, and glorify free enterprise. This source relates well to the evolution of social behavior because, it is an effort to determine how capitalism flourished in the 1800s and its relation to the evolution of individual perception on exploitative economics. Furthermore, the source lends credence to the argument that the evolution of social behavior relates directly to opportunities that arise in the marketplace and subsequent entrepreneurship, and its list of credible references could be useful in compiling this paper.

Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: Social values and organizational

behavior. Pacific Sociological Review, 122-136. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1388226

This paper looks at organizational legitimacy, and how social values and organizational behavior seek to assert an organization’s legitimacy. The authors observe that organization philanthropic activities, size of the board of directors and even annual reports and org anization communications are efforts made by organizations to make them legitimate. Dowling and Pfeffer add that organizations seek legitimacy by ensuring that their activities and perceived norms are in tandem with the “. . . norms of acceptable behavior in the larger social system” (p. 122). Thus, organizations will only seek business ventures that are in line with what society accepts and allows. This source is important because it seeks to explain why businesses will only engage in certain types of businesses in large numbers, engage in other businesses minimally, and avoid other businesses altogether. The paper presents logical arguments, backed up by thorough research and it has a long list of useful references.

Duckworth, R. A. (2009). The role of behavior in evolution: A search for mechanism.

Evolutionary Ecology, 23(4), 513-531. Retrieved from http://www.u.arizona.edu/~rad3/pubs/Duckworth_EvolEcol.pdf

This article studies the link between behavior and evolution. It attempts to determine which behavior affects revolution, and if so, what behavior accelerates or impedes evolution. Duckworth states that “. . . behavior is thought to primarily drive evolutionary change because a change in behavior that results in a switch to a new environment or new way of interacting with the environment exposes organisms to novel selection pressures resulting in evolution of . . . life history and physiology” (p. 14). Therefore, it is possible that behavior can lead to evolution. This source is helpful to the paper because it shows how social evolution, can be determined by behavior, and thus inform how individuals respond to the new social paradigm. The author also adds that in case of a change in environment, organisms either move to a new environment, or simply adapt to the new environment. However, since behavior changes all the time, the author suggests that future studies ought to focus on how different behaviors lead to evolution.

Ross, D. (2012). The Evolution of lndividualistic Norms. Morality and the Cognitive Sciences, 7,

1-33. Retrieved from http://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=biyclc

The author in this well developed paper investigates the evolution of individualistic norms, and argues that in order to understand individual norms, it is necessary that development and evolutionary basis are used. Therefore, using generalizations such as the socialization of human children, and markets with specialized labor, normative considerations by individuals can be noted. This paper is a great source because it offers a comparison between the development of economics, and the ability of the individual to make choices. Ross states that in the larger view of macroeconomics the “. . . actions of collectives must ultimately decompose into, and this be explained by reference to, actions of their individual members” (p. 3). Thus, while economic premises can be explained in masses, the individual in the end always makes a singular choice, and this in turn relates to the ability of individuals to “self narrate” so that economic and general choices are based on individual needs and wants. This paper ends with a long list of useful references, and it supports the assertion that social evolution relates to increased individualism, which in turn spurs economic activity due to the increased need for individualized items and services.

Whitworth, B., & Whitworth, A. P. (2010). The social environment model: Small heroes and the

evolution of human society. First Monday, 15(11). Retrieved from http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3173/2647

Whitworth and Whitworth (2010) investigate the idea that individuals in society act out of self and social interest, in the natural and social world. The two authors point out that although the main reason people start businesses is to profit, the underlying motive is to also provide services, hence meet a social need. The article also argues that human evolution paralleled technical and social evolutions, and is the reason in the first civilizations; societies had to discover the “golden rule” where people stopped pillaging each other (Whitworth & Whitworth, 2010). Thus, when man was able to start fires, and build homes, they evolved socially to stop stealing from each other, and even started businesses to exchange the things that they did not have. This source serves this paper perfectly, because it offers a comparison of how human society evolves, and how social, technical, and economic systems relate to each other during evolution. Additionally, this paper supports the idea that if a society does not cater for a given group due to social evolution, “public good capitalism” emerges so that it can meet the unmet needs of society.

References