EXAM
Lisa
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Chapter 5
Impacts of Undernutrition
Dr. WJ Mueller
AG 201
Undernutrition is a physical condition
Hunger is a subjective feeling that comes from not having enough food
Previously we learned that under nutrition causes:
Stunting
Disease susceptibility
Reduces capacity to do work
Reduces intellectual development & ability
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Height to Weight comparisons
Many studies show that there is an ideal height to weight ratio
People who are underweight or overweight have a higher risk of death than those in the normal range
Part of a physical exam is to advise patients on their “healthy weight”
See Figure 5.1
Waaler Surface (see Fig. 5.1)
Waaler Surface (see Fig. 5.1)
5.1c Tall people - currently undernourished
Short people, undernourished while growing up
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Child Health
Children underdeveloped immune system
More susceptible to disease (they are already weakened)
Undernourished & Pregnant
Low birth-weight children
Babies are 40X more likely to die
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Child Health (cont.)
Low birth-wt. children an indicator of:
Mother malnourished during pregnancy, or
Mother malnourished while growing up
Remember:
Low calories and protein &/or
Micronutrient deficient
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Child Health (cont.)
Breast feeding results in healthier babies
Provided with all the nutrients needed
Immunities passed on to the child
Clean food supply
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Breast feeding (cont.)
Infant does not have to compete with the rest of family for food
Even women who are mild/moderately undernourished provide sufficient milk
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Breast feeding (cont.)
Problem
AIDS can be passed to infant
Vitamin A deficiency - increases chances of child getting AIDS
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Menstruation & Breast-feeding
Body makes estrogen from cholesterol (a type of fat)
Low weight, less estrogen
Delayed menarche (Age of first menstrual period)
“Rises in intelligence in Western populations during the 20th century are due largely to improvements in nutrition.”
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IV. Effects of undernutrition
A. Mental development impaired
B. Educational achievement lowered
C. Smaller adults
who do less physical work
who earn less money
IV. Effects of undernutrition (cont.)
D. They are less productive when working and lose more work time to sickness
so have less money to buy food
Reduced Height-For-Age
Reduced Educational Attainment
Reduced Potential Work Experience
All contribute to a 7 to 12% decrease
in life-long earnings
Studies show a relationship between nutrition and height-for-age.
There is also a relationship between nutrition and educational attainment.
So, is there a link between schooling completed and height-for-age?
Yes!
Perhaps this partially explains the “sex-appeal” of taller people?!
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Is this an unfair “height” bias?
World Bank Report:
An increase in a person’s height by 1% is associated with an increase in that person’s wages by 1.38%.
Even when only ‘uneducated’ were
included in the analysis.
Stunting causes an economic loss of over $8.7 billion per year worldwide.
Poorly nourished people are more likely to be unemployed.
