4 pages essay

Multimedia Renaissance

Sermons, rites, rituals and ceremonies

Music, songs and poetry

Plays, operas and other public performances

Paintings and other visual arts

Woodcut reproduced images

Visual forms of communication

Hand gestures and body language

Theater as Propaganda

Royal court traveled around the empire in huge royal caravans.

Trying desperately to hold the empire together.

Transition to Modern

Agricultural Revolution

Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment

American, French and Haitian Revolutions

Printing Press

Invented around 1436 by German Goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg.

We don’t know exactly when.

This is due in part to the fact that the printing press had nor been invented.

Routine business records were not used nearly as extensively before the invention of the printing press.

Reformation

1517 Martin Luther’s 95 Theses were printed and widely disseminated.

Protestant Reformation

German Peasants’ War 1524-1526

Wars of Religion 1524 to 1648

Westphalian Peace Treaty

Modern nation and international law based on Westphalian Peace

Media and Modernity

The printing press played a major part in:

Age of Exploration- Columbus

Protestant Reformation

Agricultural Revolution in Erope

Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment

Democratic Revolutions in America, France and Haiti

Industrial Revolution

Modern Era (Victorian and beyond)

Information Revolution

The invention of the printing press remains an UNDERESTIMATED agent of change in human history.

Revolutionized the way human communicate, understand and describe their world.

Briggs and Burke break reading down into five categories:

Critical reading

Dangerous reading

Creative reading

Extensive reading

Private reading

Printed Knowledge

1) Democratization of knowledge, more knowledge became more available to more people.

2) Standardized and preserved knowledge

3) Knowledge became cumulative in a way it had never been

4) Stimulated new ideas

5) New inventions in agriculture, philosophy, science, economy and industry

6) New diversity of ideas and voices

7) Public sphere where public opinion forms

8) Development of Enlightenment thought

9) Social contract between governed and government

10) Formation of concept of constitutional government

11) Separation of church and state

12) Checks and balances

13) Critique of monarchy

14) Modern literature become possible

15) Fiction and recreation reading

16) Modern novel

17) Modern notion of the individual

18) Changed romantic love and marriage

19) Arranged marriage declined and marriage for love became the norm

20) Mechanical reproduction of art changed the meaning of art

21) Made news, opinion, literature and art commodities

New Relationships

As printers came to exist, so did new social groups, eventually changing the traditional feudal structure of Europe into modern society.

Impacted jobs and occupations within European cities

New jobs became available

New Institutions

New understanding of academic work and audiences

Rise of the secular Universities

By 1500, within 60 years of its invention, the printing press was being used throughout Western Europe

Over 20 million books had been produced

Elizabethan Era 1558-1603

Shakespeare did his major works 1590’s

Italian opera debuts in 1594

First English dictionary 1604 by Samuel Johnson

Cervantes’ Don Quixote 1605

Enlightenment

Newspapers create Anderson called “simultaneity” a sense of shared experience of ongoing world history.

In 1620 English Philosopher Francis Bacon noted that the printing press had changed the world and what it means for humans to live in it

Bacon then called for a revolution in knowledge, influencing Issac Newton and the Scientific Revolution

It clearly laid the groundwork for what we now recognize as the knowledge based economy of capitalism

1623 Statute of Monopolies-Patents

1712 Thomas Newcomen invented steam engine

1775 Watt and Boulton steam engine becomes practical

1776 Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

1771 Luigi Galvani revitalized legs of dead frogs with electricity

1819 Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein

First Industrial Revolution

A host of encyclopedias and Societies played a key role in documenting and disseminating the technological developments

Modern mail system evolved

Based on a long series of scientific and technological innovations the production of existing goods was increased and made much cheaper

Textile manufacture mining (coal)

Metallurgy (iron then steel)

Chemistry (paper and glass)

Electricity

Tools, machines

Railroad, wire cable, telegraph

Second Industrial Revolution-1870

Fundamental changes in production and products

Basic concepts included ideas such as interchangeable parts

Up to this point complex tools were created one at a time by artisans

Dies and jigs made the production of interchangeable parts and replacement parts possible

The factory division of labor made both unskilled and skilled labor more productive

Productivity rose dramatically

Prices of consumer goods dell dramatically

Creation of the middle class consumer-based material culture

This period saw the rise of the petroleum.u

1769 Steam locomotive rolls out

1843 Morse telegraph

1842 British Copyright Act

1844 Electric Telegraph Company

1848 Karl Marx’s communist Manifesto

1850 First submarine cable, England-France

1851 Wet plate photography

The Great Exposition of the Industry of All Nations in London’s Hyde Park

Exposition Universelle of 1889

Edmund Burke (1787)

Feudal estates of the realm:

Clergy

Nobility

Commoners

The Fourth Estate was newspapers

Allowed new voices to be heard

Diversity of political opinions

Media enabled the public discussion

Rise of civil society

New forms of government

Bourgeois Public Sphere

Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962)

Discursive space where individuals and groups come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems

Ideally reach a common judgment on matters of mutual interest

Through discussion influence political action

Public Opinion

Public sphere is where the public:

Gets its information

Monitors government and business

Debates the issues

Formas a public opinion

Decides how to vote

Organizes collective action

An independent public sphere is a necessary prerequisite for participatory democracy

Free Press

Freedom of the press is essential for democracy

To have an informed citizenry the public sphere must be independent of:

Government sector

Private business sector

Marketplace of Ideas

“Free market place of ideas” metaphor Oliver Wendell Homes (1919)

market logic reduces knowledge to a commodity

news, opinion, sports, literature and art become commodities

rise of infotainment in the Sun and other early papers

concern for educating citizens gave way to market logic

whatever sells more newspapers

Radio Broadcast Firsts

Newsreels

First used in 1908

In the 1930-40’s there were dedicated newsreel theaters in some UC cities

Newsreels continued into the 1960’s

News with a Purpose

Think about what has changed in the news.

We talked about the public sphere approach

Infotainment and sensationalism

But there is more to it

It maters who is making the news and why

We can see the intent to sway audiences in various kinds of news media early on

Ideology

The body od doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual or group with reference to some political and social plan along with the devices for putting it into operation.

Consensus

Majority of opinion, general agreement or concord; harmony

Eurocentric ideologies helped maintain public consensus on the practice of colonialism and modern imperialism.

Policy of Containment

Containment was a policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism. A prominent component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam.

Politics of Containment

Following the 1917 communist revolution in Russia, there were calls by Western leaders to isolate the Bolshevik government

NATO Alliance (1949)

Iron Curtain, Berlin Wasll

Cold War

Korean War

Cuban Missile Crisis

Vietnam War