Criminal Justice Paper

50 P

ar t

O ne

Po lit

ic s

an d

th e

A dm

in is

tr at

io n

of Ju

st ic

e

8e id

m an

, L

aw O

rd er

an d

Po w

er (R

ea di

ng ,

M as

s. :

A dd

is on

-W es

le y

Pu bl

is hi

ng C

o. ,

19 71

);

M cK

ir vi

ck ‘T

he S

tu dy

of C

or ru

pt io

n, ”

Po lit

ic al

Sc ie

nc e

Q ua

rt er

ly 72

(1 95

7) :

50 2.

5 T

hi nk

in g

of on

e’ s

ow n

re si

de nc

e as

a “c

ho se

n la

nd ”

ne ed

no t

of co

ur se

be co

nn ec

te d

w it

h an

y ob

je ct

iv el

y ve

ri fi

ab le

ev id

en ce

, A

sm al

l In

di an

fa rm

to w

n w

he re

th e

st an

da rd

of Iw

o g

is sc

ar ce

ly ev

er ab

ov e

th e

po ve

rt y

le ve

l ha

s pa

in te

d si

gn s

on si

de w

al ks

w hi

ch re

ad “l

sn t

(i o d

go od

to In

di an

s? ”

A ny

ou ts

id e

ob se

rv er

kn ow

in g

so m

et hi

ng of

th e

ha rd

sh ip

s

an d

di sa

dv an

ta ge

s th

at de

ri ve

fr om

li vi

ng in

th is

to w

n m

ig ht

w el

l an

sw er

an un

eq ui

vo ca

l

“n o,

” M

os t

m em

be rs

of th

is co

m m

un it

y ne

ve rt

he le

ss an

sw er

af fi

rm at

iv el

y. 6

S ee

D om

ho ff

, W

ho R

ul es

A m

er ic

a? (E

ng le

w oo

d C

lif fs

, N

.J .:

P re

nt ic

e- H

al l,

19 69

);

O vc

ra Pr

es id

en tia

l C

am pa

ig n

Fu nd

s (B

os to

n: B

os to

n U

ni ve

rs it

y Pr

es s,

19 46

); J.

S ha

nn on

,

M on

ey an

d Po

lit ic

s (N

ew Y

or k:

R an

do m

H ou

se ,

19 59

); O

ve ra

, M

on ey

in E

le ct

io ns

(B os

to n:

B os

on U

ni ve

rs it

y Pr

es s,

19 32

); B

er ns

te in

, “P

ri va

te W

ea lt

h an

d P

ub li

c O

ff ic

e: T

he H

ig h

C os

t of

C am

pa ig

ni ng

,” T

he N

at io

n 2

2 (1

9 6

0 ):

77 .

7 A

ll ju

ot at

io ns

ar e

fr om

ta pe

d in

te rv

ie w

s. T

he na

m es

of pe

rs on

s an

d pl

ac es

ar e

fi ct

it io

us 8.

A cc

or di

ng to

on e

in fo

rm an

t: “M

ur de

r is

th e

ea si

es t

cr im

e of

al l

to ge

t aw

ay w

ith .

T hc

re ar

e 10

1 w

ay s

to co

m m

it m

ur de

r th

at ar

e gu

ar an

te ed

to le

t yo

u ge

t aw

ay w

it h

it .”

H e

m ig

ht ha

ve ad

de d

th at

th is

w as

es pe

ci al

ly tr

ue w

he n

th e

co ro

ne r,

th e

pr os

ec ut

in g

at to

rn ey

an d

ke y

po lic

y of

fi ci

al s

w er

e co

op er

at in

g w

ith th

e m

ur de

rs .

9 S

ee -,

te ff

en s,

T he

Sh am

e of

th e

C iti

es ,

p. 15

1. 10

G ar

re tt

an d

M on

ro e,

“P ol

ic e

C on

di tio

ns in

th e

U ni

te d

St at

es ,”

N at

io na

lC om

m is

si on

on ,,a

w O

bs er

va nc

e an

d E

nf or

ce m

en t

R ep

or t

on Po

lic e

14 (1

93 1)

: 45

.

11 F

ra n n en

b au

m ,

C ri

m e

an d

th e

C om

m un

it y

(1 93

8) ,

p. 12

8.

12 F

ro m

“T he

C ha

ll en

ge of

C ri

m e

in a

F re

e S

oc ie

ty ”

(B os

to n:

G in

n ,

19 67

), p.

7.

Pr es

id en

t s

L om

m is

si on

on L

aw E

nf or

ce m

en t

an d

A dm

in is

tr at

io n

of Ju

st ic

e.

13 (‘

re ss

ey ,

T he

ft of

th e

N at

io n.

Fo r

a di

sc us

si on

of si

m ila

r ph

en om

en a

in G

re at

B ri

ta in

,

se e

L uc

as ,

B ri

ta in

’s G

an gl

an d

(N ew

Y or

k: Fr

ee Pr

es s,

19 69

). S

ee al

so D

. B

el l,

E nd

of id

eo lo

gy

(1 96

0) .

14 W

il so

n, “T

he P

ol ic

e an

d th

ei r

P ro

bl em

s: A

T he

or y,

” Pu

bl ic

Po lic

y 12

(1 96

3) :

18 9.

S S

te M

cM ul

le n,

“A T

he or

y of

C or

ru pt

io n,

” So

ci al

R ev

ie w

9 (1

96 1)

: 18

1.

A R

T IC

L E

3

Tb e

O dy

ss ey

ol Pe

te r

Ra nd

ol ph

A rt

hu r

R os

et t

an d

D on

al d

R .

C re

ss ey

W h

at is

it li

ke to

be ar

re st

ed an

d ch

ar ge

d w

it h

a cr

im e

in A

m er

ic a?

T hr

ou gh

th e

ex pe

ri en

ce o

f P

et er

R an

do lp

h, w

e ca

n b

et te

r un

de rs

ta nd

th e

fo rm

al pr

oc es

se s

as w

el l

as th

e re

al it

y o fc

ri m

in al

ju st

ic e.

In a

si m

il ar

si tu

at io

n, ho

w w

ou ld

yo u

re ac

t?

A rr

es t

is n o t

a ra

re ev

en t

in A

m er

ic a.

E ac

h ye

ar th

er e

is on

e ar

re st

on a

no nt

ra ff

ic cr

im in

al ch

ar ge

fo r

ev er

y ei

gh t

ad ul

ts in

th e

ar re

st -p

ro ne

ag es

be tw

ee n

ei gh

te en

an d

th ir

ty -n

in e.

O f

co ur

se ,

a sm

al l

nu m

be r

of pe

op le

ar e

ar re

st ed

a la

rg e

nu m

be r

of ti

m es

, bu

t th

e st

at is

ti ca

l li

ke li

ho od

th at

an A

m er

ic an

m al

e w

ill be

ar re

st ed

so m

et im

e du

ri ng

hi s

lif e

is ve

ry hi

gh ,

pa rt

ic ul

ar ly

if he

liv es

in a

ci ty

an d

is a

m em

be r

of an

et hn

ic m

in or

it y.

M os

t in

di vi

du al

s ar

re st

ed ar

e yo

un g

m en

; m

or e

th an

ha lf

ar e

un de

r ag

e tw

en ty

-f ou

r. Sp

ec if

ic al

ly ,

fi ft

ee n-

an d

si xt

ee n-

ye ar

-o ld

s ac

co un

t fo

r th

e la

rg es

t nu

m be

r of

th e

m os

t se

ri ou

s cl

as s

of ar

re st

s; bu

t in

m os

t ju

ri sd

ic tio

ns cr

im in

al s

un de

r ag

e ei

gh te

en ar

e tr

ea te

d as

ju ve

ni le

s, an

d ar

e pr

oc es

se d

di ff

er en

tl y

th an

ad ul

ts .

M il

li on

s of

ar re

st s

m ad

e ea

ch ye

ar ar

e no

t fo

r se

ri ou

s cr

im es

. M

os t

ar e

re la

te d

to dr

in ki

ng :

pu bl

ic dr

un ke

nn es

s, di

st ur

bi ng

th e

pe ac

e, di

so rd

er ly

co nd

uc t.

O th

er s

gr ow

ou t

of fa

m il

y an

d so

ci al

fi gh

ts .

M an

y ar

e m

ad e

on pe

tt y

th ef

t or

sh op

li ft

in g

ch ar

ge s.

T h

e m

os t

se ri

ou s

cr im

es ar

e ca

ll ed

fe lo

ni es

, a

cl as

si fi

ca ti

on th

at in

cl ud

es al

l of

fe ns

es w

hi ch

ca rr

y on

e ye

ar or

m or

e in

pr is

on as

po ss

ib le

pu ni

sh m

en t.

In C

al if

or ni

a ab

ou t

90 pe

rc en

t of

th os

e ar

re st

ed fo

r a

fe lo

ny ar

e ch

ar ge

d w

it h

of fe

ns es

in on

e of

fi ve

br oa

d gr

ou ps

: dr

ug of

fe ns

es m

ak e

up ab

ou t

40 pe

rc en

t; bu

rg la

ry ab

ou t

15 p er

ce n t;

ro b

b er

y 6

pe rc

en t;

as sa

ul t

10 pe

rc en

t; an

d ot

he r

pr op

er ty

of fe

ns es

(t he

ft s,

em be

zz le

m en

t, fo

rg er

y an

d fr

au d)

20 pe

rc en

t. O

n e

ca n

fi nd

ev er

y ty

pe of

pe rs

on am

on g

th os

e w

ho ar

e le

d in

to th

e po

li ce

st at

io n

in ha

nd cu

ff s,

al th

ou gh

as m

ig ht

be ex

pe ct

ed ,

th er

e is

a di

sp ro

po rt

io na

te ly

hi gh

nu m

be r

of th

e po

or ,

th e

jo bl

es s,

th e

di sa

dv an

ta ge

d, bl

ac ks

, M

ex ic

an —

A m

er ic

an s,

pr ob

le m

dr in

ke rs

an d

dr ug

ab us

er s.

A la

rg e

nu m

be r

of th

os e

ar re

st ed

fo r

cr im

in al

be ha

vi or

ab us

e al

co ho

l, dr

ug s,

or bo

th .

P et

er R

an do

lp hs

ca se

is ty

pi ca

l.

So ur

ce :

Sp ec

ifi ed

se le

ct io

ns fro

m “T

he O

dy ss

ey of

Pe te

r R

an do

lp h”

(p p.

11 —

26 ,

3 1—

33 ,

46 )

in Ju

st’ .ce

by C

on se

nt by

A rt

hu r

R os

et t

an d

D on

al d

R .

C re

ss ey

(J .B

. Li

pp in

co tt

C om

pa ny

). C

op yr

ig ht

C 19

76 by

H ar

pe r

& R

ow ,

Pu bl

is he

rs ,

In c.

R ep

ri nt

ed by

pe rm

is si

on of

th e

pu bl

is he

r.

52 Fa

rt 0i t t

Po lit

ic s

an d

th e

A dm

in is

tr at

io n

of Ju

st ic

e A

rt ic

le 3

T he

O dy

ss ey

of Pe

te r

R an

do lp

h 53

D ur

in g

th e

ea rl

y m

or ni

ng ho

ur s

of A

ug us

t 3,

G us

S im

m on

s w

as aw

ak en

ed by

th e

no is

e of

so m

eo ne

m ov

in g

th in

gs ar

ou nd

in th

e ga

ra ge

at ta

ch ed

to hi

s ho

us e.

T he

n he

he ar

d th

e sc

ra tc

hy no

is e

of so

m eo

ne pr

yi ng

at th

e la

tc h

on th

e ki

tc he

n

do or

S im

m on

s re

ac he

d fo

r th

e be

ds id

e te

le ph

on e

an d

di al

ed th

e po

lic e.

W he

n, a

fe w

m in

ut es

la te

r, tw

o yo

un g

po li

ce of

fi ce

rs en

te re

d th

e ga

ra ge

w it

h

dr aw

n gu

ns P

et er

R an

do lp

h, ag

e tw

en ty

-o ne

, w

as st

ill cl

um si

ly at

w or

k tr

yi ng

to

pr y

op en

th e

ki tc

he n

do or

, T

he po

li ce

m en

ha nd

cu ff

ed an

d ar

re st

ed hi

m ,

ad vi

se d

hi m

of hi

s ri

gh ts

an d

to ok

hi m

to th

e st

at io

nh ou

se .

T he

re he

w as

bo ok

ed on

th e

ch ar

ge of

bu rg

la ry

in th

e fi

rs td

eg re

e. T

hi s

m ea

nt th

at he

w as

ac cu

se d

of un

la w

fu lly

en te

ri ng

ar oc

cu pi

ed dw

el li

ng at

ni gh

t w

it h

in te

nt to

st ea

l, a

se ri

ou s

of fe

ns e

ca rr

yi ng

pu ni

sh m

en t

of fi

ve ye

ar s

to lif

e in

th e

st at

e pr

is on

. D

ur in

g th

e pe

ri od

be tw

ee n

ar re

st an

d th

e be

gi nn

in g

of th

e co

ur t

pr oc

es s

in su

ch

ca se

s, an

ad m

in is

tr at

iv e

of fi

ci al

sc re

en s

th e

se ri

ou s

cr im

in al

ch ar

ge s

m ad

e ag

ai ns

t

th e

de fe

nd an

t In

m an

y ci

ti es

, th

is of

fi ci

al m

ay be

a se

ni or

po lic

e of

fi ce

r, an

as si

st an

t di

st ri

ct at

to rn

ey or

a ju

dg e.

In so

m e

co m

m un

it ie

s th

er e

is a

se qu

en ce

of

re vi

ew s

of ea

ch ca

se in

vo lv

in g

bo th

po li

ce an

d pr

os ec

ut or

ia l

of fi

ci al

s. S

cr ee

ni ng

is ne

ce ss

ar y

be ca

us e

it is

no t

al w

ay s

ce rt

ai n

th at

th e

ev en

ts re

po rt

ed

to po

li ce

pa tr

ol m

en by

ci ti

ze ns

an d

to se

ni or

po lic

e of

fi ce

rs by

pa tr

ol m

en co

ns ti

tu te

i cr

im e

Fo r

ex am

pl e,

a po

li ce

m an

ar re

st ed

a m

id dl

e- ag

ed la

dy on

a st

or e

ow ne

r’ s

co m

pl ai

nt th

at sh

e ha

d w

al ke

d ou

t of

th e

st or

e w

it ho

ut pa

yi ng

fo r

th e

sh oe

s sh

e

w as

ca rr

yi ng

H e

ch ar

ge d

he r

w it

h pe

tt y

th ef

t. T

he st

at io

nh ou

se w

at ch

of fi

ce r

li st

en ed

to th

e re

po rt

. H

e al

so li

st en

ed to

th e

w om

an ’s

cl ai

m th

at sh

e ha

d be

co m

e

co nf

us ed

an d

ex ci

te d

w he

n sh

e co

ul d

no t

fi nd

he r

w al

le t

in he

r pu

rs e

an d

ha d

ru sh

ed ou

t to

th e

pa rk

in g

lo t

to fi

nd it

, fo

rg et

ti ng

th at

sh e

w as

ca rr

yi ng

th e

sh oe

bo x.

T he

w at

ch of

fi ce

r de

ci de

d th

e m

at te

r w

as “a

m is

un de

rs ta

nd in

g” an

d re

le as

ed

th e

w om

an P

er ha

ps he

m ad

e hi

s de

ci si

on be

ca us

e th

e le

ga l

ev id

en ce

w as

no t

cl ea

r, be

ca us

e th

e st

or e

ow ne

r di

d no

t pr

es s

hi s

co m

pl ai

nt on

ce th

e sh

oe s

w er

e

re tu

rn ed

, i

r be

ca us

e th

e w

om an

ap pe

ar ed

re sp

ec ta

bl e

an d

ha d

no hi

st or

y of

pr io

r

th ef

t. P

er ha

ps th

e w

ho le

in ci

de nt

se em

ed to

o m

in or

to m

ak e

a ca

se of

.

W he

n P

et er

R an

do lp

h w

as ta

ke n

in to

th e

po li

ce st

at io

n im

m ed

ia te

ly af

te r

hi s

ar re

st ,

he st

oo d

co nf

us ed

an d

fr ig

ht en

ed ,

li st

en in

g to

th e

ar re

st in

g of

fi ce

rs de

sc ri

be

hi s

ca se

to th

ei r

w at

ch co

m m

an de

r. T

he co

m m

an de

r gl

an ce

d at

R an

do lp

h a

co up

le

of ti

m es

bu t

ne ve

r sp

ok e

to hi

m .

H e

ju st

li st

en ed

im pa

ss iv

el y

to th

e po

lic em

en ’s

or a

re po

rt an

d or

de re

d R

an do

lp h

bo ok

ed on

bu rg

la ry

in th

e fi

rs t

de gr

ee an

d pu

t

in a

st at

io nh

ou se

ce ll

pe nd

in g

tr an

sp or

ta ti

on to

th e

ja il.

W he

n th

e st

at io

n de

te ct

iv e

ar ri

ve d

la te

r in

th e

m or

ni ng

, he

fo un

d on

hi s

de sk

a ro

ug hl

y ty

pe d

ar re

st re

po rt

pr ep

ar ed

by th

e tw

o of

fi ce

rs .

T hi

s tw

o- pa

ge do

cu m

en t

in c

ud ed

a ch

ec kl

is t

of th

e el

em en

ts of

th e

cr im

e— un

la w

fu l

tr es

pa ss

, oc

cu pi

ed

dw el

li ng

, ni

gh tt

im e,

in te

nt to

st ea

l— fo

ll ow

ed by

a br

ie fp

er so

na l

hi st

or y

gi ve

n by

R an

do lp

h, th

e of

fi ce

rs ’

ob se

rv at

io ns

at th

e sc

en e

an d

a na

rr at

iv e

of w

ha t

G us

S im

m on

s ha

d to

ld th

em .

A ls

o in

cl ud

ed w

as a

sh or

t in

ve nt

or y

of th

e po

w er

to ol

s

an d

ot he

r pr

op er

ty w

hi ch

th e

of fi

ce rs

ha d

fo un

d pi

le d

ou ts

id e

th e

en tr

an ce

of th

e

ga ra

ge ,

an d

ph ot

og ra

ph s

of th

e pr

y m

ar ks

an d

sc ra

tc he

s on

th e

ki tc

he n

do or

.

T he

re w

as a

pr op

er ty

re ce

ip t

w hi

ch no

te d

th at

w he

n ar

re st

ed R

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w in

e an

d a

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in ch

w oo

d

ch is

el .

O n

to p

of th

e pi

le of

pa pe

rs w

as an

in de

x ca

rd in

di ca

ti ng

th at

R an

do lp

h ha

d tw

ic e

be en

de ta

in ed

, co

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ll ed

an d

re le

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w hi

le a

ju ve

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ce fo

r b re

ak in

g w

in do

w s

an d

an ot

he r

ti m

e fo

r be

in g

dr un

k at

sc ho

ol .

A t

ag e

ei gh

te en

he ha

d be

en pu

t on

pr ob

at io

n fo

r jo

yr id

in g

w it

h fr

ie nd

s in

a ca

r th

at di

d no

t be

lo ng

to th

em .

T he

de te

ct iv

e pi

ck ed

up th

e pa

pe rs

an d

or de

re d

R an

do lp

h ch

ec ke

d ou

t of

th e

ja il

an d

tr an

sp or

te d

to th

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ur th

ou se

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he re

th e

de te

ct iv

e lo

ck ed

hi m

in an

ot he

r ho

ld in

g ce

ll an

d w

en t

up st

ai rs

to th

e di

st ri

ct at

to rn

ey ’s

of fi

ce .

M os

to ft

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re e

or fo

ur th

ou sa

nd di

st ri

ct at

to rn

ey s

of fi

ce s

in th

e U

ni te

d S

ta te

s ar

e on

e- or

tw o-

m an

op er

at io

ns .

B ut

th e

bu lk

of th

e na

tio n’

s cr

im in

al bu

si ne

ss is

ha nd

le d

by a

fe w

la rg

e of

fi ce

s in

bi g

ci ti

es .

In a

la rg

e of

fi ce

, a

si ng

le as

si st

an t

di st

ri ct

at to

rn ey

is lik

el y

to ac

t as

co m

pl ai

nt as

si st

an t,

al th

ou gh

th is

du ty

m ay

be

ro ta

te d

pe ri

od ic

al ly

am on

g di

ff er

en t

at to

rn ey

s, an

d ev

er yo

ne m

ay be

ex pe

ct ed

to he

lp du

ri ng

bu sy

pe ri

od s.

T he

co m

pl ai

nt as

si st

an t

is lik

el y

to be

a yo

un g

la w

ye r,

ou t

of la

w sc

ho ol

a fe

w ye

ar s.

It is

hi s

jo b

to re

vi ew

th e

ca se

to de

ci de

w he

th er

th e

ev id

en ce

is ad

eq ua

te an

d th

e of

fe ns

e is

se ri

ou s

en ou

gh to

ju st

if y

pr os

ec ut

io n.

H e

al so

de ci

de s,

on th

e ba

si s

of th

e ac

cu se

d’ s

pe rs

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ci rc

um st

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s an

d re

co rd

, w

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er th

e ac

cu se

d de

se rv

es li

gh t

or se

ve re

pu ni

sh m

en t.

In m

an y

ju ri

sd ic

ti on

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el l

ov er

on e

ha lf

of al

l fe

lo ny

ar re

st s

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lik el

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re en

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t ve

ry ea

rl y

in th

e pr

oc es

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d ei

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d ou

tr ig

ht or

fi le

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le ss

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ou s

m is

de m

ea no

r ch

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s. In

ti m

e, th

e co

m pl

ai nt

as si

st an

t le

ar ns

w ha

t ki

nd s

of ca

se s

th e

ju dg

es te

nd to

th ro

w ou

t, w

hi ch

on es

hi s

bo ss

an d

co lle

ag ue

s w

an t

vi go

ro us

ly pr

os ec

ut ed

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hi ch

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lik el

y to

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m e

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ac he

s if

ac ce

pt ed

fo r

pr os

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io n.

H e

is al

so lik

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to be

se ns

it iv

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th e

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qu e

of au

th or

iz in

g an

in fl

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ch ar

ge in

th e

ho pe

of ga

in in

g a

co nv

ic ti

on la

te r

by re

du ci

ng th

e ch

ar ge

in ex

ch an

ge fo

r a

gu ilt

y pl

ea .

R an

do lp

h’ s

ca se

lo ok

ed lik

e a

go od

on e

to th

e co

m pl

ai nt

as si

st an

t. It

co nt

ai ne

d th

e el

em en

ts of

a se

ri ou

s cr

im e,

st ro

ng ev

id en

ce ,

th e

re po

rt of

a go

od w

itn es

s an

d pr

of es

si on

al po

li ce

ha nd

li ng

of th

e m

at te

r. T

he po

li ce

de te

ct iv

e ha

d no

qu ar

re l

w it

h th

e pr

os ec

ut or

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ci si

on to

fil e

a co

m pl

ai nt

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gi ng

R an

do lp

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it h

bu rg

la ry

of a

dw el

li ng

at ni

gh t.

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th er

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r th

e co

m pl

ai nt

as si

st an

t w

as su

re th

at R

an do

lp h

sh ou

ld ge

t a

fi ve

-t o-

li fe

pr is

on te

rm .

H ow

ev er

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se em

ed to

bo th

of th

em th

at th

e do

cu m

en ts

on th

e de

sk m

ad e

th e

ca se

lo ok

lik e

fi rs

t- de

gr ee

bu rg

la ry

. If

th e

pu ni

sh m

en t s

ee m

ed to

o se

ve re

la te

r w

he n

m or

e w

as le

ar ne

d ab

ou tR

an do

lp h,

th e

ch ar

ge co

ul d

be re

du ce

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tr oo

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ou gh

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do lp

h an

d th

e ot

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m en

w er

e m

an ac

le d

to ge

th er

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us he

re d

to se

at s

in th

e ro

w s

of ch

ai rs

li ni

ng th

e ju

ry bo

x. T

he se

pr is

on er

s w

er e

ac cu

se d

of fe

lo ni

es ,

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th ey

ro se

an d

th en

sa t

si le

nt ly

as a

ju dg

e ca

m e

in to

gi ve

th em

th ei

r fi

rs t

he ar

in gs

. B

ut th

ey ha

d to

si t

pa ti

en tl

y, in

bo re

d si

le nc

e, w

hi le

th e

ju dg

e fi

rs t

w en

t th

ro ug

h th

e ca

le nd

ar lis

t of

ot he

r de

fe nd

an ts

w ho

, dr

es se

d in

si nc

e cl

ot hi

ng an

d ac

co m

pa ni

ed by

fr ie

nd s

an d

re la

ti ve

s, ha

d re

pl ac

ed th

e tr

af fi

c vi

ol at

or s

in th

e se

at s

re se

rv ed

fo r

th e

pu bl

ic .

T he

se m

en al

so ha

d be

en ch

ar ge

d w

it h

fe lo

ni es

bu t

th ey

w er

e th

e lu

ck y

on es

w ho

ha d

ra is

ed ba

il m

on ey

. T

h e

cr im

in al

co ur

t ju

dg e

ha s

po w

er to

se t

th e

am ou

nt of

ba il

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rs ta

pp ea

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ti es

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il at

th e

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ou se

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nt of

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la ry

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le as

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th ou

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rs on

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w it

h as

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th ou

sa nd

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rs ba

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w ar

re st

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rs on

s ar

e ab

le to

de po

si t

tw o

th ou

sa nd

do lla

rs w

it h

th e

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rg ea

nt ,

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it h

P et

er R

an do

lp h

w er

e un

ab le

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is e

ei th

er th

e ne

ce ss

ar y

ba il

or th

e 10

pe rc

en t

bo nd

sm an

s pr

em iu

m .

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nt ua

ll y,

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do lp

h’ s

na m

e w

as ca

ll ed

. T

he bu

rg la

ry in

th e

fi rs

td eg

re e

ch ar

ge w

as re

ad to

hi m

, a

pu bl

ic de

fe nd

er w

as as

si gn

ed to

se rv

e as

hi s

at to

rn ey

an d

ba il

w as

fi xe

d at

on e

th ou

sa nd

do lla

rs ,

a su

m R

an do

lp h

co ul

d no

t ho

pe to

ra is

e. A

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g

w as

sc he

du le

d fo

r se

ve ra

ld ay

s la

te r.

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l to

ok ni

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se co

nd s.

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do lp

h, un

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m ,

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h th

e ot

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ai te

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an sp

or te

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ck to

ja il,

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do lp

h ha

d hi

s fi

rs t

ch an

ce to

sp ea

k to

hi s

as si

gn ed

la w

ye r.

A s

th e

pr oc

ee di

ng s

in o

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ca se

s dr

on ed

on ,

th e

la w

ye r

ca m

e ov

er ,

to ok

a se

at in

th e

ro w

in fr

on t

of R

an do

lp h,

sq ui

rm ed

ar ou

nd an

d w

hi sp

er ed

th e

ti re

d in

tr od

uc ti

on he

us ed

a do

ze n

ti m

e a

da y.

“M y

na m

e is

V in

ce nt

L on

g. I

am a

la w

ye r,

a pu

bl ic

de fe

nd er

. I

am a

cr im

in al

la w

sp ec

ia li

st .

I am

a w

in ne

r. I

w an

t yo

u to

kn ow

th at

I fi

gh t

lik e

he ll

to w

in .

I

do n

t ca

re if

yo u

ki ll

ed yo

ur gr

an dm

ot he

r, I’

m go

in g

to fi

gh t

fo r

yo u

if th

at ’s

w ha

t yo

u w

an t

ru e

to do

. “Y

ou ’v

e pr

ob ab

ly he

ar d

a lo

t of

ta lk

ab ou

t de

al s

ar ou

nd he

re .

W el

l, Id

on ’t

m ak

e de

al s

I do

n t

co p

an yb

od y

ou t.

If th

e D

A of

fe rs

a de

al ,

I’ ll

pa ss

it al

on g

to yo

u. It’

s yo

ur de

al an

d yo

u ca

n ta

ke it

or le

av e

it .

“Y ou

co nt

ro l

th is

ca se

. T

hi s

is yo

ur fil

e. Y

ou ca

n re

ad an

yt hi

ng in

he re

; th

er e

ar e

no se

cr et

s Y

ou m

ak e

th e

de ci

si on

s. “O

ne m

or e

th in

g. I

ca n’

t he

lp yo

u un

le ss

yo u

pl ay

it st

ra ig

ht w

it h

m e.

I do

n’ t

ca re

w ha

t yo

u di

d, bu

t I’

ve go

t to

kn ow

al l

th e

fa ct

s. If

yo u

tr y

to co

n m

e, yo

u

h av

en t

go t

a ch

an ce

. A

ny qu

es tio

ns ?”

W el

l ) ‘

sa id

R an

do lp

h. “S

ee ,

so m

et im

es I

do n’

t kn

ow w

ha t

I do

. I

w as

dr un

k, yo

u kn

ow ,

bu t—

w el

l I

w as

n’ t

dr un

k bu

t I

ha d

so m

e w

in e

in m

e. I j

us t

w en

t in

th er

e. It

se em

ed lik

e a

pr et

ty go

od id

ea at

th e

ti m

e. S

om et

im es

I dr

in k

ju st

to th

in k,

yo u

kn ow

. I

w ou

ld lik

e to

do th

e be

st I

ca n;

I w

is h

I ca

n be

so m

eb od

y. I

w as

si tt

in g

in th

e pa

rk dr

in ki

ng th

is w

in e

an d

th in

ki ng

lik e

th at

, yo

u kn

ow ,

an d

th en

I sa

id to

m ys

el f,

‘O h

pi ss

on al

l th

at ,’

an d

Iw en

t fo

r a

w al

k. Is

aw th

is ga

ra ge

, an

d I

ju st

w en

t in

th er

e. It

w as

m or

e or

le ss

on th

e sp

ur of

th e

m om

en t,

I do

n’ t

kn ow

. .

.

A s

R an

do lp

h sp

ok e,

se ve

ra l

pe op

le ne

ar by

tu rn

ed th

ei r

he ad

s. T

he co

ur t

cl er

k lo

ok ed

up fr

om hi

s pi

le of

pa pe

rs an

d gl

an ce

d re

pr ov

in gl

y at

L on

g. L

on g

in te

rr up

te d

R an

do lp

h by

pu tt

in g

hi s

fi ng

er to

hi s

lip s.

“S hh

. N

ot so

lo ud

. W

e ca

n’ t

ge t

in to

th at

no w

. Ju

st le

t m

e ge

t so

m e

ba ck

gr ou

nd in

fo rm

at io

n on

yo u.

” L

on g

re ci

te d

a lis

to f g

en er

al qu

es ti

on s

co nc

er ni

ng w

he re

R an

do lp

h liv

ed ,

w ha

t he

di d

fo r

a li

vi ng

, an

d w

he th

er he

ha d

a cr

im in

al re

co rd

. R

an do

lp h,

ha vi

ng be

en th

ro ug

h si

m il

ar lis

ts a

do ze

n ti

m es

, an

sw er

ed po

li te

ly an

d ro

ut in

el y.

T he

n L

on g

ha nd

ed R

an do

lp h

a co

py of

th e

co m

pl ai

nt .

“W hy

do n’

t yo

u st

ar t

by te

ll in

g m

e w

he re

th is

pl ac

e w

as th

at yo

u br

ok e

in to

?” “1

do n’

t kn

ow fo

r su

re ,”

an sw

er ed

R an

do lp

h. “I

th in

k it

w as

on 13

th S

tr ee

t or

ar ou

nd th

er e

so m

e pl

ac e.

” “W

ha t

w er

e yo

u go

in g

af te

r? ”

“I do

n’ t

kn ow

, w

ha te

ve r

th er

e w

as ,

so I

co ul

d ge

t a

li tt

le ca

sh .”

“W as

an yo

ne w

it h

yo u?

” “N

o; I

w as

by m

ys el

f.” “W

er e

yo u

dr un

k? ”

“N o.

L ik

e I

sa id

, I

ha d

so m

e w

in e

in m

e, bu

t I

w as

n’ t

dr un

k or

an yt

hi ng

lik e

th at

. W

he n

I do

th is

ki nd

of th

in g

I sa

y to

m ys

el f,

‘W hy

di d

I do

th is

fo r?

’ I

do n’

t lik

e to

do it

. I

sa y

to m

ys el

f, ‘1

w is

h I

w as

n’ t

th is

ki nd

of pe

rs on

I am

.’ I

w an

t to

. .

.

L on

g in

te rr

up te

d ag

ai n.

“L oo

k, I’

ve go

t to

go .

If an

yt hi

ng co

m es

up ,

I’ ll

co nt

ac t

yo u,

O K

? B

ut I’

m no

t go

in g

to co

m e

to th

e ja

il an

d ho

ld yo

ur ha

nd .

Y ou

fo llo

w m

e? Y

ou r

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g

w ill

be in

fiv e

da ys

. If

yo u

ar e

bo un

d ov

er w

e w

ill ha

ve an

ar ra

ig nm

en t

in a

co up

le of

w ee

ks ;

I’ ll

se e

yo u

th en

.” T

he n

L on

g la

un ch

ed in

to hi

s “c

lo se

ou t

sp ee

ch ,”

as he

na m

ed it

w he

n he

fi rs

t m

em or

iz ed

it .

“I f

I do

n’ t

se e

yo u

at th

e pr

el im

in ar

y he

ar in

g, it

m ea

ns I

am in

a tr

ia l

de fe

nd in

g so

m eo

ne el

se .

I ha

nd le

do ze

ns of

ca se

s at

a tim

e. I’

m bu

sy .

I m

ig ht

no t

se e

m uc

h of

yo u,

bu t

th at

do es

no t

m ea

n I’

m no

t w

or ki

ng on

yo ur

ca se

. If

an ot

he r

pu bl

ic de

fe nd

er co

m es

to se

e yo

u, it

w ill

be be

ca us

e I

se nt

hi m

. I’

ll te

ll hi

m al

l ab

ou t

yo u.

B ut

w he

n it

co m

es do

w n

to tr

ia l,

I’ ll

be th

er e.

D on

’t w

or ry

ab ou

t th

at .

I’ ll

pu t

al l

I’ ve

go t

in to

it .

U nd

er st

an d?

D on

’t w

or ry

, O

K ?”

W it

ho ut

w ai

ti ng

fo r

a re

sp on

se ,

L on

g go

t up

an d

le ft

th e

co ur

tr oo

m .

H is

to ne

an d

pa tt

er re

m in

de d

R an

do lp

h of

al l

th e

te ac

he rs

, so

ci al

w or

ke rs

, ho

sp it

al w

or ke

rs an

d m

is si

on ar

ie s

w ho

ha d

le ct

ur ed

hi m

ab ou

t on

e th

in g

or an

ot he

r ov

er th

e ye

ar s.

H e

be ga

n to

w on

de r

ab ou

t hi

m se

lf ,

w is

hi ng

he ha

d a

dr in

k, an

d he

pi ct

ur ed

hi m

se lf

ba ck

in th

e pa

rk .

H is

da yd

re am

in g

w as

sh at

te re

d by

th e

pr is

on er

ch ai

ne d

to hi

s le

ft w

ri st

. “Y

ou go

t a

as sh

ol e,

” he

sa id

. “T

ha t

gu y’

s ju

st a

m es

se ng

er bo

y fo

r th

e D

A .”

56 Pa

rt O

ne Po

lit ic

s an

d th

e A

dm in

is tr

at io

n of

Ju st

ic e

A rt

ic le

3 T

he O

dy ss

ey of

Pe te

r R

an do

lp h

57

Th e

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g

T he

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g

pr oc

es s

te st

s w

he th

er th

er e

is en

ou gh

ev id

en ce

ag ai

ns t

th e

ac cu

se d

to ju

st if

y ho

ld in

g hi

m fo

r tr

ia l.

It pr

ov id

es a

lo ok

at th

e pr

os ec

ut io

n’ s

as e

w hi

ch of

te n

pe rs

ua de

s th

e pr

os ec

ut or

or th

e ju

dg e

to di

sm is

s a

w ea

k ca

se ,

or

th e

de fe

nd an

t to

pl ea

d gu

ilt y

to a

st ro

ng on

e. It

en ab

le s

th e

de fe

ns e

la w

ye r

to

cr os

s ex

am in

e pr

os ec

ut io

n w

itn es

se s

an d

to pr

ep ar

e in

te ll

ig en

tl y

fo r

tr ia

l in

c o n

te st

ed ca

se s.

T h

e pr

ec is

e fo

rm an

d co

n te

n t

of th

e pr

el im

in ar

y he

ar in

g va

ry fr

om pl

ac e

to pl

ac e,

hu t

th e

ce nt

ra l

is su

e is

al w

ay s

w he

th er

th er

e is

ca us

e to

ho ld

th e

su sp

ec t

fo r

tr ia

l ra

th er

th an

w he

th er

he is

gu il

ty or

in no

ce nt

. H

ow ev

er ,

ev id

en ce

of gu

il t

is si

gn if

ic an

t be

ca us

e be

fo re

a co

ur t

or de

rs th

at a

su sp

ec t

be he

ld to

fa ce

tr ia

l an

d

hi s

fr ee

do m

hc re

st ri

ct ed

, it

m us

t ha

ve su

ff ic

ie nt

ev id

en ce

th at

he ha

s co

m m

it te

d

an of

fe ns

e M

os t

pe op

le as

su m

e th

at th

e po

li ce

ha ve

in he

re nt

po w

er to

ar re

st an

d ja

il ,

bu t

th is

po w

er is

li m

it ed

to co

nf in

em en

to nl

y lo

ng en

ou gh

to br

in g

th e

ac cu

se d

be fo

re a

ju dg

e fo

r a

he ar

in g.

T he

de ci

si on

to co

nf in

e fo

ra pr

ol on

ge d

pe ri

od pe

nd in

g tr

ia l

m us

t be

m ad

e by

an in

de pe

nd en

t ju

di ci

al of

fi ce

r, no

t by

a po

li ce

m an

. In

a nu

m be

r of

st at

es an

d in

m an

y fe

de ra

l co

ur ts

, th

e pr

el im

in ar

y he

ar in

g ha

s vi

rt ua

ll y

di sa

pp ea

re d.

In th

es e

co ur

ts ,

de fe

nd an

ts ch

ar ge

d w

it h

fe lo

ni es

ar e

en co

u r

ag ed

to w

ai ve

th ei

r ri

gh ts

to pr

el im

in ar

y he

ar in

gs in

re tu

rn fo

r a

re du

ct io

n in

th e

ch ar

ge s

or th

e am

ou nt

of ba

il. B

ut in

ot he

r st

at es

, th

e pr

el im

in ar

y he

ar in

g re

m ai

ns an

im po

rt an

t st

ag e

of th

e pr

oc es

s be

ca us

e it

pr ov

id es

th e

se tt

in g

fo r

as se

ss m

en ts

an d

ne go

ti at

io ns

w hi

ch of

te n

le ad

to th

e re

du ct

io n

of ch

ar ge

s, an

d ul

tim at

el y,

ei th

er to

di sm

is sa

l of

th e

ch ar

ge or

to th

e gu

ilt y

pl ea

. P

re li

m in

ar y

he ar

in gs

on se

ri ou

s ch

ar ge

s us

ua lly

ar e

he ld

in a

lo w

er co

ur t

by a

ju dg

e w

ho is

au th

or iz

ed to

di sm

is s

ca se

s or

to or

de r

th e

ar re

st ed

pe rs

on to

be he

ld fo

r tr

ia l

at a

la te

r da

te .

A tr

ia l

is th

en sc

he du

le d

to be

he ld

in a

di ff

er en

t an

d su

pe ri

or co

ur t,

pr es

id ed

ov er

by a

di ff

er en

t ju

dg e.

S ub

st an

ti al

nu m

be rs

of ca

se s

ar e

di sm

is se

d at

th e

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g,

so m

e be

ca us

e th

e co

m pl

ai ni

ng w

itn es

se s

do no

t ap

pe ar

, so

m e

be ca

us e

th e

ju dg

e de

ci de

s th

at th

e po

li ce

ev id

en ce

is le

ga lly

in su

ff ic

ie nt

or w

as ob

ta in

ed by

un co

ns ti

tu ti

on al

m et

ho ds

. S

ta nd

ar ds

of pr

oo f

an d

pe rs

ua si

on be

co m

e m

or e

ex ac

ti ng

at ea

ch su

cc es

si ve

st ag

e of

th e

cr im

in al

ju st

ic e

pr oc

es s.

T he

po li

ce m

an in

th e

st re

et m

us t

ac t

on th

e

sp ot

, so

th e

la w

re qu

ir es

on ly

th at

he ha

ve re

as on

to be

li ev

e th

at a

cr im

e ha

s be

en

co m

m it

te d

an d

th at

th e

ac cu

se d

is th

e pe

rs on

w ho

co m

m it

te d

it .

T he

ju dg

e at

th e

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g,

ho w

ev er

, m

us t

be m

or e

ex ac

ti ng

. H

e ad

he re

s to

a st

an da

rd th

at re

qu ir

es m

or e

su bs

ta nt

ia l

ev id

en ce

, If

th e

ac cu

se d

is or

de re

d to

st an

d

tr ia

l an

d is

tr ie

d, hi

s gu

il t

m us

t be

pr ov

ed be

yo nd

a re

as on

ab le

do ub

t. It

is no

t su

rp ri

si ng

, th

er ef

or e,

th at

in m

an y

ca se

s th

er e

is ad

eq ua

te ev

id en

ce fo

r a

po li

ce m

an to

ar re

st ,

bu t

no t

fo r

a lo

w er

co ur

t ju

dg e

to bi

nd ov

er fo

r tr

ia l.

B ut

fa ct

rs ot

he r

th an

th e

te ch

ni ca

l qu

al it

y of

th e

ev id

en ce

al so

in fl

ue nc

e ju

dg es

ho ld

in g

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in gs

. T

he se

fa ct

or s

ca nn

ot be

gi ve

n le

ga lis

tic la

be ls

. Fo

r ex

am pl

e, on

th e

m or

ni ng

of P

et er

R an

do lp

h’ s

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g,

th e

ju dg

e di

sm is

se d

an ar

m ed

ro bb

er y

ch ar

ge ag

ai ns

t an

ol d

m an

w ho

ha d

st um

bl ed

d ru

n

ke nl

y ar

ou nd

a li

qu or

st or

e de

m an

di ng

a bo

tt le

of w

hi sk

ey an

d w

av in

g a

to y

pi st

ol

ov er

hi s

he ad

. C

le ar

ly th

e ev

id en

ce co

nt ai

ne d

al l

th e

le ga

l el

em en

ts de

fi ni

ng th

e cr

im e

of ro

bb er

y. N

ev er

th el

es s,

th e

ju dg

e or

de re

d th

e m

an re

le as

ed .

T he

ju dg

e di

d no

t gi

ve ex

pl ic

it re

as on

s fo

r di

sm is

si ng

th e

ch ar

ge ,

bu t

he ob

vi ou

sl y

di d

no t

co ns

id er

th e

in ci

de nt

se ri

ou s

en ou

gh to

ju st

if y

th e

po te

nt ia

l ex

pe ns

e of

a tr

ia l

to th

e st

at e

an d

to th

e de

fe nd

an t.

H e

al so

w as

im pr

es se

d by

th e

pr os

ec ut

or ’s

la ck

of en

th us

ia sm

, as

w el

l as

by th

e co

m pl

ai ni

ng w

itn es

se s’

s ap

pa re

nt am

us em

en t

no w

th at

th e

ep is

od e

w as

ov er

. In

m os

t co

ur th

ou se

s, su

ch ca

se s

ar e

ca ll

ed “c

he ap

”— a

ch ea

p ro

bb er

y, a

ch ea

p bu

rg la

ry an

d so

on .

A t

th e

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g,

th e

pr os

ec ut

or pl

ay s

a vi

ta l

ro le

in th

e fi

na l

de ci

si on

as to

w he

th er

or no

t a

ca se

sh ou

ld m

ov e

to th

e su

pe ri

or co

ur t.

H e,

lik e

th e

ju dg

e an

d th

e st

at io

nh ou

se w

at ch

of fi

ce r,

ha s

br oa

d di

sc re

ti on

ar y

po w

er s.

A s

he st

ud ie

s a

ca se

or de

re d

to tr

ia l

on th

e ba

si s

of a

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g,

he m

ig ht

, lik

e th

e ju

dg e

on th

e to

y pi

st ol

ca se

, de

ci de

th at

it is

no t

se ri

ou s

en ou

gh to

ju st

if y

fu ll

fe lo

ny tr

ea tm

en t.

H e

is au

th or

iz ed

to le

t th

e ca

se dr

op at

th at

po in

t an

d al

lo w

th e

ac cu

se d

to go

ho m

e a

fr ee

m an

, an

d he

m ig

ht do

so .

It is

m or

e lik

el y

th at

he w

ill fil

e a

le ss

er ch

ar ge

, pe

rh ap

s a

m is

de m

ea no

r ch

ar ge

su ch

as di

so rd

er ly

co nd

uc t,

di st

ur bi

ng th

e pe

ac e

or tr

es pa

ss in

g. O

r, if

th e

ac cu

se d

is ch

ar ge

d w

it h

se ve

ra l

fe lo

ni es

, th

e pr

os ec

ut or

m ay

ex er

ci se

hi s

di sc

re ti

on an

d no

t fil

e th

e m

os t

se ri

ou s

ch ar

ge s.

F ur

th er

, ev

en w

he n

a ju

dg e

de ci

de s

at a

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g

th at

th er

e is

no t

en ou

gh ev

id en

ce to

pr oc

ee d

w it

h fe

lo ny

ch ar

ge s,

th e

pr os

ec ut

io n

m ay

fil e

m is

de m

ea no

r ch

ar ge

s. O

n th

e da

y se

t fo

r P

et er

R an

do lp

h’ s

pr el

im in

ar y

he ar

in g,

fiv e

da ys

af te

r hi

s in

it ia

l ap

pe ar

an ce

, he

w as

ag ai

n m

ov ed

fr om

th e

ja il

to th

e co

ur th

ou se

. A

no th

er pu

bl ic

de fe

nd er

w as

in co

ur t

in st

ea d

of V

in ce

nt L

on g.

R an

do lp

h w

at ch

ed th

is la

w ye

r gl

an ce

ov er

hi s

fil e.

T he

la w

ye r

th en

as ke

d R

an do

lp h

on e

or tw

o qu

es ti

on s

ab ou

t hi

s ar

re st

an d

to ld

hi m

to si

t ne

xt to

hi m

at on

e of

th e

lo ng

co un

se l

ta bl

es th

at fa

ce d

th e

ju dg

e’ s

be nc

h. T

he pr

el im

in ar

y he

ar in

g in

th e

ca se

of Pe

op le

v. R

an do

lp h

w as

qu ic

k an

d cl

ea n-

cu t,

co ns

is ti

ng of

te st

im on

y by

G us

S im

m on

s an

d on

e of

th e

ar re

st in

g of

fi ce

rs .

T he

pu bl

ic de

fe nd

er as

ke d

a fe

w qu

es ti

on s,

bu t

m ad

e no

gr ea

t ef

fo rt

to br

in g

ou t

R an

do lp

h’ s

si de

of th

e st

or y.

T he

ju dg

e an

d th

e pr

os ec

ut or

al so

ig no

re d

R an

do lp

h.

B ut

w it

hi n

on e-

ha lf

ho ur

he fo

un d

hi m

se lf

bo un

d ov

er fo

r tr

ia l

in fe

lo ny

co ur

t.

Th e

fo rm

al ac

cu sa

ti on

U nt

il co

m pl

et io

n or

w ai

ve r

of th

e pr

el im

in ar

y he

ar in

g, a

cr im

in al

ca se

is ba

se d

on a

co m

pl ai

nt ;

a br

ie f

w ri

tt en

st at

em en

t of

ch ar

ge s

sw or

n to

by a

po li

ce m

an or

co m

pl ai

ni ng

w itn

es s.

M in

or m

is de

m ea

no r

ch ar

ge s

ar e

us ua

lly tr

ie d

an d

di sp

os ed

of on

th e

co m

pl ai

nt —

th e

su sp

ec t

is br

ou gh

t to

co ur

t, pl

ea ds

gu ilt

y or

ha s

a sh

or t

tr ia

l, an

d th

e ca

se is

cl os

ed .

F el

on y

ca se

s ar

e m

or e

fo rm

al .

A pr

ec is

e st

at em

en t

of th

e ch

ar ge

m us

t be

fi le

d w

it h

th e

su pe

ri or

co ur

t. T

hi s

m ay

be do

ne ei

th er

in th

e fo

rm of

a gr

an d

ju ry

in di

ct m

en t

or in

an in

fo rm

at io

n co

nt ai

ni ng

a pr

ec is

e st

at e

m en

t of

th e

ch ar

ge s

fi le

d by

th e

pr os

ec ut

or .

T he

in di

ct m

en t

or in

fo rm

at io

n pr

es en

te d

to th

e tr

ia l

co ur

t se

ts fo

rt h

in a

se pa

ra te

co un

t ea

ch of

th e

of fe

ns es

th e

de fe

nd an

t is

ac cu

se d

of .

T he

or et

ic al

ly ,

he

5 Pa

rr U

ri c

P ol

it ic

s an

d th

e A

d m

in ls

tT at

io n

o f

Ju st

ic e

m ay

be se

pa ra

te ly

pu ni

sh ed

on ea

ch co

un t.

O cc

as io

na ll

y a

ne w

sp ap

er st

or y

te lls

of an

ac cu

sa ti

on ca

rr yi

ng po

te nt

ia l

pu ni

sh m

en t

of on

e hu

nd re

d ye

ar s

or m

or e

in pr

is on

. Fo

r ex

am pl

e, if

th e

pe na

l co

de sp

ec if

ie s

th at

em be

zz le

m en

t sh

al l

be p u n

is he

d by

fi ve

ye ar

s in

pr is

on ,

an d

a co

m pa

ny bo

ok ke

ep er

al te

rs th

e bo

ok s

an d

ta ke

s rn

o r

ey on

tw en

ty di

ff er

en t

oc ca

si on

s, he

co ul

d be

se nt

en ce

d to

im pr

is on

m en

t fo

r on

e hu

nd re

d ye

ar s.

B ut

th is

po te

nt ia

l is

ra re

ly ,

if ev

er ,

re al

iz ed

, an

d th

e em

be zz

le r

is hk

el y

to be

se nt

en ce

d to

fi ve

ye ar

s at

th e

m os

t. M

an y

co un

ts w

ill be

dr op

pe d

by th

e pr

os ec

ut or

or ju

dg e.

M or

eo ve

r, in

m os

t ca

se s

th e

ju dg

e w

ill im

po se

co n

cu rr

en t

se nt

en ce

s, ev

en if

th e

de fe

nd an

t is

fo un

d gu

ilt y

on al

l co

un ts

, an

d th

e pu

ni sh

m en

ts m

er ge

in to

th e

lo ng

es t

te rm

im po

se d.

In P

et er

R an

do lp

h’ s

ca se

, an

as si

st an

t di

st ri

ct at

to rn

ey fi

le d

in fo

rm at

io n

sp ec

if ic

al ly

ac cu

si ng

hi m

of th

re e

cr im

es :

on e

co un

t of

bu rg

la ry

in th

e fi

rs t

de gr

ee (o

cc up

ie d

dw el

li ng

at ni

gh t)

, w

hi ch

ca rr

ie s

a pe

na lt

y of

im pr

is on

m en

t fo

r fr

om fi

ve ye

ar s

to lif

e; on

e co

un t

of si

m pl

e bu

rg la

ry (a

ny bu

il di

ng an

y ti

m e)

, w

hi ch

ca rr

ie s

a le

ss er

pu ni

sh m

en t;

an d

on e

co un

t of

gr an

d th

ef t,

w hi

ch is

al so

a fe

lo ny

. B

y la

w ,

in in

fo rm

at io

n al

so au

to m

at ic

al ly

co nt

ai ns

ch ar

ge s

of al

l le

ss er

in cl

ud ed

of fe

ns es

in th

e sp

ec if

ie d

ch ar

ge s.

Fo r

ex am

pl e,

R an

do lp

h’ s

bu rg

la ry

ch ar

ge s

im pl

ie d

m is

de m

ea no

r ch

ar ge

s of

un la

w fu

l en

tr y

be ca

us e

it is

im po

ss ib

le to

co m

m it

bu rg

la ry

w it

ho ut

cn te

rt ng

un la

w fu

lly .

T h e

bu rg

la ry

ch ar

ge s

al so

in cl

ud ed

m is

de m

ea no

r ch

ar ge

s o f

tr es

pa ss

in g—

it is

im po

ss ib

le to

bu rg

la ri

ze w

it ho

ut tr

es pa

ss in

g. Fo

r th

at m

at te

r it

is im

po ss

ib le

to en

te r

un la

w fu

ll y

w it

ho ut

tr es

pa ss

in g.

T h

e gr

an d

th ef

t ch

ar ge

au t

m ar

ic al

ly ac

cu se

d R

an do

lp h

of m

is de

m ea

no r

pe tt

y th

ef t

as w

el l—

it is

im po

ss ib

le to

st ea

l a

lo t

(g ra

nd )

w it

ho ut

in ev

it ab

ly st

ea li

ng a

li tt

le (p

et ty

). T

he ru

le s

go ve

rn in

g th

e w

or di

ng of

fe lo

ny ac

cu sa

ti on

s ar

e ve

ry te

ch ni

ca l

an d

le ga

li st

ic ,

pa rt

ic ul

ar ly

th os

e fo

r in

di ct

m en

ts ,

in w

hi ch

ev en

a m

is pl

ac ed

co m

m a

ca n

be a

pr os

ec ut

or ’s

un do

in g.

T he

te ch

ni ca

li ti

es ha

ve de

ve lo

pe d

ov er

th e

ye ar

s as

la w

ye rs

ha ve

fo un

d lo

op ho

le s

in fo

rm al

ac cu

sa ti

on s

an d

ot he

r la

w ye

rs ha

ve cl

os ed

th em

. T

he y

re fl

ec t

a co

ns ti

tu ti

on al

co nc

er n

th at

th e

ac cu

se d

ha ve

pr ec

is e

an d

de fi

ni te

no ti

ce of

th e

ch ar

ge s

ag ai

ns t

hi m

. H

e m

us t

be to

ld ex

ac tl

y w

ha t

it is

th at

he m

us t

de fe

nd hi

m se

lf ag

ai ns

t. O

n th

e )t

he r

ha nd

, th

e au

to m

at ic

in cl

us io

n of

le ss

er of

fe ns

es re

fl ec

ts ad

m in

is tr

at iv

e in

te re

st s,

P er

m it

ti ng

in cl

us io

n of

m is

de m

ea no

r ch

ar ge

s en

ab le

s a

p ro

se cu

tt r

to sa

y, “I

f I

fo rm

al ly

ch ar

ge hi

m w

it h

a fe

lo ny

or tw

o, m

ay be

he ’l

l pl

ea d

gu il

ty to

i m

is de

m ea

no r.

” F

ur th

er ,

th e

ru le

s en

co ur

ag e

pr os

ec ut

or s

to pl

ay it

sa fe

, sa

yi ng

, “I

re al

ly do

n’ t

kn ow

w he

th er

to ch

ar ge

hi m

w it

h a

se ri

ou s

cr im

e or

a m

in or

on e

so I’

ll hi

t hi

m w

it h

th e

se ri

ou s

on e

an d

w ai

t fo

r de

ve lo

pm en

ts .”

It is

ne ar

ly im

po ss

ib le

to de

te rm

in e

w hi

ch of

th es

e co

nc er

ns ,

if an

y, a

pr os

ec ut

or ha

s in

m in

d w

he n

he fi

le s

an in

fo rm

at io

n. Is

he m

er el

y tr

yi ng

te ch

ni ca

ll y

to m

ak e

th e

ac cu

sa ti

on fi

t th

e ev

id en

ce ?

Is he

us in

g th

e ac

cu sa

ti on

of se

ri ou

s cr

im e

as a

bl ud

ge on

fo r

pe rs

ua di

ng th

e de

fe nd

an t

to pl

ea d

gu il

ty to

a le

ss er

ch ar

ge ?

Is he

lo ok

in g

fo r

ju st

ic e,

ho pi

ng th

at la

te r

he w

ill be

be tt

er ab

le to

m at

ch th

e pu

ni sh

- m

er it

to th

e cr

im in

al an

d hi

s be

ha vi

or ?

T he

pr os

ec ut

or fi

lin g

th e

in fo

rm at

io n

in th

e P

et er

R an

do lp

h ca

se kn

ew th

at hi

s th

re e

ac cu

sa ti

on s

w er

e te

ch ni

ca ll

y pr

op er

. H

e al

so su

sp ec

te d

th at

th ey

w er

e m

er e

w in

do w

dr es

si ng

H e

w as

no t

co nv

in ce

d th

at R

an do

lp h

w as

da ng

er ou

s en

ou gh

to

A rt

ic le

3 T

he O

dy ss

ey o

f Pe

te r

R an

do lp

h 59

be se

nt to

pr is

on fo

r a

m in

im um

of fi

ve ye

ar s

or a

m ax

im um

of lif

e. H

e kn

ew th

at th

e se

ri ou

s ac

cu sa

ti on

s m

ig ht

pu sh

R an

do lp

h in

to pl

ea di

ng gu

il ty

to on

e or

m or

e of

th e

m is

de m

ea no

r ch

ar ge

s, bu

t he

di d

no t

be li

ev e

th at

he w

as ov

er ch

ar gi

ng R

an do

lp h

to th

e po

in t

of te

rr or

iz in

g hi

m in

to a

co nf

es si

on of

gu il

t. R

an do

lp h

w as

no pi

ll ar

of th

e co

m m

un it

y, bu

t he

di d

no t

se em

al l

th at

ba d

ei th

er .

It ap

pe ar

ed as

if R

an do

lp h

sh ou

ld go

to a

m is

de m

ea no

r co

ur t,

pl ea

d gu

ilt y

an d

re ce

iv e

a sh

or t

ja il

se nt

en ce

. P

er ha

ps th

e ca

se sh

ou ld

ha ve

be en

di sm

is se

d at

po st

ar re

st sc

re en

in g—

th e

w ho

le ep

is od

e w

as ex

tr em

el y

am at

eu ri

sh an

d no

ac tu

al ha

rm w

as do

ne .

T he

pr os

ec ut

or de

ci de

d to

lo ok

fo r

co nv

ic ti

on on

on e

of th

e le

ss er

in cl

ud ed

co un

ts si

le nt

ly ch

ar ge

d in

th e

in fo

rm at

io n.

H ow

ev er

, he

st ill

di d

no t

ha ve

en ou

gh in

fo rm

at io

n to

m ak

e a

fi na

l de

ci si

on .

R an

do lp

h ha

d be

en fi

ng er

pr in

te d

at th

e po

lic e

st at

io n

w he

n he

w as

ar re

st ed

, bu

t th

e fu

ll re

po rt

on hi

s cr

im in

al re

co rd

ba se

d on

th es

e fi

ng er

pr in

ts ha

d no

t ye

t ar

ri ve

d. T

he de

te ct

iv es

on th

e bu

rg la

ry de

ta il

w er

e fo

ll ow

in g

up on

th e

R an

do lp

h ca

se ,

bu t

it w

ou ld

ta ke

a w

hi le

to li

nk hi

m w

it h

an y

ot he

r bu

rg la

ri es

. It

w as

po ss

ib le

th at

R an

do lp

h w

as an

ex pe

ri en

ce d

cr im

in al

; m

or e

li ke

ly he

w as

ju st

w ha

t he

ap pe

ar ed

to be

.

Th e

us es

of de

la y

O nc

e th

e fo

rm al

ch ar

ge is

fi le

d, ti

m e

is a

m aj

or w

ea po

n us

ed by

bo th

si de

s to

br in

g ab

ou t

th e

se tt

le m

en t

of ca

se s

w it

ho ut

tr ia

l. T

he de

fe nd

an t

fr eq

ue nt

ly ge

ts ca

ug ht

in th

e m

id dl

e. T

im e

ru ns

ag ai

ns t

th e

pr os

ec ut

or an

d th

e ju

dg e.

B ot

h w

or k

fo r

or ga

ni za

ti on

s w

hi ch

de m

an d

th at

th e

st ea

dy fl

ow of

in co

m in

g ca

se s

be ke

pt m

ov in

g. A

s ca

se s

gr ow

ol d,

th e

ad m

in is

tr at

iv e

pr es

su re

s to

di sp

os e

of th

em in

cr ea

se ,

ev en

if th

is m

us t

be do

ne at

a di

sc ou

nt .

A s

ti m

e pa

ss es

, it

be co

m es

m or

e di

ff ic

ul t

to m

ak e

w it

ne ss

es ap

pe ar

, an

d tr

ia ls

of st

al e

ca se

s ba

se d

on ha

zy m

em or

ie s

ar e

ha za

rd ou

s fo

r pr

os ec

ut or

s be

ca us

e th

ey ar

e le

ss lik

el y

to en

d in

co nv

ic ti

on .

P ub

li c

de fe

nd er

s ar

e un

de r

co m

pa ra

bl e

or ga

ni za

ti on

al pr

es su

re s

to m

ov e

th ei

r ca

se s,

to di

sp os

e of

th em

be fo

re th

ey be

co m

e “o

ld do

gs .”

C ur

io us

ly en

ou gh

, th

e ou

tc om

e of

th es

e ti

m e

pr es

su re

s is

de la

y. D

ef en

da nt

s ar

e sh

un te

d as

id e

fo r

w ee

ks w

hi le

la w

ye rs

tr y

to ta

ke up

th e

op po

si ti

on ’s

ti m

e. A

de fe

ns e

la w

ye r

w ho

se cl

ie n

t is

fr ee

on ba

il is

ab le

to m

an ip

ul at

e ti

m e

pr es

su re

s to

ke ep

hi s

cl ie

nt fr

ee .

T yp

ic al

ly he

do es

th is

by pl

ea di

ng th

e cl

ie nt

no t

gu ilt

y, by

pr et

en di

ng th

at he

is go

in g

to tr

ia l,

or by

cr ea

ti ng

sc he

du li

ng pr

ob le

m s

an d

tr ia

l pr

ep ar

at io

n bu

rd en

s w

hi ch

cu t

in to

th e

ti m

e bu

dg et

of th

e pr

os ec

ut or

. A

nu m

be r

of th

e le

ss re

pu ta

bl e

m em

be rs

of th

e pr

iv at

e cr

im in

al de

fe ns

e ba

r ar

e re

ta in

ed by

th ei

r cl

ie nt

s m

or e

fo r

th ei

r kn

ow n

ab il

it y

to “b

uy ti

m e

on th

e st

re et

,” to

ke ep

th ei

r cl

ie nt

s fr

ee on

ba il

, th

an fo

r th

ei r

pr ow

es s

in th

e co

ur tr

oo m

. S

om e

de fe

ns e

la w

ye rs

us e

in ge

ni ou

s te

ch ni

ca l

st al

ls ,

ev en

w he

n th

er e

is no

ho pe

of ac

qu it

ta l,

be ca

us e

th ey

kn ow

ol d

ca se

s ar

e se

tt le

d m

or e

ch ea

pl y

th an

fr es

h on

es .

B ut

a m

an in

ja il

aw ai

ti ng

tr ia

l is

st uc

k, pu

ni sh

ed by

ea ch

da y

of de

la y.

H is

su ff

er in

g is

us ed

by pr

os ec

ut or

s to

pr es

su re

hi m

in to

pl ea

di ng

gu ilt

y. S

ta ti

st ic

al st

ud ie

s ha

ve sh

ow n

th at

th e

de ta

in ed

de fe

nd an

t is

m or

e lik

el y

to pl

ea d

gu ilt

y as

60 P

ar t

Q ri

Po lit

ic s

an d

th e

A dm

in is

tr at

io n

of Ju

st ic

e A

rt ic

le 3

T he

O dy

ss ey

of P

et er

R an

do lp

h 61

th e

ti m

e sp

en t

in ja

il aw

ai ti

ng tr

ia l

in cr

ea se

s. If

he st

ay s

in ja

il fo

r si

x m

on th

s or

a ye

ar ,

w hi

ch is

no t

un us

ua l,

a ju

dg e

is lik

el y

to se

nt en

ce hi

m to

“t im

e se

rv ed

” if

he pl

ea ds

gu ilt

y to

a m

in or

cr im

e lik

e un

la w

fu l

en tr

y. H

e go

es ho

m e

fr ee

. B

ut if

he in

si st

s on

hi s

ri gh

t to

be tr

ie d,

he lie

s in

ja il

un ti

l th

e pr

os ec

ut or

an d

co ur

t

fi nd

ti m

e t

tr y

hi m

.

A rr

ai gn

m en

t Fh

re c

w ee

ks if

te r

hi s

ar re

st ,

P et

er R

an do

lp h

ap pe

ar ed

in co

ur t

fo r

ar ra

ig nm

en t

on th

e in

fo rm

at io

n fi

le d

ag ai

ns t

hi m

. A

rr ai

gn m

en t

is a

ri tu

al is

ti c

pr oc

ed ur

e se

em

in gl

y ba

se d

on th

e as

su m

pt io

n th

at de

fe nd

an ts

an d

th ei

r at

to rn

ey s

ca nn

ot re

ad .

T he

ch ar

ge s

co nt

ai ne

d in

th e

in di

ct m

en t

or in

fo rm

at io

n ar

e re

ad al

ou d,

an d

th e

Je te

n d

an t

n as

ke d

to pl

ea d

gu il

ty or

no t

gu ilt

y. T

h at

is it

.

In th

e th

re e

w ee

ks fo

ll ow

in g

hi s

ar re

st ,

R an

do lp

h’ s

m oo

d an

d po

si ti

on ha

d

ch an

ge d

su bs

ta nt

ia ll

y. H

e ha

d lo

st hi

s jo

b; hi

s la

nd lo

rd ha

d ev

ic te

d hi

m fr

om hi

s

ro om

in g

ho us

e an

d se

iz ed

hi s

pe rs

on al

po ss

es si

on s;

an d

lif e

in th

e ja

il ha

d be

en

gr im

. T

he ja

il w

as ol

d, ov

er cr

ow de

d an

d di

rt y,

an d

it sm

el le

d. A

s an

un se

nt en

ce d

pr is

on er

, R

an do

lp h

ha d

be en

at th

e bo

tt om

of th

e st

ac k,

su bj

ec t

to m

ax im

um -

se cu

ri ty

re gu

la ti

on s

w it

h hi

s fr

ee do

m ex

tr em

el y

li m

it ed

. H

e ha

d be

en ke

pt in

a

ce ll

ar ou

nd th

e cl

oc k

ex ce

pt fo

r a

sh or

t br

ea k

at m

ea ls

an d

on e

ho ur

’s ex

er ci

se

ea ch

da y.

A s

th er

e w

as no

w or

k or

sc ho

ol or

re cr

ea ti

on ha

ll ,

he ha

d ha

d no

th in

g

to do

ex ce

pt to

si t

w it

h hi

s ce

ll m

at es

. H

is au

nt ha

d co

m e

to se

e hi

m on

ce ,

bu t

sh e

ha d

no t

re tu

rn ed

. S

he ha

d be

en bo

th an

ge re

d an

d sa

dd en

ed by

th e

ar ra

n g

e

m en

ts fo

r vi

si ti

ng —

a th

ic k

sc re

en se

pa ra

ti ng

he r

fr om

R an

do lp

h th

ro ug

h w

hi ch

sh e

ha d

ha d

to ye

ll to

m ak

e he

rs el

f he

ar d.

H er

jo b

as a

w ai

tr es

s ha

d m

ad e

it

im po

ss ib

le fo

r he

r to

co m

e to

th e

ja il

fr eq

ue nt

ly du

ri ng

th e

po st

ed vi

si ti

ng ho

ur s

(2 :0

0 iv

t. to

4: 00

P M

. da

il y

ex ce

pt S

at ur

da ys

, S

un da

ys an

d ho

li da

ys ).

A s

a re

su lt

,

R an

d o lp

h w

as lo

ne ly

. M

or eo

ve r,

he w

as fr

ig ht

en ed

. T

ou gh

co nv

ic ts

w ho

kn ow

th ei

r w

ay ar

>u nd

ru n

m os

t ja

ils .

W it

hi n

th e

so ci

al sy

st em

of th

e ja

il R

an do

lp h

w as

in th

e lo

w es

t cl

as s,

co nt

ro ll

ed no

t on

ly by

th e

gu ar

ds ,

bu t

al so

by co

nv ic

te d

an d

ex pe

ri en

ce d

pr is

on er

s. W

h en

R an

do lp

h re

ac he

d th

e co

ur tr

oo m

fo r

hi s

ar ra

ig nm

en t,

a m

an he

ha d

no t

se en

he to

re in

tr od

uc ed

hi m

se lf

as a

pu bl

ic de

fe nd

er .

R an

do L

ph di

d no

t ca

tc h

hi s

na m

e. H

e as

ke d

ab ou

t M

r. L

on g,

bu t

th e

la w

ye r

ju st

sh ru

gg ed

. T

h en

he sa

id th

at

he su

pp os

ed R

an do

lp h

w as

go in

g to

pl ea

d no

t gu

ilt y.

R an

do lp

h be

w il

de re

d, sa

id ,

“W el

l, th

ey te

ll m

e I

ne ve

r kn

ew w

ha t

I w

as do

in g,

so T

he de

fe nd

er in

te r

ru pt

ed ,

“O K

. W

e’ ll

pl ea

d no

t gu

ilt y,

an d

I’ ll

se e

w ha

t I

ca n

do .”

H e

w al

ke d

aw ay

an d

to ok

a se

at at

th e

de fe

ns e

at to

rn ey

s’ ta

bl e.

W h en

R an

do lp

h’ s

na m

e w

as ca

ll ed

, th

e la

w ye

r m

ot io

ne d

hi m

to co

m e

fo rw

ar d

an d

st an

d be

lo re

th e

be nc

h. In

a si

ng so

ng vo

ic e,

th e

co ur

t cl

er k

re ci

te d

th e

ch ar

ge s

an d

as ke

d R

an do

lp h

to re

sp on

d by

pl ea

di ng

gu il

ty or

no t

gu ilt

y. H

e pl

ea de

d no

t

gu ilt

y as

in st

ru ct

ed .

A ft

er co

ns ul

ti ng

a ca

le nd

ar fo

r a

fe w

se co

nd s,

th e

ju dg

e

an no

un ce

d th

at th

e ca

se w

as as

si gn

ed to

Ju dg

e P

er ki

ns fo

r tr

ia l.

A fe

w da

ys la

te r

R an

d o

lp h

w as

br ou

gh t

to an

ot he

r co

ur tr

oo m

w he

re th

e ju

dg e

ca ll

ed hi

s ca

se an

d

an no

un ce

d th

at th

e tr

ia l

w ou

ld be

gi n

in on

e m

on th

.

O ffe

ra nd

ac ce

pt an

ce S

ho rt

ly be

fo re

th e

da te

se t

fo r

tr ia

l, th

e ja

il ho

us e

pu bl

ic ad

dr es

s sy

st em

or de

re d

R an

do lp

h to

re po

rt to

“t he

la w

ye rs

’ ro

om ,”

a cr

ow de

d pl

ac e

w it

h fo

ur de

sk s

at w

hi ch

at to

rn ey

s co

nf er

re d

w it

h th

ei r

cl ie

nt s.

W h

en R

an do

lp h

en te

re d

th e

ro om

he ex

pe ct

ed to

se e

V in

ce nt

L on

g. In

st ea

d, he

m et

S te

ve n

O hl

er ,

th e

pu bl

ic de

fe nd

er w

ho ha

d be

en pr

es en

t at

th e

ar ra

ig nm

en t

an d

tr ia

l se

tt in

g, an

d w

ho ei

th er

as su

m ed

th at

R an

do lp

h kn

ew hi

s na

m e,

or di

d no

t ca

re .

W it

ho ut

w as

ti ng

ti m

e, th

e de

fe nd

er sa

id ,

“L oo

k. I’

ve ta

lk ed

to th

e D

A an

d he

se em

s w

il li

ng to

dr op

th e

fe lo

ni es

if yo

u’ ll

co p

to un

la w

fu l

en tr

y. ”

“W ha

t is

it ?”

as ke

d R

an do

lp h.

“W ha

t’ ll

ha pp

en ?”

“I f

yo u’

ll pl

ea d

gu il

ty to

go in

g in

to th

e ho

us e,

th ey

’l l

ta ke

it ea

sy on

yo u.

T he

D A

w ill

as k

th e

ju dg

e to

le t

yo u

of f

fo r

th e

si xt

y da

ys yo

u ha

ve al

re ad

y se

rv ed

, pl

us pr

ob at

io n.

Y ou

go ho

m e.

Y ou

ca n

in si

st on

a tr

ia l

if yo

u w

an t

to ,

bu t

th at

’l I

ke ep

yo u

he re

lo ng

er .”

“C an

I tr

us t

hi m

?” “T

ru st

m e.

I ad

vi se

yo u

to pl

ea d.

W ha

t co

ul d

yo u

sa y

to a

ju ry

? Y

ou w

ou ld

n’ t

ha ve

a ch

an ce

. Fi

ve to

lif e

is a

lo ng

tim e.

” R

an do

lp h

kn ew

he w

as gu

il ty

of so

m et

hi ng

— br

ea ki

ng in

to an

oc cu

pi ed

d w

el l

in g,

w al

ki ng

in to

an un

oc cu

pi ed

ga ra

ge at

ni gh

t, tr

yi ng

to st

ea l

so m

e to

ol s,

or w

an de

ri ng

ar ou

nd dr

un k

an d

up to

no go

od w

he n

he sh

ou ld

ha ve

be en

ho m

e. B

ut he

w as

no t

su re

ju st

w ha

t he

w as

gu il

ty of

. A

nd as

ti m

e ha

d pa

ss ed

it m

ad e

le ss

an d

le ss

di ff

er en

ce to

hi m

, H

e w

as qu

it e

sh ak

en by

th e

th re

at im

pl ic

it in

th e

de fe

nd er

’s ad

vi ce

. H

e ha

d be

en th

or ou

gh ly

w or

n do

w n

by hi

s ex

pe ri

en ce

in ja

il .

H is

ce il

m at

es ha

d to

ld hi

m m

an y

st or

ie s

ab ou

t w

ha t

w en

t on

in th

e co

ur th

ou se

, an

d he

no w

sa w

th at

th e

pr os

ec ut

or ’s

of fe

r w

as a

pr et

ty go

od de

al .

R an

do lp

h ag

re ed

to ta

ke it

.

Th e

ce re

m on

y of

Iu st

ce E

ar ly

in th

e af

te rn

oo n

of th

e da

y se

t fo

r tr

ia l,

R an

do lp

h w

as br

ou gh

t in

to th

e co

ur tr

oo m

an d

us he

re d

to th

e de

fe nd

an ts

’ ta

bl e.

O ne

-h al

f ho

ur la

te r

th e

ba il

if f

ar ri

ve d,

fo ll

ow ed

by th

e co

ur t

st en

og ra

ph er

, w

ho se

t up

hi s

tr an

sc ri

bi ng

m ac

hi ne

at a

de sk

ju st

be lo

w th

e be

nc h,

te st

ed it

an d

op en

ed hi

s ne

w sp

ap er

. A

t ab

ou t

2: 00

E M

. th

e co

ur t

cl er

k an

d a

pr ob

at io

n of

fi ce

r ap

pe ar

ed ,

an d

a sh

or t

ti m

e la

te r,

th e

as si

st an

t di

st ri

ct at

to rn

ey ar

ri ve

d. T

he y

to ok

se at

s at

th ei

r de

sk s

an d

w ai

te d.

T h

e pu

bl ic

de fe

nd er

ca m

e in

, sh

oo k

R an

do lp

h’ s

ha nd

, sa

t do

w n,

an d

th um

be d

th ro

ug h

R an

do lp

h’ s

fi le

. A

bu zz

er so

un de

d. T

h e

ba il

if f

cr ie

d “A

ll ri

se .”

E ve

ry on

e st

oo d

as th

e ro

be d

ju dg

e en

te re

d an

d sa

t on

th e

hi gh

-b ac

ke d

le at

he r

ch ai

r be

hi nd

th e

be nc

h. T

h e

ac to

rs w

er e

al l

in th

ei r

pl ac

es ,

an d

th e

dr am

a be

ga n.

C ou

rt C

le rk

: Pe

op le

ve rs

us R

an do

lp h

fo r

tr ia

l. A

ss is

ta nt

D is

tr ic

t A

tt or

ne y:

Y ou

r H

on or

, w

ith le

av e

of th

e C

ou rt

, th

e Pe

op le

m ov

e th

at th

e in

fo rm

at io

n in

th is

ca se

be de

em ed

am en

de d

by ad

di ng

C ou

nt Fo

ur th

er et

o al

le gi

ng th

at on

or ab

ou t

th e

da te

al le

ge d

in th

e ot

he r

co un

ts th

e de

fe nd

an t,

Pe te

r R

an do

lp h,

di d

un la

w fu

lly en

te r

th e

pr em

is es

in qu

es tio

n, a

m is

de m

ea no

r.