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February 15, XXXX TAX FILE MEMORANDUM From: Student Subject: Ruben and Mary Gould
Engagement: Issues and Conclusions One month ago, I received an email from Ruben Gould requesting tax assistance. His particular questions concern the effect on shareholders and security holders in the assumption of liability in organizations and reorganizations, as well as questions concerning the operation of Section (or use § instead of writing Section but be consistent throughout memo) 357 of the IRC particularly with respect to liabilities in excess of basis. His questions relate specifically to joint income tax returns filed by Mr. Gould and his wife for 1977 and 1978. They were residents of the state of New York during the taxable years in question. FACTS Mr. Gould and I have had several meetings and I have determined that the facts in this case are as follows. Since the early 1950’s, Mr. Gould had been a sole proprietor operating under the trade name of World Bolt Co (proprietorship). The proprietorship was a wholesale distributor of a variety of metal fasteners. In January 1962, a New York corporation, World, Inc. (World), was organized with Mr. Gould as the sole shareholder. World carried out a similar business to the proprietorship, and Mr. Gould was the president and chief executive officer of World. Prior to January 1977, the proprietorship and World carried on operations from the same location in New York City. They had separate books and records and filed separate Federal income tax returns using the accrual basis of accounting and the calendar year accounting period. The proprietorship relied on a factor, Trefoil, to provide working capital for its operation. Trefoil made loans to the proprietorship secured by a pledge of the proprietorship’s accounts receivable. In late 1976, Trefoil refused to continue the existing arrangements. Trefoil insisted that it would only continue financing the operation of the business if the proprietorship were operated as a corporation, because the state of New York allowed Trefoil to charge a higher interest rate to corporations. Mr. Gould instructed his attorney and accountant, Mr. Ketten, “to do whatever was necessary for the proprietorship to become a corporation so that he could continue operation.” (Lessinger v. Comm, 11/20/1985) Mr. Ketten and his associate dealt directly with the bookkeeper of the proprietorship, concerning the necessary arrangements. Mr. Gould was unaware of the details of the transaction. “It was determined that the proprietorship and World would be consolidated as of January 1, 1977.” (Lessinger v. Comm, 11/20/1985(NOT an acceptable cite) (Cite all cases in good formsee references below and Chapter 2 of the text)
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Appendix A of this memorandum shows the details of the balance sheet of the proprietorship before the consolidation and the journal entry which completed the consolidation. The journal entry was entered in the books in June 1977. Items highlighted in yellow on the proprietorship balance sheet were not directly included in the consolidation (principally the mutual fund asset, the Chemical Bank note payable within one year, and Mr. Gould’s negative equity in the proprietorship.) The consolidating entry included a Loan Receivable from Mr. Gould that equaled the total of the accounts that were otherwise excluded from the consolidating entry ($255,499.37). It is highlighted in yellow on the consolidating entry. Accounts whose amounts exactly match on the proprietorship balance sheet and the consolidating entry are highlighted in the same color in Appendix A. No additional shares of stock in World were issued to Mr. Gould when the proprietorship was transferred to World World expressly assumed the indebtedness of the proprietorship to Trefoil. In addition, either an employee of World or an employee of the payee changed the maker on notes payable by the proprietorship to creditors after January 1, 1977 to the new maker, World, in the amount of $802,075.09. This included the trade notes payable on the proprietorship balance sheet as well as the Chemical Bank notes payable after one year. See Appendix A. Some notes payable issued late in 1976 by the proprietorship designated World as payor, since the decision to consolidate had already been made. No express changes similar to those made on the notes payable were made on the trade accounts payable. The creditors of the proprietorship were the same as those of the corporation, and it was intended that World would pay these accounts and, in fact, it did so within 3 to 6 months after the consolidation. Early in 1977, Mr. Gould sold the mutual fund shares that had not been included in the consolidation and paid off the Chemical Bank note payable within one year, which had also been excluded. The balance of the receipts from the sale of the mutual funds were used to pay down Mr. Gould’s Loan Receivable by World, leaving Mr. Gould with a balance of $196,070 owed to World. No part of this amount was paid to World through the end of 1982. No interest was ever paid on the debt, and the debt had risen to $237,044 by the end of 1982. In October 1981, Mr. Gould executed a note for the balance in his account at the request of Marine Midland Bank, a principal creditor of the corporation. Marine used Mr. Gould’s note as collateral for its loan to World. Mr. Gould also owned a realty corporation called 8789 Chambers Street Corporation (Chambers), which “held about $41,000 in cash equivalents and a longterm leasehold of the premises the corporation occupied” (Lessinger v. Comm, 3/29/1989) as of January 1, 1977. Mr. Gould has an appraisal of the property which was conducted in 1980 and which valued the leasehold at $230,000 as of January 1, 1977. World paid Chambers “only enough rent to cover Chambers’ expense of running the building, while a fair rental might have been $31,000 per year more.” (Lessinger v. Comm, 3/29/1989) Therefore, Mr. Gould was subsidizing World’s rent due by that amount each year. No mention of the subsidy shows on World’s balance sheet.
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Mr. and Mrs. Gould were married in 1940. They are not legally separated or divorced but have lived apart since 1971. “Mrs. Gould was listed as an employee on World’s payroll and received a salary from World which was reflected on Forms W2 by World. Mrs. Gould did not perform any service for World and did not discuss any business with Mr. Gould. Mrs. Gould was aware that the weekly checks she received for approximately $300 came from either the proprietorship or World and that the checks were net of payroll deductions.” (Lessinger v. Comm, 11/20/1985) ISSUES
1. Does section 351 apply to the transfer of the proprietorship’s assets and liabilities to Mr. Gould’s wholly owned corporation, even though Mr. Gould received no additional stock or securities from the corporation?
2. Is section 357(c) applicable to this set of facts?
3. If tax is due for the years in question, is Mrs. Gould an “innocent spouse” as defined
under Section 6015(b) of the IRC? CONCLUSIONS
1. Section 351 applies in this case where issuing additional stock in return for property transferred to a corporation would be a meaningless gesture to a recipient who already owns 100% of the stock in the corporation.
2. Section 357(c) does not apply to this set of facts.
3. The question of whether Mrs. Gould is an “innocent spouse” is irrelevant since no
additional tax will be due. DISCUSSION
APPLICABLE LAW (You should include synopsis of code, regs, rulings, cases etc. here) Internal Revenue Code, Section 351 Transfer to corporation controlled by transferor. Internal Revenue Code, Section 357 Assumption of liability. Internal Revenue Code, Section 6015 Relief from joint and several liability on joint return. Commissioner v. Morgan, 3/21/1961, 7 AFTR 2d 909, (CA3) Lessinger v. Commissioner, 11/20/1985, 85 TC 824, Code Sec(s) 351.
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Lessinger v. Commissioner, 3/29/1989, 63 AFTR 2d 891055, (872 F.2d 519), Code Sec(s) 351.
ANALYSIS
Sec 351 of the IRC states:
(a) General rule. No gain or loss shall be recognized if property is transferred to a corporation by one of more persons solely in exchange for stock in such corporation and immediately after the exchange such person or persons are in control (as defined in section 368(c)) of the corporation.
Mr. Gould was issued no additional stock when he transferred his proprietorship to World. Should Section 351 apply since it expressly requires an “exchange for stock?” Issuance of new stock in this situation would be a meaningless gesture since Mr. Gould already owns all of the stock of the corporation and its value is the same as that of the corporation. Whether Mr. Gould owns 10 shares or 100 shares, in total their value equals that of the corporation. Section 351 is applicable in this case even though no new shares of stock were issued. A case supporting this conclusion is Comm v. Morgan, 03/21/1961. (Supporting case was listed in Lessinger v. Comm, 3/29/1989) The next question is whether Section 357(c) applies to this case. Sec 357 states:
(a) General rule. Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c), if
(1) the taxpayer receives property which would be permitted to be received under section 351 or 361 without the recognition of gain if it were the sole consideration, and
(2) as part of the consideration, another party to the exchange assumes a liability of the taxpayer,
then such assumption shall not be treated as money or other property, and shall not prevent the exchange from being within the provisions of section 351 or 361 as the case may be. (b) Omitted as irrelevant in this case (c) Liabilities in excess of basis.
(1) In general. In the case of an exchange
(A) to which section 351 applies, or (B) Omitted as irrelevant in this case
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If the sum of the amount of the liabilities assumed exceeds the total of the adjusted basis of the property transferred pursuant to such exchange, then such excess shall be considered as a gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset or of property which is not a capital asset, as the case may be.
Do the liabilities assumed by World exceed the adjusted basis of the property transferred by Mr. Gould’s proprietorship? It appears from looking at the balance sheet that World received $1,721,315.50 in liabilities from the proprietorship and $1,465,816.20 in assets if the Loan Receivable from Mr. Gould is ignored. My discussion with Mr. Gould reveals that:
1. He believes that since World did not “take the affirmative action necessary to assume the trade accounts payable” (Lessinger v. Comm. 3/29/1989) in a similar fashion to World’s assumption of the notes payable, that the trade accounts payable should not be considered as a part of the liabilities assumed. Mr. Gould believes that he retained personal liability for those accounts and “that the corporation merely lent the funds to petitioner to pay the accounts.” (Lessinger v. Comm. 11/20/1985).
2. He believes that “even if the corporation did ‘assume’ Mr. Gould’s trade accounts
payable, there was no taxable gain since he contributed ‘property,’ that is, the account receivable from him in the approximate amount of $250,000, which…should be deemed to have a basis equal to its face value.” (Lessinger v. Comm. 3/29/1989)
It appears that Mr. Gould’s first contention above is mistaken. The journal entry consolidating World with the proprietorship clearly reveals that the trade accounts payable were assumed by World, even if no special provisions were made for the assumption. In fact, World did pay the trade accounts payable within a few months of the consolidation. The trade accounts payable should be included in the total amount of the liabilities assumed. Mr. Gould’s second contention is that his Loan Receivable should be considered in the equation to determine if liabilities assumed exceed the adjusted basis of the property transferred. Is the Receivable from Mr. Gould a true asset to the corporation? In 1981, Marine Midland required Mr. Gould to issue a note for the Loan Receivable. He did so, and Marine Midland used the note as collateral for their loan to World. Marine Midland counted on Mr. Gould’s personal responsibility for the loan to World, making it clear that the corporation did have a binding obligation from Mr. Gould. What is the adjusted basis of the Loan Receivable? “Assets transferred under section 351 are taken by the corporation at the transferor’s basis, to which is added any gain recognized in the transfer. Sec 362(a)…the ‘basis’ in the hands of the corporation should be the face amount of the taxpayer’s obligation.” (Lessinger v. Comm. 3/29/1989) The adjusted basis of the Loan Receivable at the time of the consolidation, should be the amount entered in the consolidating entry of $255,499.37.
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It is clear that the Loan Receivable which World received from the proprietorship should be included in the equation to determine if liabilities assumed exceed the adjusted basis of property transferred. When it is included, the liabilities assumed do not exceed the adjusted basis of property transferred. Mr. Gould is not required to recognize any gain in the consolidation of his proprietorship with his wholly owned corporation. Since Mr. and Mrs. Gould will owe no additional tax on the taxable years in question, the question of whether Mrs. Gould is an “innocent spouse” is not relevant.
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