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tech_320_lumber_lecture_revised_10-8-13_dband.pptTECH 320 – Non-Metallic Processes
Lumber Lecture
Deacon Band
Logging
Harvesting Trees
- Felling
- Severing the tree from the stump and bringing it to the ground.
- Extraction
- Pulling the tree from the forest area to a landing or roadside.
- Processing
- Delimbing and topping the tree, and then cutting the stem into logs (‘bucking’).
- Loading
- Sort, stack and then load out onto logging trucks.
- Trucking
- Deliver the logs from the landing to the mill for final processing.
Logging
- Felling – The modern way
Logging
- Extraction
Logging
- Loading and Trucking
Lumber Mill
- Logs are scaled “Log Scaler”
- Determines volume and grade of the wood
- Logs are debarked
- Logs are decked
- Sorting by species, size, and end use
- Lumber, plywood, chips
Lumber Mill
- Head Saw “Head Rig”
- Breaks log into cants and flitches with a smooth edge
- Cants: Unfinished logs to be further processed
- Cants may be further broken down by a resaw or gang edger into multiple flitches and/or boards
- Flitches: Unfinished planks
- Edging
- Takes the flitches and trims off all irregular edges
- The result is 4-sided or Dimensional lumber
Lumber Mill
- Trimming
- Squares the ends of the lumber at typical lengths
- 8’, 10’, 12’, 16’. Etc…
- Drying
Lumber Drying
- Kiln 2-3 weeks
- Done in oven in 3 basic steps:
- Step 1: high humidity, low heat.
- Step 2: low humidity, raise heat.
- Step 3: low humidity, high heat.
- Air
- 2-3 years
Moisture Content
- Furniture lumber 8% M.C. or less.
- Construction lumber 12% M.C. or less.
Sticking
- Allows for air space and movement of air through the stack of lumber
Planing
- Smoothes surface of the lumber leaving a uniform width and thickness.
Lumber Classifications
- Use Classifications.
- Yard lumber: sizes & grades used for ordinary construction and building, 2” or less in thickness.
- Structural lumber: 2” or more in thickness and width.
- Factory & shop lumber: lumber produced for remanufacturing purposes.
Lumber Classifications
- Manufacturing Classifications.
- Rough lumber: lumber that has not been dressed (surfaced).
- Dressed lumber: has been surfaced; S1S, S2S, S4S, S1E, S2E.
- Worked lumber: has been dressed and also matched, ship lapped or patterned.
Lumber Grading
- Hardwood
- Firsts: best grade, free of surface defects (91 2/3%).
- Seconds:83 1/3% free of defects.
- Selects: 4” wide & 6’ long.
- Commons: #1, #2, sound wormy, #3A, #3B, below grade.
Lumber Grading
- S1S
- Surfaced one side
- S2S
- Surfaced two sides
- S4S
- Surfaced four sides
- S1E
- Surfaced one edge
- S2E
- Surfaced two edges
Lumber Grading
- F.A.S.: Firsts and seconds (most common usage)
Lumber Grading
- Softwood.
- #1 & #2 clear.
- Selects C&D.
- Commons, grades 1-5.
- 1 – Construction: paints well, paneling
- 2 – Standard: larger knots, paints fair
- 3 – Utility: many knots, sheathing, subfloor
- 4 – Economy: splits, concrete formwork
- 5 – Economy: very rough, concrete forms
Wood Scrap Products
- Hardboard: made from wood fibers and glue under pressure and heat.
- Standard and Tempered: tempered is like standard, only with more heat and pressure.
Standard Hardboard
Tempered Hardboard
Wood Scrap Products
- Flakeboard: made from wood flakes and glue.
- Particle board: wood chips and glue.
- Low,medium, and high density; density determined by the chip size.
- Fiberboard: wood fibers and glue (very little pressure).
Flakeboard
- Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Particle Board
Low Density
Particle Board
Medium Density
Particle Board
High Density
Fiber Board
Wood flakes and glue
Plywood Types
- Lumber core: solid wood is in the middle (hardwood).
- Veneer core: veneer core plys.
- Particle board: particle board core with plys.
Lumber Core
Veneer Core
Particle/mdf Core
Veneer Grades
- Hardwood
- G1S: good one side.
- G2S: good two sides.
Veneer Grades
- Softwood:
Board Feet
- Board feet: depth(T) x width(W) x length(L) / 144(inches) = Board Feet
- A measurement of volume of lumber
One Board Foot
Non-Metallics TECH 320 Lumber Processing Flow Chart
Lumber Processing Flow Chart
Debarked Tree Trunk
Solid Lumber Veneer Wood Scraps
Plain Quarter Rift Hogs
Sawed/ Sawed/ Sawed
Flat Edge
Grained Grained
Peeler Dried
Classified
Rotary Flat Quarter
Cut Sliced Sliced
Dried
Dried
Kiln Air
Veneer Plywood
Graded
Lumber Veneer Particle
Core Core Board
Core
Graded
Hard Flake Fiber Particle
Board Board Board Board
Tempered Standard Low Medium High
Density Density Density
Sheet1
| Interior Plywood Grades | ||||
| Panel Grade | Face | Back | Inner Plies | Most Common Usages |
| N-N | N | N | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show |
| N-A | N | A | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show |
| N-B | N | B | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows |
| N-D | N | D | D | Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows |
| A-A | A | A | D | Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show |
| A-B | A | B | D | Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth. |
| A-D | A | D | D | Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing. |
| B-B | B | B | D | Two sides paintable. |
| B-D | B | D | D | Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides. |
| C-D | C | D | D | Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded. |
| Underlayment | C plugged | D | C,D | For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting. |
| Exterior Plywood Grades | ||||
| Panel Grade | Face | Back | Inner Plies | Most Common Usages |
| A-A | A | A | C | Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important. |
| A-B | A | B | C | |
| A-C | A | C | C | Soffits, fences, base for coatings |
| B-C | B | C | C | For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings. |
| C-C plugged | C | C plugged | C | Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings. |
| C-C | C | C | C | Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather. |
| Veneer Quality | ||||
| N | Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects. | |||
| A | Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only. | |||
| B | Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed. | |||
| C | Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability. | |||
| C plugged | Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits. | |||
| D | Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2" max dimension. Limited splits allowed. |
Sheet2
Sheet3
Sheet1
| Interior Plywood Grades | ||||
| Panel Grade | Face | Back | Inner Plies | Most Common Usages |
| N-N | N | N | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show |
| N-A | N | A | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show |
| N-B | N | B | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows |
| N-D | N | D | D | Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows |
| A-A | A | A | D | Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show |
| A-B | A | B | D | Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth. |
| A-D | A | D | D | Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing. |
| B-B | B | B | D | Two sides paintable. |
| B-D | B | D | D | Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides. |
| C-D | C | D | D | Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded. |
| Underlayment | C plugged | D | C,D | For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting. |
| Exterior Plywood Grades | ||||
| Panel Grade | Face | Back | Inner Plies | Most Common Usages |
| A-A | A | A | C | Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important. |
| A-B | A | B | C | |
| A-C | A | C | C | Soffits, fences, base for coatings |
| B-C | B | C | C | For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings. |
| C-C plugged | C | C plugged | C | Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings. |
| C-C | C | C | C | Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather. |
| Veneer Quality | ||||
| N | Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects. | |||
| A | Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only. | |||
| B | Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed. | |||
| C | Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability. | |||
| C plugged | Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits. | |||
| D | Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2" max dimension. Limited splits allowed. |
Sheet2
Sheet3
Sheet1
| Interior Plywood Grades | ||||
| Panel Grade | Face | Back | Inner Plies | Most Common Usages |
| N-N | N | N | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show |
| N-A | N | A | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show |
| N-B | N | B | C | Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows |
| N-D | N | D | D | Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows |
| A-A | A | A | D | Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show |
| A-B | A | B | D | Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth. |
| A-D | A | D | D | Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing. |
| B-B | B | B | D | Two sides paintable. |
| B-D | B | D | D | Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides. |
| C-D | C | D | D | Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded. |
| Underlayment | C plugged | D | C,D | For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting. |
| Exterior Plywood Grades | ||||
| Panel Grade | Face | Back | Inner Plies | Most Common Usages |
| A-A | A | A | C | Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important. |
| A-B | A | B | C | |
| A-C | A | C | C | Soffits, fences, base for coatings |
| B-C | B | C | C | For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings. |
| C-C plugged | C | C plugged | C | Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings. |
| C-C | C | C | C | Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather. |
| Veneer Quality | ||||
| N | Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects. | |||
| A | Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only. | |||
| B | Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed. | |||
| C | Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability. | |||
| C plugged | Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits. | |||
| D | Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2" max dimension. Limited splits allowed. |
Sheet2
Sheet3
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Processing
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Deba
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Qua
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Sawed/
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Fl
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Edge
G
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G
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P
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D
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Rota
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D
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D
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K
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Venee
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G
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B
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Te
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Standa
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Low
M
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High
Density
Density
Density
Interior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade
Face
Back
Inner Plies
Most Common Usages
N-N
N
N
C
Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-A
N
A
C
Cabinet doors/furniture where both sides show
N-B
N
B
C
Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
N-D
N
D
D
Cabinet doors/furniture where one side shows
A-A
A
A
D
Cabinet doors, built-ins, and furniture where both sides show
A-B
A
B
D
Alternate for A-A. Face is finish grade; back is solid and smooth.
A-D
A
D
D
Finish grade face for paneling, built-ins, and backing.
B-B
B
B
D
Two sides paintable.
B-D
B
D
D
Utility grade. One paintable side. Used for backing/cabinet sides.
C-D
C
D
D
Sheathing, temporary structural uses, and subfloor. Unsanded.
Underlayment
C plugged
D
C,D
For underlayment/subfloor-underlayment under tile and carpeting.
Exterior Plywood Grades
Panel Grade
Face
Back
Inner Plies
Most Common Usages
A-A
A
A
C
Outdoors, where appearance of both sides is important.
A-B
A
B
C
Alternate for A-A, where appearance of one side is less important. Face is finish grade.
A-C
A
C
C
Soffits, fences, base for coatings
B-C
B
C
C
For utility uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of fences, base for coatings.Ê
C-C plugged
C
C plugged
C
Excellent base for tile, backing for wallcoverings, high-performance coatings.Ê
C-C
C
C
C
Unsanded, for backing and rough construction exposed to weather.Ê
Veneer Quality
N
Intended for natural finish. Selected all heartwood or all sapwood. Free of open defects.
A
Used for natural finish in less demanding applications. Smooth and paintable. Neatly made repairs only.
B
Solid surfaced veneer. Can be painted. Repair plugs and tight knots allowed.
C
Sanding defects permitted that do not impair strength or serviceability.
C plugged
Improved C grade, closer limits on knotholes/splits.
D
Used only in interior type. Knots/knothole to 2 1/2" max dimension. Limited splits allowed.
