english homework
Layeni 1
Professor Wilson
ENGL 1301-11162
28 January 2014
Rhethorical Situation: “A Defense of Grade Deflation”
In the essay, please follow the TRACE requirement for you as the reader. Here are two student examples to help you understand what the essay should look like; the essay has to answer the T.R.A.C.E requirement:
NOTE: After reading both examples, I would personally like to follow the way the second example about the MLK speech was written. It is a concise example of what the professor is looking for.
Example #1
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Marlboro Cigarette Advertisement Almost everyone remembers the cigarette ads of the nineties, in which, most often a lanky, virile cowboy was shown smoking a cigarette. These infamous Marlboro cigarette ads depicted smoking as something attractive and almost glorious. The ads would feature an attractive cowboy in a western setting, often performing tasks of a masculine nature. The ads depict smoking as a desirable attribute. This particular ad illustrates three men, cowboys, walking in a setting similar to that of a ranch. All three cowboys are wearing cowboy hats and appear to be doing manual labor outdoors. Because of the well rounded appeal of the ad, adults, male and female, and even the younger generation are attracted by the presentation of the advertisement. This particular ad presents three handsome cowboys, walking side by side, giving the impression that they are at work. The three men capture the audience on a basic, intrinsic level, appealing to men, women, and children. Science has proven that beauty appeals to human nature, and we as humans are drawn to the men in the advertisement. The creators immediately master one of the most important aspects of advertising in this ad by catching the audience’s interest upon impact. Most men want to look desirable, and the ad implicates that smoking a cigarette makes a man look pleasing and masculine, kind of aloof yet vibrant at the same time. There are three men in the ad, and when viewing the ad, the audience gets a sense of camaraderie from the picture. The man in the center is smiling while his head is turned to one of the other men, as if they are laughing at a joke or recalling an anecdote. The fact that the men are smiling gives the impression that smoking cigarettes brings happiness to the smoker. This picture aims to convince the audience, especially the male portion, that smoking Marlboro cigarettes makes a man attractive. The ad attempts to convince the audience, partly male, that smoking this particular brand of cigarettes will help the smoker make friends and help him or her make friends. A vital aspect of cigarette ads is the warning issued from the surgeon general on the package and featured in the commercials. The surgeon general’s warning was not always required, but soon laws were created, requiring cigarette advertisements to warn consumers of the dangers of smoking. In this particular picture, the warning is in a small white box on the bottom left hand side of the ad, in black lettering. Although it is common knowledge that cigarettes cause immense damage to the human body, the ad does not demonstrate the ill effects of smoking. The ad fails to show how unhealthy cigarettes can be to the human body, because showing the harm in using cigarettes would in effect negate the purpose of the advertisement. It’s difficult to blame the large advertisement firms that create ads similar to this one because their main mission is to attract customers and convince them to buy the product they are selling, not to repel customers. There are some constraints to the advertisement, such as people who are non-smokers, or people who are for making smoking illegal. People who have had a family member die due to the side effects of smoking are also more likely not to purchase cigarettes for themselves. Established, however, is a middle ground, such as with people who know that smoking is bad for one’s health but believe that smoking is a conscious choice made by smokers. The advertisement establishes a connection with smokers as well. The common ground is obvious in which smokers smoke, just like the cowboys in the picture. Some smokers may smoke as a stress reliever. Smoking may also be a way for smokers to relax. The ad is a prime example of advertising at its finest. In this advertisement, Marlboro has made something that has the potential to cause death, look appealing. As far as identification goes, I stand on middle ground concerning this advertisement. I am not a smoker, so I don’t identify with the smoking part of this advertisement. I believe that smoking can be hazardous for one’s health, so the ad does not entice me into smoking. On the other hand, I can identify with the advertisement’s audience. As mentioned earlier, I am attracted to the ad on impact because the cowboys in the ad are definitely attractive, so if I were flipping through a magazine, and I happened to see this ad, I would give it a second glance. The knowledge I have of the ill effects of smoking is what would prevent the ad of convincing me to buy Marlboro cigarettes. There is also an incredible amount of exigence concerning this advertisement. The exigence and juxtaposition combine to contradict this advertisement. Just as we’ve seen the cigarette ads, we have also seen the anti-smoking commercials on television, such as “The Truth,” that criticize the executives of cigarette companies. There are many medical professionals who choose not to smoke because they personally know the damage cigarettes can do to the human body, but there is also a wide range of medical professionals that do smoke despite their knowledge of smoking and its ill effects. Many athletes choose not to smoke because their body has to be in peak condition in order to perform at its finest, and smoking can hinder the condition of their health. People familiar with the mechanical larynx, when a person loses their voice due to excessive smoking and has to speak with the aid of a digital device, are probably deterred from smoking. The experiences and opinions people have may convince them to smoke or not smoke, and many of these opinions are formed with the aid of the media. The Marlboro cigarette advertisement, no longer in print, was widely infamous for featuring dreamy cowboys in Stetsons in the country, smoking a cigarette. While the advertisement appeals to many people, some who choose to smoke, not everyone will choose to smoke due to the ad, and some people who will not smoke due to personal beliefs. However, the message implied by the Marlboro advertisement can be effective to viewers. |
Example #2
“I Have a Dream” Speech
The text in question is a seventeen minute speech written and delivered by Dr. King. The basic medium of the text was an oral speech that was broadcast by both loudspeakers at the event and over radio and television. Dr. King drew on years of training as a minister and public speaker to deliver the speech. He also drew on his extensive education and the tumultuous history of racial prejudices and civil rights in the US. Audiences at the time either heard his speech in person or over radio or television broadcasts. Part of the speech near the end was improvised around the repeated phrase “I have a dream.”
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the most iconic leader of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He was an African-American Baptist minister and prominent civil rights activist who campaigned to end segregation and racial discrimination. He gained inspiration from Howard Thurman and Mahatma Gandhi, and he drew extensively from a deep, rich cultural tradition of African-American Christian spiritualism.
The audiences for “I Have a Dream” are extraordinarily varied. In one sense, the audience consisted of the 200,000 or so people who listened to Dr. King in person. But Dr. King also overtly appealed to lawmakers and citizens everywhere in America at the time of his speech. There were also millions of people who heard his speech over radio and television at the time. And many more millions people since 1963 have heard recordings of the speech in video, audio, or digital form.
Dr. King’s immediate purposes appear to have been to convince Americans across the country to embrace racial equality and to further strengthen the resolve of those already involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Audiences’ purposes are not as easily summarized. Some at the time may have sought to be inspired by Dr. King. Opponents to racial equality who heard his speech may have listened for the purpose of seeking to find ways to further argue against racial equality. Audiences since then may have used the speech to educate or to advocate for other social justice issues.
The initial setting for the speech was on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC on August 28, 1963. The immediate community and conversation for the speech was the ongoing Civil Rights Movement that had gained particular momentum with the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, which Dr. King helped direct. But the enduring nature of Dr. King’s speech has broadened the setting to include many countries and many people who have since read or listened to his speech. Certainly, people listening to his speech for the first time today in America are experiencing a different mix of cultural attitudes toward race than as present in America in 1963.
Dr. King’s speech is an example of a rhetorical situation that is much bigger than its initial text and audience. Not many rhetorical situations are as far reaching in scope as Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. The following example of a research paper may be more identifiable to students reading this resource.