You will present on a genetic disorder of your choosing including • Name of disease and general description including organs affected • Cause- inherited, mutation, autosomal, sex linked • Signs and symptoms • Diagnosis • Treatments/medications • prognosis
Flexhulk
bshs_311_week_4_team_a_pp_revised.pptxGestalt therapy
Introduction
The history of Gestalt Therapy
The beliefs on which it is based
The important contributors or practitioners of the theory
The theory of helping
The relationship between the helper and the client
Some techniques or approaches developed
The kinds of problems addressed
The populations on which the techniques are used
Multicultural issues in using these approaches
Research findings on the model or theory
Theory of Helping
Responsibility for themselves
Express
Fourfold
expression
differentiation
affirmation
choice and integration
Gestalt therapy is concerned with how a client is experiencing life at the present point in time, and will have this as the basis of the therapeutic work.
A Gestalt therapist, then, would help the client move into those feelings
(or thoughts) in a way that allows a deep immersion into those experiences and the
freedom to express what the client has previously feared to release. Once the client
has moved through the impasse and experienced and expressed what was lying
underneath, an insight usually occurs that helps the client understand what has kept
him or her stuck
Gestalt therapy is helping individuals assume responsibility for themselves rather than relying on others to make decisions for them
Gestalt therapy aims to challenge its clients to move from “environmental support” to “self-support,” in order to mobilize their own resources for dealing with the environment effectively and to make creative adjustments that permit the self to respond to environmental pressures and to inner needs.
expression clients are encouraged to tell who they are as fully as possible, even becoming aware of gestures, breathing, voice tone, and facial expressions. In order to keep them in the “now” and maintain responsibility, clients are urged to preface their expressions with the phrase, “Now I am aware. . . .”
differentiation, so that clients can differentiate among the parts of their inner conflict. They might be encouraged, for example, to exaggerate their facial expression and in so doing, they may become more aware of their “angry part.”
affirmation, occurs when the client is encouraged to identify with “all the parts” that are emerging into awareness. It is here that the Gestalt therapist will allow clients to fully express their pent-up emotions.
choice and integration, the client comes to say, “I am responsible for my frustration and resentment.” “responsibility is really response-ability, the ability to choose one’s reactions,” and it comes about only when we relinquish our defenses and allow ourselves to become aware of our true feelings and motivations. In this stage an internal integration brings a sense of peace and is a sign of a “completed gestalt.”
3
Therapist
“like an artist bringing something out which is hidden,”
-Frederick Solomon “Fritz” Perls
Helper v. Client
Helper (therapist)
Not objective or neutral
Relationship
Empathy
Respect
Challenge
a therapist is not objective or neutral, and does not take a detached, or analytical approach, but invests herself in a relationship with the client - interacting rather as equals. A Gestalt therapist will typically have empathy and understanding and respect for the client's situation, but will also be able to challenge the client's thoughts and feelings so that the client can gain new insights to what he or she is struggling with.
5
Kinds of problems addressed
Identifying the client’s behavior
The environment
Offer a solution
Rewards
The behavioral theory of helping others addresses issues such as identifying the client’s behavior, in most cases the bad behavior. Apart from identifying the bad behavior, the root cause of the behavior is established so as to offer a solution. Of paramount importance in this theory is that all behavior is learned and that no one just naturally behaves the way they do; they must have learned it from somewhere. There are many areas one can learn behavior. The environment around a person influences their behavior and the people whom one interacts with. Behavior is also influenced by the childhood that someone had.
Rewards are set to enhance good behavior while punishments are stipulated for bad behavior. It is human nature to react towards rewards; rewards tend to make people work hard or behave in a certain way so as to get them. The behaviors to be observed should be measurable so that one can be helped. For instance if one is consuming alcohol on average how many bottles do they consume daily? The behavioral theory of helping therefore focuses on reinforcement, both positive and negative reinforcement.
6
The populations on the techniques
Counseling
rehabilitated through punishments
is only limited to
The behavioral theory is very appropriate in counseling and helping children, and in particular juvenile delinquents. This is because juvenile delinquents need to be rehabilitated through punishments of bad behavior and be taught good behavior. In other words, juvenile delinquents need to unlearn the bad behavior say stealing, and relearn a good behavior that they violated e.g. obeying the law. According to Sage Publishers, behavioral theory; “positively reinforces desired behaviors and negatively reinforce undesired behaviors”.
However, it would be wrong to assume that behavioral theory is only limited to juvenile delinquents. Adult offenders, addicts, and others struggling with bad behavior can be counseled using the same theory. In adults, the rewards and punishments of behaving in a certain way are put on the table so as to lure the client adopt good behavior. For instance a client who is an alcoholic is told the benefits of quitting alcohol against the negative effects of alcoholism; using practical examples will be good to provide emphasize of points. Based on the undesirable effects of alcohol, the client will chose to adapt an alcohol-free behavior. This is because behavioral theory; “applies principles of learning to resolution of specific behavioral disorder (alcoholism”) (Grant, CSUN).
7
Multicultural issues
Freudian’s psychoanalytic theory
The behavioral theory is a constructed from Freudian’s psychoanalytic theory, a theory that was developed based on the European culture of the theorist. As such the behavioral theory poses cultural insensitivity to clients from other cultures, and ethnicities. For example inhabitation of sexuality was greatly valued during Freudian’s time (Victorian era); as such it would not be very fit in a revolutionized era like ours where we have cultures that oppose certain behaviors. In addition, “many of the classical theories may fit privileged individuals—or at least middle-class individuals who are from the dominant American/Western European culture—very well, especially men.” Where does that leave the other cultures? it is difficult to come up with a theory that would be effective for every individual.
8
Helper v. Client
Client
Awareness (insight)
What they are doing
How
Self examine
Raise clients awareness on how they are functioning in their own environment, Initial goal is for clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing & doing now,
– Promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations
– Rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to become the hurt child
clients become aware of what they are doing, how they are doing it, and how they change themselves, and at the same time, learn to accept and value themselves.
Clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, & interpreting
Individuals, according to this approach, define, develop, and learn about themselves in relationship to others, and that they are constantly changing.
9
Techniques
Experiments
Role of Confrontation
Empty-Chair Technique
Gestalt therapy is not verbal, but primarily experiential; it is about doing rather than saying. Because the focus is on the here and now, Gestalt therapy is particularly intent on providing opportunities for “creative experimentation,” and some of counseling’s most innovative techniques emerge from out of a therapeutic approach
Experiment
Dramatizing the memory of a painful event
Setting up a dialogue between client & some significant person in their life
Role of Confrontation
It is important to be direct and confrontational
It can be done in an inviting manner and not harshly
Empty-Chair Technique
When client speaks to an empty chair as if it were another person or another part of the client
Used to help the client get in touch with other views or other aspects of self
10
References
Grant, S. (n.d.). models of helping. psychology counseling 460 & interviewing . Retrieved, from http ://www.csun.edu/~ hcpsy002/Psy460_Ch01_Handout_p
Models of helping. (2007, November 27). Models of helping. Retrieved, from http://www.sagepub.com/upm
