Biology journal

J Circulatory System, Blood and Respiratory System Questions

Answer questions: Be able to answer the multiple choice questions

Chapter 5 Read the case study

Page 111 questions 1- 14 Do: Check your progress page 110

Chapter 6 Read the case study

Page 131 questions 1-·3 10. How long does it take for your body to return to normal after you donate blood? 11. Ben, in our case study was diagnosed with what blood disease? What were the effects on his body?

Chapter 9 1. Make a chart and list the organs in the respiratory system and list their function. 2. Describe the alveoli, what is their purpose? What is emphysema ?

Read pg. 212-213 l. Is there a safe way to smoke? Are chewing tobacco and snuff safe alternatives? 2. What chemical in tobacco is addictive? 3. What causes smoker's cough? 4. What are some of the long-term risks? Short term risks? What is passive smoking(second hand smoke)? What problems does it cause?

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Bacterial resistance to Antibiotics

Use the textbook, and the enclosed articles and internet sites to answer the following questions. 1. What is a pathogen 2. When was penicillin first introduced to the public? What were the different roles of

Fleming, Florey and Chain in the development of penicillin? How does penicillin prevent bacteria from multiplying?

3. Briefly, explain how bacterial cells differ from human cells. 4. Why shouldn't doctors prescribe antibiotics for viral infections? 5. List at least 3 diseases caused by bacteria. List at least 3 diseases caused by viruses. 6. What is antibiotic resistance? Give at least 4 examples of diseases that now have

resistant strain of bacteria? 7. What is drug resistance staph? What is MRSA? How can infections be prevented?

How has antibiotic resistance affected patient care in hospitals? 8. How do common antibiotics work? 9. Bacteria are very successful at resisting new drugs that we use against them. Explain

various ways that they can develop immunity against common antibiotics. 10. Bacteria are very successful sharing resistance to drugs. Explain various ways that

they can share resistance genes, so that new populations of bacteria can become resistant.

11. How have our doctors, drug companies and the cleaning industry increased the problem? How has the food and farm industry increased this problem?

12. If you had a friend that wanted to use your leftover antibiotic, what would you tell him?

http://www .fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForY ou/Consumers/ucm 143568.htm http://www. tufts.edu/medlapua/Q&A/Q&A soc.html

http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/anitbiotic-resistance-faqs.html

110 Unit 2 Maintenance of the Human Body

most survived for only a few days. However, medical advances have increased the survival time to months for many recipients, making the TAH a temporary treatment for people who are experiencing heart failure. To date, over 1,000 TAHs have been implanted into patients.

common in humans.

0\ Summarize the treatments that are available for iovascular disorders.

scuss why CVD is the leading source of death in \A/odorn countries.

CASE STUDY CONCLUSION

Fallowing his exam, Steven spent time researching the causes and effects of hypertension on his body. He learned what a blood pressure value of 132/84 mm Hg really meant. The larger number (132) represented the maximum pressure as his heart was beating, while the smaller number (84) was the resting pressure. Ideally, his blood pressure should be less than 120/80 mm Hg, so as his doctor indicated, Steven was prehypertensive. However, the good news was that at his age,

MEDIA STUDY TOOLS

CONNECTING THE CONCEPTS

Many cardiovascular disorders are caused by incorrect diet or a sedentary lifestyle. Others are the result of genetic abnor- malities. For more on the relationships between diet and car- diovascular help and how scientists identify genes associated with cardiovascular disease, refer to the following discussions:

Section 8.6 explores how each class of nutrient relates to a healthy lifestyle.

Table 8.41ists methods of lowering saturated fats and cholesterol in the diet.

Sections 21.3 and 21.4 explain how biotechnology and genomics are identifying new genes associated with disease.

prehypertension was largely due to lifestyle choices, namely diet and physical activity. Therefore, Steven resolved to watch his diet more closely, especially the amount of saturated fat and cholesterol, and increase his cardiovascular workouts per week. His doctor also recommended a follow-up visit in a few months to ensure that Steven was making satisfactory progress.

• COf1f'leC't 8 Enhance your study of this chapter with media! Visit www.mhhe.com/maderhumanl3e and go to !BIOLOGY "Media Study Tools" for this chapter to access the following:

;J Animations ~Videos II MP3FIIes 5.3 Heart Stem Cells 5.3 Cardiac Cycle • Conducting System of

the Heart • Baroreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure

5. 7 Cardiac Repair • Heart Stem Cells

5.2 Classification of Blood Vessels 5.3 Cardiac Cycle • Cardiac Conduction System

5.6 Fluid Exchange Across the Walls of Capillaries

SUMMARIZE 5.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood, and blood vessels take blood to and from capillaries, where exchanges of nutrients for wastes occur with tissue cells. Blood is refreshed at the lungs, where gas exchange occurs; at the digestive tract, where nutrients enter the blood; and at the kidney, where wastes are removed from blood.

The lymphatic system removes excess fluid from around the tissue and returns it to the cardiovascular system.

5.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure

5.2 The Types of Blood Vessels Arteries: Arteries and arterioles move blood away from the heart. Arteries have the thickest walls, which allows them to withstand blood pressure.

Capillaries: Exchange of substances occurs in the capillaries. Precapillary sphincters and arteriovenous shunts help control the flow of blood within the capillaries.

Veins: Veins and venules move blood toward the heart. Veins have relatively weak walls with valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.

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5.3 The Heart Is a Double Pump The heart is the pump of the circulatory

_.- system and consists of a right and left

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side separated by a septum. Each side has an atrium and a ventricle. Valves, such as the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves, keep the blood moving in the correct direction. The tissue of the heart, the myocardium, is contained within a sac called the pericardium. At the cellular level, the tissues interact using gap junctions and desmosomes. The heart supplies itself with blood using the coronary arteries.

Passage of Blood Through the Heart

• The right atrium receives 0 2-poor blood from the body, and the right ventricle pumps it into the pulmonary circuit (pulmonary arteries).

• The left atrium receives 0 2 -rich blood from the lungs (pulmonary veins), and the left ventricle pumps it into the systemic circuit.

The Heartbeat Is Controlled During the cardiac cycle, the SA (sinoatrial) node (or pacemaker) initiates the heartbeat by causing the atria to contract. The AV (atrioventricular) node conveys the stimulus to the ventricles, causing them to contract (systole).The heart sounds, "lub-dub;' are due to the closing of the atrioventricular valves, followed by the closing of the semilunar valves. The muscles of the heart relax (diastole) between contractions. An electrocardiogram (ECG) may be used to measure the activity of the heart.

5.4 Features of the Cardiovascular System The pulse indicates the heartbeat rate. Blood pressure caused by the beating of the heart accounts for the flow of blood in the arteries. The systolic pressure is the maximum, while the diastolic pressure is the minimum. The reduced velocity of blood flow in capillaries facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes in the tissues. Blood flow in veins is caused by skeletal muscle contraction (skeletal muscle pump), the presence of valves, and respiratory movements (respiratory pump).

5.5 Two Cardiovascular Pathways The cardiovascular system is divided into the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

The Pulmonary Circuit: Exchange of Gases

In the pulmonary circuit, blood travels to and from the lungs.

The Systemic Circuit: Exchanges with Tissue Fluid In the systemic circuit, the aorta divides into blood vessels that serve the body's organs and cells. The vena cava returns 0 2-poor blood to the heart.

The hepatal portal system moves blood between the capillary beds of the digestive system and liver. This system consists of the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein.

5.6 Exchange at the Capillaries This diagram illustrates capillary exchange in tissues of the body- not including the gas-exchanging surfaces of the lungs.

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Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels 111

Arterial End Tissue Fluid Venous End

from heart to heart

• At the arterial end of a cardiovascular capillary, blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure; therefore, fluid leaves the capillary.

• In the midsection, oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of the capillary, and carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse into the capillary.

• At the venous end, osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins exceeds blood pressure, causing most of the fluid to reenter the capillary. Some fluid remains as interstitial (tissue) fluid.

Excess fluid not picked up at the venous end of the cardiovascular capillary enters the lymphatic capillaries.

• Lymph is tissue fluid contained within lymphatic vessels. • The lymphatic system is a one-way system. Its fluid is returned

to blood by way of a cardiovascular vein.

5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Western countries.

• Hypertension and atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, angina pectoris (chest pain), or an.aneurysm. Atherosclerotic plaques increase the risk of these conditions. If these plaques dislodge in the circulatory system, a thromboembolism may result.

• Following a heart-healthy diet, getting regular exercise, maintaining a proper weight, and not smoking reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

ASSESS Testing Your Knowledge of the Concepts

) (i: What are the two parts of the cardiovascular system, and what

are the functions of each part? (page 92)

\ 2. Explain where exchanges occur in the body and the importance ' of those exchanges. (page 92)

3. Which of the three types of blood vessels are most numerous? Explain. (page 93)

4. bescribe the structure of the heart, including the chambers and valves. (pages 94-97)

5. What is the function of the septum in the heart? What would happen if the heart had no septum? (page 94)

6. Trace the path of blood through the heart, including chambers, valves, and vessels the blood travels through. (pages 96-97)

7. Describe the cardiac cycle, using the terms systole and diastole. What are the roles of the SA node and the AV node in the cardiac cycle? (pages 97-98)

112 Unit 2 Maintenance of the Human Body

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1 8. Distinguish between the internal and external controls of the '. heartbeat. Explain how an ECG relates to the cardiac cycle. \(pages 98-99)

1 9 .. In what vessel is the blood pressure the highest? The lowest? In what vessel is blood flow rate the fastest? The slowest? Why are

J the pressure and rate in the capillaries important to capillary I function? (pages 99-100) I

101 Explain why skeletal muscle contraction has an effect on venous ! flow but not arterial flow. (pages 100-101) I

11.', Distinguish between the two cardiovascular pathways. (page 102)

12. Trace the pathway of blood to and from the brain in the systemic circuit. (page 103)

13~ Describe the process by which nutrients are exchanged for \ wastes across a capillary, using glucose and carbon dioxide as ) examples. (pages 104-105)

~~~ What is the most probable ass~ciati~n betw~e~ hi?h bl_ood · pressure and a heart attack? With this associatiOn m mmd,

what type of diet might help prevent a heart attack? (page 105)

In questions 15-19, match the descriptions to the blood vessel in the key. Answers may be used more than once.

Key:

a. venules d. arteries b. veins e. arterioles c. capillaries

15. Drain blood from capillaries

16. Empty into capillaries

17. May contain valves

18. Move blood away from the heart

19. Sites for exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid

20. When the atria contract, the blood flows a. into the attached blood vessels. b. into the ventricles. c. through the atrioventricular valves. d. to the lungs. e. Both b and c are correct.

21. Which ofthese associations is mismatched? a. left ventricle-aorta b. right ventricle-pulmonary trunk c. right atrium-vena cava d. left atrium-pulmonary artery e. Both b and c are incorrectly matched.

22. Which statement is not correct concerning the heartbeat? a. The atria contract at the same time. b. The ventricles relax at the same time. c. The AV valves open at the same time. d. The semilunar valves open at the same time. e. First the right side contracts; then the left

side contracts.

23. Accumulation of plaque in an artery wall is a. an aneurysm. b. angina pectoris. c. atherosclerosis. d. hypertension. e. a thromboembolism.

24. Label the following diagram of the cardiovascular system using the alphabetized list below the figure:

aorta carotid artery iliac artery iliac vein inferior vena cava jugular vein interstitial arteries

ENGAGE (8 Virtual Lab ~Blood Pressure

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trunk and legs

hepatic portal vein hepatic vein pulmonary artery pulmonary vein renal artery renal vein superior vena cava

The virtual lab "Blood Pressure" provides an interactive look at how factors such as age and gender influence the risk of hypertension.

Thinking Critically About the Concepts

l. You have to stand in front of the class to give a report. You are nervous, and your heart is pounding. What is the specific mechanism behind this reaction? How would your ECG appear?

2. The cardiovascular system is an elegant example of the concept that structure supports function. Each type of blood vessel has a specific job. Each vessel's physical characteristics enable it to do that job. The muscle walls of the right and left ventricle vary in thickness depending on where they pump the blood. When organ structure is damaged or changed (as arteries are in atherosclerosis), the organ's ability to perform its function may be compromised. Homeostatic conditions, such as blood pressure, may be affected as well. Dietary and lifestyle choices can either prevent damage or harm the cardiovascular system. a. What do you think the long-term effects of hypertension

would be on the heart? What about other organ systems? b. Why do you think a combination of hypertension and

atherosclerosis is a particularly dangerous combination? c. What factors in your life could be changed to reduce the

risk of CVD? Be critical!

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CASE STUDY LUPUS

Abigail is a healthy and active 12-year-old girl. She has a pretty unre-markable patient history that included nothing but the normal child- hood diseases-croup when she was an infant, chicken pox a few years ago, several ear infections, and a couple of bad bouts of the flu. Over the last few months, she has been complaining to her mother that she was tired, her arms and legs ached, and her knees and elbows were both-

ering her. Her mother immediately thought it was "growing pains" and dismissed the symptoms. Within a few weeks, Abigail developed a rash on her cheeks and across the bridge of her nose, which resembled a but- terfly shape. Her mother believed it was due to the new face soap she had switched to. Thinking Abigail might be sensitive to an ingredient in the soap, her mother quickly switched back to the old brand. The rash did not subside. Abigail suddenly began developing ulcers in her mouth, which interfered with eating and drinking. Within a few more weeks, Abigail also

began experiencing some digestive issues-stomachaches after eating, periodic bouts of diarrhea, and a noticeable weight loss. Within another few weeks, Abigail began losing handfuls of hair. Her mother took her to the pediatrician.

Dr. Koos did a full exam on Abigail and ran a battery of tests over the next few days. The tests included a complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis,

various protein assays, and an ANA (antinuclear antibody) test, which is a test commonly used to aid in the diagnosis of many different autoimmune disorders. Once the results were in and a diagnosis was finally obtained, Dr. Koos explained that Abigail had lupus, an autoimmune disease.

As you read through the chapter, think about the following questions:

('~.'What is an autoimmune disease? f 2. Are the symptoms Abigail experienced common to autoimmune I diseases? - \3. How is an autoimmune disease acquired?

C H A P T E R

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

CHAPTER CONCEPTS

7.1 Microbes, Pathogens, and You Bacteria and viruses are pathogens that cause human diseases.

7.2 The Lymphatic System The lymphatic vessels return excess tissue fluid to cardiovascular veins. The lymphatic organs are important to immunity.

7.3 Innate Immune Defenses Innate defenses are barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body and mechanisms able to deal with minor invasions.

7.4 Adaptive Immune Defenses Adaptive defenses specifically counteract an invasion in two ways: by producing antibodies and by outright killing of abnormal cells.

7.5 Acquired Immunity The two main types of acquired immunity are immunization by vaccines and the administration of prepared antibodies.

7.6 Hypersensitivity Reactions The immune system is associated with allergies, tissue reaction, and autoimmune disorders. Treatm!'ml is available for these, and research

·continues into finding new and better cures.

BEFORE YOU BEGIN

Before beginning this chapter, take a few moments to review the following discussions:

Section 2.6 How is a protein's structure related to its function?

Section 3.2 What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Section 6.3 What is the role of white blood cells in defense against pathogens?

J 212 Unit 2 Maintenance of the Human Body

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a. Normal lung b. Lung cancer .J Figure 9.13 Effect of smoking on a human lung. a. Normal lung, note the healthy red color. b. Lungs of a heavy smoker. Notice how black the lungs are except where cancerous tumors have formed.

directly related to increased numbers of women who smoke. Autopsies on smokers have revealed the progressive steps by which the most common form of lung cancer develops. The first event appears to be thickening and callusing of the cells lining the bronchi. (Callusing occurs whenever cells are exposed to irritants.) Then cilia are lost, making it impossible to prevent dust and dirt from settling in the lungs. Following this, cells with atypical nuclei appear in the callused lining. A tumor consisting of disordered cells with atypical nuclei is considered cancer in situ (at one location). A normal lung versus a lung with cancerous tumors is shown in Figure 9.13. A final step occurs when some of these cells break loose and penetrate other tissues, a process called metastasis. Now the cancer has spread. The original tumor may grow until a bron- chus is blocked, cutting off the supply of air to that lung. The entire lung then collapses, the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, and pneumonia or a lung abscess (localized area of pus) results. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure is to remove a lobe or the whole lung before metastasis has had time to occur. This operation is called pneumonectomy. If the cancer has spread, chemo- therapy and radiation are also required.

Research also indicates that exposure to secondhand smoke can also cause lung cancer and other illnesses normally

associated with smoking. If a person stops voluntary smoking and avoids secondhand smoke, and if the body tissues are not already cancerous, the lungs may return to normal over time.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 9.7 ',.~ J

0 Name and describe the symptoms of some common respiratory infections and disorders of the upper respiratory tract and of the lower respiratory tract.

0 Detail how each of the common respiratory infections in the preceding question can be treated.

8 Describe the three respiratory disorders commonly associated with smoking tobacco.

CONNECTING THE CONCEPTS

For more on the diseases that influence the respiratory sys- tem, refer to the following discussions:

Section S.1 provides a more detailed look at tuberculosis and influenza epidemics.

Section S.3 explains the causes and consequences of antibiotic resistance. __)

Sections 19.1 and 19.2 examine the biology of cancer cells and the major causes of cancer.

Chapter 9 Respiratory System 213

':! ~ ' ' ,, ,·' ;'' ' ' ' ,, -"' ' ' ' ' ,.~,~~,~f!JJ'.·f({£rt~m"'''~"'-' ,'1/1 ,': ~ Health · · ., ·· -.'·3' ~ ~~'4'¥W;~~~w~:: "~~~m~,Jf/'f~jc~:~·:A :ff:- ~~' ~ ,;;:~"' ~ m ~ ~ ' ,, ,, " "'?••!,t,ilic' ~~ ',' ' !\' ,, ' ' ' ' ' ' ,, ·,' '.·:=i: Questions About Smoking, Tobacco, and Health Is cigarette smoking really addictive? Yes. Nicotine is an addictive drug (just like heroin and cocaine). Small amounts make the smoker want to smoke more. Also, nicotine not only affects the mood and nature of the smoker, it may cause withdrawal symptoms if the smoker attempts to stop. The younger a person is when he or she begins to smoke, the more likely he or she is to develop an addiction to nicotine.

What are some of the short-term and long-term effects of smoking cigarettes?

Short-term effects include shortness of breath and nagging coughs, diminished ability to smell and taste, premature aging of the skin, and increased risk of sexual impotence in men. Smokers tend to tire easily during physical activity. Long-term effects include many types of cancer, heart dis- ease, aneurysms, bronchitis, emphysema, and stroke. Smok- ing contributes to the severity of pneumonia and asthma.

Does smoking cause cancer? Yes. Tobacco use accounts for about one-third of cancer deaths in the United States. Smoking causes almost 90% oflung can- cers. Smoking also causes cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. It contributes to the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, cervix, kidney, and stomach. Smoking is also linked to the development of some leukemias.

Why do smokers have "smoker's cough"? Cigarette smoke contains chemicals that irritate the air pas- sages and lungs. When a smoker inhales these substances, the body tries to protect itself by producing mucus and coughing. The nicotine in smoke decreases the sweeping action of cilia, so some of the poisons in the smoke remain in the lungs.

If you smoke but do not inhale, is there any danger?

Yes. Wherever smoke touches living cells, it does harm. Even if smokers don't inhale, they are breathing the smoke as secondhand smoke and are still at risk for lung cancer. Pipe and cigar smokers, who often do not inhale, are at an increased risk for lip, mouth, tongue, and several other.cancers.

Does cigarette smoking affect the heart?

Yes. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease, the number one cause of death in the United States. Cigarette smoking is the big- gest risk factor for sudden heart attacks. Smokers who have a heart attack are more likely to die within an hour of the heart attack than nonsmokers. Cigarette smoke at very low levels (much lower than the levels that cause lung disease) can cause damage to the heart.

How does smoking affect pregnant women and their babies?

Smoking during pregnancy is linked with a greater chance of miscarriage, premature delivery, stillbirth, infant death, low

birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Up to 10% of infant deaths would be prevented if pregnant women did not smoke. When a pregnant woman smokes, the nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other dangerous chemicals in smoke enter her bloodstream and then pass into the baby's body. This prevents the baby from getting essential nutrients and oxygen for growth.

What are the dangers of environmental tobacco smoke?

Environmental tobacco smoke, also called secondhand smoke, increases the rate of heart disease by over 25% in nonsmokers, and causes an estimated 46,000 deaths from heart disease each year. Children whose parents smoke are more likely to suffer from asthma, pneumonia or bronchitis, ear infections, cough- ing, wheezing, and increased mucus production in the first two years of life.

Are chewing tobacco and snuff safe alternatives to cigarette smoking?

No. The juice from smokeless tobacco is absorbed directly through the lining of the mouth. This creates sores and white patches that often lead to cancer of the mouth and damage to the teeth and gums. Smokeless tobacco users greatly increase their risk of other cancers, including those of the pharynx

How can people stop smoking?

There are a number of organizations, including the American Cancer Society and the American Lung Association, that offer suggestions for how to quit smoking. Both organizations also offer support groups to people interested in quitting. There is even advice about how people can help their friends quit smok- ing. Nicotine Anonymous offers a 12-step program for kicking a nicotine addiction, modeled after the 12-step Alcoholics Anon- ymous program. Recovering smokers have reported that a sup- port system is very important. Several smoking-cessation drugs have been approved by the FDA, and others are in development phases. One su~h drug, varenicline ( Chantix), affects areas in the brain stimulated by nicotine. Varenicline may lessen withdrawal symptoms by mimicking the effects of nicotine. In addition, several over-the-counter products are available to replace nicotine. These include nicotine patches, gum, and lozenges. These products are designed to supply enough nico- tine to alleviate the withdrawal symptoms people experience during attempts to stop smoking.

Questions to Consider

1. What can you do to reduce your exposure to secondhand smoke?

2. Why does cigarette smoke have a negative effect on organ systems that are not in direct contact with the actual smoke?