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hart14_ppt_ch01.ppt© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Drug Use: An Overview
Chapter 1
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© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Talking About Drug Use
- Who is taking the drug?
- What drug are they taking?
- When and where is the drug being used?
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Talking About Drug Use
- Why is the drug being used?
- Vicodin prescribed for pain relief vs. Vicodin used for pleasurable feelings
- How is the drug being taken?
- Chewing coca leaves vs. snorting cocaine
- How much of the drug is being used?
- Two beers vs. ten shots of tequila
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Four Principles of Psychoactive Drugs
- Both the size and the quality of a drug’s effect depend on the amount the individual has taken
- The effects of any psychoactive drug depend on the individual’s history and expectations
- Drugs, per se, are not good or bad
- Every drug has multiple effects
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Key Concepts and Definitions
- Drug
- Any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in a living organism
- Psychoactive drug
- A drug that specifically affects thoughts, emotions, or behavior
- Illicit drug
- A drug that is unlawful to possess or use
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Key Concepts and Definitions
- Deviant drug use
- Drug use that is not common within a social group and is disapproved of by the majority
- Drug misuse
- Use of drugs or chemicals in greater amounts than prescribed by a doctor, or for purposes other than, those intended by the manufacturer
- Drug abuse
- Substance use in a manner, an amount, or in situations such that it causes social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems
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Key Concepts and Definitions
- Drug dependence
- A more precise term than addiction
- A state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently or consistently that it would be difficult for the person to stop
- May be physiological and/or psychological
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Humans and Drugs
Throughout History
- Enhancing spiritual experiences
- Major economic roles in societies past
- Development of legal pharmaceuticals
- Beginnings of the “war on drugs”
- Today’s economic impact of psychoactive drugs
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Extent of Drug Use
- Not easy to get accurate information on
- Number of drug users
- How much is imported and sold
- Usage of even alcohol, tobacco, and prescription drugs
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Marijuana use among persons ages 12-25, by age group:
1971-2006 (National Survey on Drug Use and Health)
In 2008 the percentage use for the age groups of 18-25 and 12-17 remained the same as they were in 2005; 16.5% and 6.7% respectively.
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Figure 1.2 from text
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Trends in reported drug use within the past 30 days for young adults ages 18 to 25 (National Survey on Drug Use and Health)
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
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Figure 1.3 from text
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Correlates of Drug Use
- Correlate = a variable that is statistically related to another variable, such as drug use
- IMPORTANT: Correlates are not causes
- Socioeconomic status does not correlate well with drug use
- Personality problems are poor predictors of drug use
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Correlates of Drug Use
- Risk factors include:
- Community, parental, and peer attitudes and behaviors
- Antisocial/problem behaviors
- Poor school performance
- Protective factors include:
- Involvement in religious activities
- Perceived risk of drug use
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Limitations of Correlation Studies
- Does smoking marijuana cause the user to get lower grades? Or is it the kids who are already getting low grades who are more likely to smoke marijuana?
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Antecedents of Drug Use
- Antecedent = a factor that occurs before an event such as the initiation of drug use
- Still not labeled “causes”
- Examples of antecedents
- Aggressiveness
- Conduct problems
- Poor academic performance
- Attachment to a drug-using peer group
- Parental and community norms that support drug use
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Gateway Substances
- Alcohol and tobacco are sometimes considered gateways to the use of illicit drugs
- Gateway substances are perhaps best thought of as early indicators of a basic pattern of deviant behavior resulting from a variety of risk factors
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Motives for Drug Use
- We all do things that we know, logically, we should not do
- Eating too much
- Driving too fast
- Drinking too much
- Identification with a deviant subculture is a key factor
- Fads and cultural trends influence what drugs are used
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Motives for Drug Use
- Characteristics of drugs can reinforce their use
- Altered states of consciousness
- Societal, community, and family factors play an important role in whether an individual tries a drug
- Drug factors play an important role in whether an individual continues to use a drug
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