Management Course: Discussion Topic
jandreg
chap003-1.pptxPerceiving Ourselves and Others in Organizations
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
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Complexity
People have multiple self-views
Consistency
Similar personality and values across multiple selves
Clarity
Clearly and confidently described, internally consistent, and stable across time.
People have better well-being with:
multiple selves (complexity)
well established selves (clarity)
selves are similar and compatible with traits (consistency)
Self-Concept Dimensions (3 C’s)
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Self-enhancement
Drive to promote/protect a positive self-view
competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued
Positive self-concept outcomes:
better personal adjustment and mental/physical health
inflates personal causation and probability of success
Self-verification
Motivation to verify/maintain our self-concept
Stabilizes our self-concept
People prefer feedback consistent with their self-concept
Self-verification outcomes:
Tend to perceive information consistent with our self-concept
We interact more with those who affirm our self-concept
Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
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Self-evaluation
Self-esteem – extent that we like and respect ourselves
Self-efficacy -- belief in one’s ability, motivation, role perceptions, and situation to complete a task
Locus of control -- general belief about personal control over life events
Social Self
Social identity -- defining ourselves in terms of groups to which we belong or have an emotional attachment
We identify with groups that support self-enhancement
Self-Evaluation and Social Self
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Perception Defined
The process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us
Determining which information gets noticed
how to categorize this information
how to interpret information within our existing knowledge framework
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Selective Attention
Selecting vs ignoring sensory information
Affected by object and perceiver characteristics
Emotional markers attached to selected information
Confirmation bias
Information contrary to our beliefs/values is screened out
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Categorical thinking
Mostly nonconscious process of organizing people/things
Perceptual grouping principles
Similarity or proximity
Closure -- filling in missing pieces
Perceiving trends
Interpreting incoming information
Emotional markers automatically evaluate information
Perceptual Organization/Interpretation
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Social identity and self-enhancement reinforce stereotyping through:
Categorization -- Categorize people into groups
Homogenization -- Assign similar traits within a group; different traits to other groups
Differentiation -- Assign less favourable attributes to other groups
Stereotyping Through Categorization, Homogenization, Differentiation
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Attribution Rules
External Attribution
Frequently
Consistency
Seldom
Internal Attribution
Frequently
Distinctiveness
Seldom
Seldom
Consensus
Frequently
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle
Supervisor
forms
expectations
Expectations
affect supervisor’s
behavior
Supervisor’s
behavior affects
employee
Employee’s
behavior matches
expectations
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...at the beginning of the relationship (e.g. employee joins the team)
...when several people have similar expectations about the person
...when the employee has low rather than high past achievement
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Effect is Strongest...
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Halo effect
One trait affects perception of person’s other traits
False-consensus effect
overestimate how many others have similar beliefs or traits like ours
Primacy effect
First impressions
Recency effect
Most recent information dominates perceptions
Other Perceptual Effects
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Awareness of perceptual biases
Improving self-awareness
Applying Johari Window
Meaningful interaction
Close, frequent interaction toward a shared goal
Equal status
Engaged in a meaningful task
Strategies to Improve Perceptions
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An individual’s ability to perceive, appreciate, and empathize with people from other cultures, and to process complex cross-cultural information.
awareness of, openness to, and respect for other views and practices in the world
capacity to empathize and act effectively across cultures
ability to process complex information about novel environments
ability to comprehend and reconcile intercultural matters with multiple levels of thinking
Global Mindset
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