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%.3 Grammar and Style

2.3 • Grammar and Style 1

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Tone and style: _

lntended effect:

Primary audience: _

Secondary audience (ifany): _

Prior knowledge of subject: _

Level of understanding of jargon: _

Probable questions: _

Probable objections: _

Audience attitude toward subject: _

Educational level of audience: _

Information important to this audience: _

Figure 2.2. Sample audience profile sheet

with, decide what their level of background knowledge is, and determine what their needs are. Without going through this process, you may waste both your time and your audience's time.

Grammar and style are based on two more general concepts: syntax and seman- tics. Basically, syntax is the organization of the words in a sentence, and semantics is the meaning of the individual words in the sentence. Both are vital to good writing, and both affect the overall meaning of the sentence. In nontechnical communication, having a somewhat unclear sentence is usually not a problem; however, in technical communication, lack of clarity can sometimes yield disas- trous results. Consider the following sentence:

The road is thinking about her clouds.

The syntax is correct, but the semantics is wrong. You can read the sentence and it sounds like a sentence, but the meaning is unclear; worse, it's meaningless. Now consider this sentence:

'[_hinking the her clouds about road is.

The syntax is wrong, and apparently the semantics is also wrong, but It isn't really clear. This example is extreme, but if you aren't careful in your writing, sim- ilar but less obvious problems can arise. Last, consider the following sentence:

Susan is thinking about her homework.

Both the syntax and the semantics are correct. The sentence makes sense and has meaning.