Psy 380 and Psy 280 ( FINAL)

10th Edition, 2009

ISBN: 13: 978-0-495-39092-3

Authors:

Mary Ann Lamanna and Agnes Riedmann

Publisher:

Thomson Learning, Inc.

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Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet) 1. In 2005, the average size of a u.s. household was

a. 4.14 people.

b. 3.14 people.

c. 2.57 people.

d. 1.1 people.

2. According to the text, marriage remains an almost experience;

91 percent of adults have been married or plan to marry.

a. universal

b. surreal e. rare

d. unreal

3. Over the past four decades, fertility in the United States has

a. stayed about the same.

b. increased dramatically. e. declined.

d. fluctuated substantially.

4. In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the

last decade and a half, it has been child/children per woman.

o , Ie;,;, than one b. one

e. around two d. about three

5. The text reports that rates of childlessness seem to be

a. increasing.

b. leveling off. e. decreasing. d. fluctuating.

6. The text reports that divorce rates

a. continue to increase annually.

b. are much lower today than in the past.

e. have stabilized, although they remain at high levels. d. are skyrocketing.

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7. The divorce rate

a. has been in decline for more than two decades.

b. continues to increase over time.

c. will probably never level off.

d. will always remain at 50 percent of first marriages.

8.

______ Americans are most likely of all age groups to be living alone.

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a. Teenaged

b. College-age

c. Middle-age

d. Older

9. What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adult- hood has become elongated?

a. it takes longer to earn enough to support a family

b. more children are deciding not to attend college

c. freeloading is easier

d. young adults are marrying later

10. The stage of the family life cycle comes to an end with the arrival

of the first child.

a. singlehood

b. newly established couple

c. families with adolescents

d. aging families

11. What marks the end of the family life cycle, according to the text?

a. divorce

b. the death of the last person with the family surname

c. the death of a spouse

d. the children leaving home

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12. The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the im- portant tasks it performs for society - reproduction, emotional support, social-

ization of children - is the perspective.

a. structure-functional

b. family relationships

c. interactionist

d. family systems

13. According to psychologist Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following criteria are NOT among those necessary for adulthood?

a. accept responsibility for yourself

b. make independent decisions

c. become financially independent

d. get married

14. The structure-functional theoretical perspective views the family as perform- ing at least three important functions. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a. raising children responsibly

b. providing economic support

c. mate selection

d. providing emotional security

15. Suppose that a law states: "The husband is the head of the household. As such, he will establish a place and a mode of living and the wife must con- form thereto. The husband must support his wife and minor children out of his labor. The wife must assist him insofar as she is able.This hypothetical law is consistent with the focus of which theoretical perspective?

a. conflict

b. structure-functional

c. interactionist

d. family ecology

16. The perspective, which calls attention to cross-cultural variation

in family structure, points out that all societies look to families to accomplish some roles/tasks, even though they may differ from one another regarding how it is arranged for these tasks to be accomplished.

a. feminist

b. family systems

c. exchange

d. structure-functional

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17. Advocates supporting the perspective frequently argue that the

nuclear family is the norm, while their opponents refuse to view the

nuclear family as normal, natural, or best.

a. feminist

b. exchange

c. structure-functional

d. conflict

18. Being at war does affect American families, since of U.s. service

members are married, and almost have children.

a. ten percent; twenty percent

b. one quarter; half

c. twenty percent; forty percent

d. half; three quarters

19. Almost percent of families in the United States were classified as

"working poor" in 2004 (at least one wage earner, but below poverty-level incomes).

a. 5

b. 7

c. 10

d. 12

20. rne divorce rate tor military marriages, as compared to civilian couples, is

____ (personnel) and (officers).

a. higher; the same

b. similar; higher

c. higher; similar

d. similar; lower

21. Economists are divided as to whether the increasing of the econ-

omy - more outsourcing of jobs to other countries and the replacement of manufacturing by service jobs - is rendering the economic foundation of the American family more precarious or is opening new opportunities.

a. industrialization

b. naturalization

c. globalization

d. elevation

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22. The income of the bottom 60 percent of Americans has since

1979.

a. skyrocketed

b. steadily climbed

c. dropped

d. barely budged

23. The text points out that white-collar jobs, especially those in technological and engineering fields and some financial services, are moving overseas to which two countries?

a. India and China

b. Spain and Italy

c. Kenya and South Africa

d. England and Germany

24. One in children in the United States is in poverty.

a. 10

b. 8

c. 6

d. 2

25. According to the text, race is a

a. social construction.

b. biological category.

c. genetic grouping.

d. separate category distinguished by certain biological markers.

26. The 2000 census employed five major racial categories. Which of the follow- ing is NOT one of these?

a. white

b. Black or African American

c. Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

d. multicultural

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27. One cultural message that is sent about being a involves men be-

ing expected to distance themselves from anything considered feminine.

a. sensitive father

b. good worker

c. "real man"

d. stud

28. The cultural expectations for men include all but which of the following?

a. occupational and financial success

b. confidence and self-reliance

c. nurturing and tenderness

d. responsible for military defense

29. An alternate for men emphasizes adventure, sometimes coupled

with violence and/or the need to outwit, humiliate, and defeat other men in barroom brawls, contact sports, and war.

a. cultural message

b. gender identity

c. feminine script

d. gender role

30. The pivotal expectation in for a woman requires her to offer emo-

tional support.

a. occupational roles

b. femininities

c. the parenthood role

d. being a lover

31. A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past twenty years is that of

the II woman": independent, ambitious, and self-confident.

a. bureaucratic

b. ideal

c. professional

d. powerful but lonely

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32. According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional oc- cupations such as

a. the military.

b. teaching.

c. homemaking.

d. nursing.

33. One alternate stereotypical white working-class male response to economic disadvantage and social change involves all but which of the following?

a. a denigrating and hostile critique of blacks and other minorities

b. the "hypermasculinity [of] shop floors, motorcycle clubs, and urban gangs"

c. a renewed sense of family responsibility

d. criticalness towards women

34. Traditionally, the ideal woman has several stereotypical traits. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a. physically attractive

b. not too competitive

c. a good listener

d. career ambition

35. During the 1980s, a new cultural message about men emerged. According

to this message, the II II male or "new man" is emotionally sensi-

tive and expressive, valuing tenderness and equal relationships with women.

a. girly

b. feminine

c. liberated

d. emasculated

36. The cultural script for the "strong black woman" emphasized certain quali- ties. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a. submissiveness

b. independence

c. assertiveness

d. employed

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37. From a(n) perspective, we consider that humans are designed for

the purpose of transmitting their genes to the next generation.

a. interactionist

b. social conflict

c. structure functional

d. biosocial

38. According to the perspective, men are inclined toward casual

sex with many partners, whereas women are inclined to be selective and mo- nogamous.

a. structure-functional

b. biosocial

c. exchange

d. interactionist

39. From the exchange perspective, what a person expects out of a relationship is referred to as

a. relative orientation.

b. perspective.

c. comparison level.

d. satisfaction level.

40. In the model of sexual satisfaction, satisfaction is seen to depend

on the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship, as well as the participant's comparison level.

a. interactionist

b. interpersonal exchange

c. social conflict

d. developmental

41. The interactionist perspective emphasizes the interpersonal negotiation of relationships in the context of

a. sexual scripts.

b. exchange components.

c. comparison level.

d. gender roles.

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42. According to the theoretical perspective on human sexuality,

women and men are seen as being influenced by cultural messages about how we are to be sexual.

a. developmental

b. interpersonal exchange

c. interactionist

d. structure functional

43. In a(n) society, sex is defined as a physiological activity, valued

for its procreative potential.

a. patriarchal

b. matriarchal

c. egalitarian

d. culturally diverse

44. Within the scope of sexuality, orgasm is important for women as

well as for men, and sex is not only, or even primarily, for reproduction, but is an important means of enhancing human intimacy.

a. patriarchal

b. instrumental

c. expressive

d. postmodern

45. The proportion of divorced and widowed is lower among an indi-

cation of their strong cultural commitment to lifelong marriage, and their average lower age.

a. Hispanics

b. non-Hispanics whites

c. African Americans

d. Asian Americans

46. In 1970,36 percent of women age twenty through twenty-four were never-

married; by 2005, that figure had risen to percent.

a. 40

b. 50

c. 65

d. 75

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47. Permanence and sexual exclusivity are two every important elements of the marriage

a.

dialogue.

b.

premise.

c.

contract.

d.

dynamic.

48. Bill and JoAnn have recently married and have made a commitment to each other that they will keep each other as the most important people in their lives, and stay together as long as they live. Bill and JoAnn's joint commit- ment reflects the expectations of

a. self-disclosure.

b. permanence.

c. emotional devotion.

d. fidelity.

49. Zack and Mikayla have recently married and have agreed that they will only have sexual relations with each other. This agreement reflects the expecta- tions of

a. the love relationship.

b. primariness.

c. sexual exclusivity.

d. self-disclosure.

50. Social scientists have defined the family as a -a fundamental

component of social organization.

a. social institution

b. individual contract

c. familial norm

d. unit of population

51. (having more than one spouse) is culturally accepted in many

parts of the world.

a. Heterogamy

b. Homogamy

c. Polyandry

d. Polygamy

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52. What is the key function of marriage for most Americans?

a. a practical, economic institution

b. love and ongoing emotional support

c. childbearing and rearing

d. merging two families

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53. With a group of other married couples, Maureen and Jim regularly ex- change partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex. This reflects a practice known as

a. "musical beds:'

b. "marriage alternatives:'

c. "fun time:'

d. "swinging:'

54. Singles are less likely to return home when _

a. their parents have recently moved

b. their parents have been divorced or remarried

c. they have a child out of wedlock

d. they struggle to find a job

55. The text points out that, in American society, communes

a. have existed throughout its history.

b. have never appeared.

c. are a very recent development.

d. began to develop in the 1960s.

56. A is a situation or place characterized by group living.

a. home

b. retirement community

c. commune

d. gathering

57. Communal living may be one way to deal with problems associated with all

EXCEPT which of the following?

a. aging

b. unattached singlehood

c. single parenthood

d. sexual permissiveness

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58. Communal living is designed to provide _

a. financial stability

b. social support and companionship

c. romantic involvement

d. sexual expressiveness

59. Today, approximately million U.s. heterosexual couples cohabit.

a. 1.5

b. 2.5

c. 3.5

d. 5.5

60. About percent of u.s. women age 15 through 45 are currently

cohabiting with a male partner.

a. 1

b. 3

c. 5

d. 9

61. According to the text, percent of women aged 15-45 have cohab-

ited at some time in their lives.

a. about 5

b. close to 10

c. just over 25

d. just over 50

62. The text reports that approximately percent of cohabitants are

age 65 and over - a fifty percent increase since 1990.

a. 5

b. 15

c. 25

d. over 30

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63. In much of the world, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa that are less

Westernized, parents have traditionally their children's marriag-

es.

a. arranged

b. interfered in

c. paid for

d. organized

64. Today, in countries where arranged marriages used to be the norm, it is more common for the children to marry only when they themselves accept their

parents' choice. Unions like these are called _

a. agreed-upon marriages

b. conceded marriages

c. reluctant marriages

d. assisted marriages

65. In terms of mate selection patterns, the United States is an example of what

cross-cultural researchers call a culture.

a. nationalized marriage

b. cross-national

c. collectivist

d. free-choice

66. Arranged marriage developed in societies based on strong ex-

tended family ties.

a. capitalist

b. collectivist

c. primitive

d. postindustrial

67. With global westernization, are replacing arranged marriage as

the preferred way to select mates throughout the world.

a. non-traditional unions

b. participant-run marriages

c. free choice marriages

d. individual unions

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73. In studying shared parenting, Diane Ehrensaft identified three factors that affected both a father's dedication to everyday parenting and the mother's commitment, too. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a. Many men and their wives were strongly influenced by the feminist movement or other 1960s ideologies that kept them going during the more difficult times.

b. Many of the mothers were intrinsically committed to elementary education.

c. Many of the fathers were in occupations related to children, such as academic child psychology.

d. Both parents tended to have good job security, so they could risk the displea- sure of their supervisors in giving time to parenthood.

74. The text refers to as the degree to which partners agree with and

support each other as parents.

a. partnering parenthood

b. mutual support parenting

c. parenting alliance

d. allied parents

75. In terms of children's behavior problems, aggression, lying, cheating, running away from home, disobeying at school, and delinquency are all examples of

a. externalizing.

b. internalizing.

c. disorganization.

d. anomie.

76. In terms of children's behavior problems, withdrawal, depression, and anxiety are all examples of

a. anomie.

b. internalizing.

c. externalizing.

d. psychoses.

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77. Researchers have consistently found a link between and external-

izing and internalizing in children.

a. age of child

b. gender

c. ethnicity

d. marital conflict

78. The correlation between interparental conflict and behavior problems in chil- dren held true regardless of whether the parents were

a. married or divorced.

b. black or white.

c. overtly or covertly violent.

d. conflictual with the children or not.

79. The text points out that shared parenting is probably more satisfying for par- ents and effective for children when both parents use which parenting style?

a. authoritarian

b. laissez-faire

c. authoritative

d. egalitarian

80. Men with children work compared to childless men, on average.

a. decreased hours

b. increased hours

c. less

d. about the same

81. The Census Bureau only considers those whose wives worked full time as ____ -' also called househusbands.

a. stay-at-home-dads

b. unemployed

c. egalitarian

d. slackers

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82. According to the u.s. Bureau of Labor Statistics from 2006, wives earn more

than their husbands in percent of couples.

a. 10

b. 25

c. 30

d. 50

83. Brad and Janet have been married for 10 years. Janet is a prosecuting at- torney. Brad stays home to care for the house and family. The text would identify Brad as a

a. good provider.

b. role-reversed father.

c. poor provider.

d. househusband.

84. Today, the statistical norm among married couples is the mar-

riage.

a. dual-career

b. male-as-sole-provider

c. two-earner

d. female-as-sole-provider

85. One year into marriage, the average spouse says 'I love you,' hugs and kisses their partner, makes their partner laugh, and has sexual intercourse ____ as often as when they were newly wed.

a. twice

b. just

c. about half

d. one quarter

86. In his most recent publications, Nick Stinnett has used the term "strong families;' by which he largely means

a. attributive.

b. cohesive.

c. consensual.

d. generalized.

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87. When Nick Stinnett made his observations offamily strengths, six qualities stood out. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a. appreciation for one another

b. arrangement of personal schedules to be together

c. a high degree of commitment

d. an excess of consensual validation

88. SOciologist/counselor Carlfred Broderick has listed certain important positive results of good listening. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a. The attitude of listening itself shows love, concern, and respect.

b. Listening can reveal faults in the relationship.

c. The avoidance of interrupting and criticism prevents the sending of negative messages.

d. People discover how things actually look from a spouse's or partner's point of view.

89. According to Shelly Gable's research the "correct" response by one partner to the other's having something positive happen is characterized by

a. active enthusiasm.

b. measured evaluation.

c. sympathetic understanding.

d. controlled argumentation.

90. The text points out that it is only in the present situation, in

which neither patriarchal nor egalitarian norms are firmly entrenched, that marital power is negotiated by individual couples and the power of husbands and wives may be a consequence of their resources.

a. patriarchal

b. matriarchal

c. power non-specific

d. transitional egalitarian

91. Virtually all research indicates that women's satisfaction with is

strongly associated with women's relationship happiness, marital commit- ment, and depression and with the risk of marital disruption.

a. the fairness of their partners' contributions to household work

b. their sexual fulfillment

c. their career and outside pursuits

d. relationships with in-laws

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92. Since 1965, trends in average weekly housework hours for men and women show:

a. men do more housework than women

b. there has been a significant increase in men's share of the housework, although the amount oftime spent is still not equal

c. nothing has changed since 1965

d. there is no significant trend

93. Research on couples' -whether they pool their money and who

controls pooled or separate money-is relatively recent.

a. allocation systems

b. financial marital status

c. fund typing

d. cash decisions

94. A study of fifty-five instances of perinatal loss found that grief was still felt by

some parents forty years later, whereas the majority reported _

a. occasional bouts of intense grief

b. occasional mild grief

c. slight depression

d. no long-term grief

95. According to the text, negotiating family boundary changes is particularly dif- ficult when the loss of a family member is

a. abrupt.

b. certain.

c. ambiguous.

d. unexpected.

96. Ambiguous loss may occur when a family member is physically present but psychologically absent, as in all BUT which of the following cases?

a. alcoholic or mentally ill family members

b. learning disabled children

c. those suffering from Alzheimer's disease

d. children with cognitive impairment or severe disabilities

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97. From the perspective, ambiguous loss is uniquely difficult to deal

with because it creates boundary ambiguity in a family.

a. conflict

b. interactionist

c. family development

d. family systems

98. Hetherington maintains that percent of those who obtain a di-

vorce become "enhanced':

a. 10

b. 70

c. 30

d. 20

99. Which of the following is NOT one of sociologist Paul Bohannan's "stations" of divorce?

a. emotional

b. legal

c. sexual

d. psychic

100. David and Patricia have been married for ten years. They no longer rein- force, but rather undermine each other's self-esteem through endless large and small betrayals; they blame, rather than comfort each other. These con-

ditions reflect the "station" of divorce.

a. psychic

b. emotional

c. community

d. legal