BI108&–&AIR&POLLUTION&LAB
BI108 – AIR POLLUTION LAB The air contains tiny particles of dust, soot, and pollen (known as particulate matter), which can be seen with a hand lens. It may also contain particles of lead and mercury, which are too small to see. Some particles come from faraway volcanic eruptions and soil that has been blown into the air. Other sources are coal-‐ and oil-‐ powered electricity-‐generating plants along with factories, exhaust, and forest fires. Some is released from cars. Because of its small size, particulate matter can travel great distances and contribute to haze in cities. Particulate matter also presents a very troubling human health concern. The small particles can lodge in the lungs, causing asthma, wheezing, and chronic bronchitis. Children and the elderly are at the greatest risk of suffering from respiratory problems due to particulate matter inhalation. Particulate matter is also a suspected carcinogen. Other air pollutants we won’t be measuring in this lab including hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, ozone, smog, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) occur when fuel does not burn completely. Many hydrocarbons are both toxic and carcinogenic. Also, hydrocarbons react with nitrogen oxide and sunlight to form ground-‐level ozone, which damages the lungs, eyes, and respiratory tract and forms one of our nation’s most widespread urban air pollution problems. In this lab we will measure and compare the particulate matter we can see both inside and outside. These will be the two treatments – categories within the experiment that you control. Below you will find the materials you need and the methodology that you will follow. The data you collect will be the number of particles you can see on the sticky ends. You will analyze this data, make graphs to show the averages of your two treatments and then turn in a lab report (see below for format) in which you present your data and describe what it means. 1. MATERIALS
• Roll of white, plastic furniture repair tape (or duct tape will work fine) • Ten paint stirrers or foot long rulers, each labeled with a number (1-‐10) • Scissors • Ten paper cups • Masking tape • Sharpie • Hand lens (magnifying glass)
• Note cards (if needed to prevent disturbance)
2. METHODS • For each stick, cut a strip of furniture/ duct tape ~5 inches (~13
centimeters) long and tightly wrap one end of each stick so the sticky side is facing out. Overlap the ends of the tape to hold it in place. Try not to touch the surface of the tape except at the back where the ends will overlap.
• If you live someplace where the sticks are likely to be disturbed, make a card for each that says “Experiment in progress – please do not disturb”
• Place a paper cup on the taped end of each stick, but don't touch the sides of the cup to the front of the tape (where the ends don’t overlap. (You're using the cups to keep particles off the tape until you put the sticks where you need them.)
• Five of the sticks will be taped to signs somewhere outside (a parking lot or somewhere near the street if possible). The other five should be attached somewhere inside. Place all where they will be exposed to normal air flow for where they are, but where they are unlikely to be disturbed, bumped into, etc. Attach your sticks so that the side without the over lapping ends (the ‘front’) is unobstructed and so that they will remain where you put them. Once you have attached your sticks, remove the paper cups to expose the tape. Attach your “do-‐not-‐disturb” signs (if needed) under each of your sticks.
• After 3 days, recollect your sticks and re-‐cover them with the cups to protect
them in transit back to wherever you will look at them (again, take care not to contact the front of the tape with the cup).
• On the squared off ends of each stick, use a sharpie or pen to draw lines 2 and 3 cm from the top of the stick.
• Use a strong magnifying glass to count the number of visible particles on the front side of the tape (the side without the overlapping ends) between the sharpie marks you made. Anything on the tape counts as a particle – pollen, specks of dirt, bugs, etc. Making the marks makes sure you count particles from the same area for all sticks (so you can compare between them), but will allow you to look at a smaller overall area (might be nice in case you have lots of particles from one location.
• IF YOU FIND THAT NONE OF YOUR STICKS HAVE MANY (OR ANY) PARTICLES between the marked lines, count from the rest of the front of the tape to see if you will pick up anything, BUT if you do this from one stick, you have to do them from all of them – we need to compare apples to apples, so you can’t compare the number of particles in 1 cm from a few sticks and from 5 cm from the others.
• Take a picture of your sticks to attach to your lab report.
• Record your observations in the table provided. Having multiple sticks from each place gives you REPLICATES, will give you a better idea of what is really going on in each place. After all, if you wanted to know how tall the average man was, you wouldn’t just measure one!
• Calculate an average for each location and record it in the table. • Make a graph showing the AVERAGE number of particulates for each
location. With the data you collected, you will write a lab report and submit that through Blackboard. I have posted an example of a properly formatted report from another class to use as a guide. In your report, you should have the following sections: An Abstract: this is a summary and should speak in general terms about the purpose of the experiment, the methods, the findings and what they mean. It should be SHORT and GENERAL – the bottom line on each of the sections that follow, so a reader will have a general idea of what you did, what you found and what it means. I. Statement of problem: What is the question that you are addressing and why is it interesting/ important? II. Statement of working hypothesis: a statement that can be falsified such as “I hypothesize that there will be more particulate matter collected on the inside sticks.” III. Experimental designs and methods: this is what you did to conduct the experiment, including the materials you used but IT SHOULD NOT READ LIKE A LIST!!! This section should be in SENTENCES and in PAST TENSE (you did the experiment before you sat down to write the report after all). It should contain enough detail that the person reading your lab report would understand what you did, but you don’t have to tell us every time you sneezed. This section should contain NO RESULTS – that comes later. IV. Results: this is where you present your results, including the averages for your two treatments (indoors & outdoors). You can and should include your table and any graphs you make, BUT YOU SHOULD HAVE SENTENCES THAT PRESENT YOUR RESULTS, independently of tables and graphs. The rule of thumb is that I should be able to understand your results just from reading the sentences of the results section but I should also be able to understand the results if I ONLY look at your graphs and tables. In this section, present the results, but SAVE INTERPRETATIONS of what those results mean for the next section.
V. Conclusion/future directions: this is where you say what your results mean, especially in terms of your original hypothesis (remember your hypothesis?!). If there were any problems with the experiment (your cat attacked one of the stick and it was covered with tabby fur), this is the place to mention them and how they may have affected your results, but you don’t want to dwell too much on the various problems. This is also where you put forward ideas about WHY you got the results you did and any questions your results bring up (if you saw this when you did X (in this experiment), what would happen if you did Y (a variation on the experiment)? VI. References: any sources from which you collected background information or information you used to interpret your results.
OUTSIDE INSIDE Location description # particles Location description # particles
AVERAGE: