Select two of the four perspectives and discuss how they provide different insights into the relations between technology, organisations, management and employees.

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Table for Multiple Perspectives

	Modernism	Critical Theory	Symbolic Interpretivism	Postmodernism
Ontology	Objectivism - Reality is out there whether we know it or not.	Objectivism - Reality is out there whether we know it or not.	Subjectivism - We construct reality and agree upon it.	Reality is an illusion created by discourses.
Epistemology	Positivism - Knowledge is discovered through scientific measurements and tests.	Subjectivist - Knowledge is tainted by dominant ideology (dominant ideology refers mostly to modernist theories)	Interpretivism - Knowledge is discovered by the interpretation of meanings (relative to time, place, individuals)	Discourses (especially modernist theories and concepts) create the illusion of knowledge.
Theory	Objective truths that govern organizations	Unmasking the "real" truths that are hidden by modernist theories.	Truths are relative and context specific (Depends on the meanings produced at different time, place and by different people)	Rejection and Challenge to modernist theories. Provides alternative interpretations to modernist understanding of organizations.
Methodology	Quantitative methods and Deductive Approach	Qualitative methods and Inductive Approach (Focus on historical analysis and discourse analysis)	Qualitative methods and Inductive Approach (Focus on Ethnography)	Discourse Analysis and Deconstruction
Modernism: Discovers truths that govvern organizations. These truths that are scientifically derived are superior to commonsense and
speculations and act as universal laws that are applicable to all organizations.
Symbolic Interpretivism: Questions the universal claim of modernist theories (truths). Instead, "truths" concerning organizations are socially
constructed and context-specific, dependent on time/place/individuals.
Critical Theory: Exposes the ideological nature of modernist theories (truths). Modernist theories privileges the management/elites by espousing
values that aligns with that of the management/elites. Aims to unmasks hidden truths of modernist organization theories.
Postmodernism: Challenges the dominant position of modernist theories (truths) as objective knowledge. Aims to deconstruct the universal
assumptions of these modernist theories (truths) and provide alternative discourses that give voice to the marginalized.