logic

EXAM 1 - APPLIED LOGIC (Questions 1-20 @ 3 points each; 21-25 @ 2 points each = 70 points)

True - False

1. Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid.

2. If a deductive argument has true premises and a false conclusion, it is necessarily invalid.

3. Any single argument can have only one conclusion.

4. A statement may be legitimately spoken of as “valid” or “invalid.”

5. An argument may be legitimately spoken of as “true” or “false.”

6. For a disjunction to be true, both of its disjuncts must be true.

7. An explanation will always have an inferential claim, which distinguishes the explanation from an argument.

8. A geometrical proof is an example of an inductive argument.

9. Being male is a sufficient condition for being a father.

10. Sometimes a conditional claim can be re-expressed to form an argument.

11. The necessary condition is always found in the antecedent of a conditional claim.

12. A sound argument will always have a true conclusion.

13. A cogent argument will have true premises and a probably true conclusion.

14. It is impossible to have a valid argument with a false conclusion.

15. An inductive argument could be sound, as long as the premises are true.

Multiple Guess

16. The induction "Soccer is like football. Each has a ball, each has a team, each has a goal line, and each is played on a field. Since most Americans are crazy about football, they’ll probably go nuts over soccer too" is a(n)

a) Argument based on analogy c) A Generalization

b) Argument based on signs d) A Cause-and-effect argument

17. Which of the following is a valid argument?

a) People usually enjoy a morning walk. Even though it is hot and smoggy this morning, you will enjoy a walk.

b) Every day the sun rises, so it will probably rise tomorrow.

c) If John loves Star Wars, then John loves Star Trek. John hates Star Trek, so John hates Star Wars.

d) Either it will rain or it will snow. It snowed; therefore, it did not rain.

18. Which of the following is a sound argument?

a) Every time I see the Exorcist I get scared to death. I saw the Exorcist last night; therefore I am dead.

b) If it is a pig, then it has wings. It’s a pig; therefore it has wings.

c) If the sun is out, then it is not raining. It’s not raining; therefore the sun must be out.

d) If it is a dog, then it is an animal. This is not an animal; therefore it is not a dog.

19. Which of these is a strong argument?

a) If pass this class, then you studied. John did not pass this class. Therefore, John did not study.

b) If you go to the store, I’ll give you money. I did not give you any money, so you must not have gone to the store.

c) All turtles ever found in Tasmania are green; so probably all Tasmanian turtles are green.

d) 10% of women in college never have children. So, if are in college, you will probably won’t get pregnant.

20. Which of the following commits a fallacy?

a) If it flies then it’s a bird. It flies; therefore it’s a bird.

b) If you drive a woody wagon, then you’re a surfer. John is not a surfer; so he does not drive a woody wagon.

c) If you dance you’ll love country music. I don’t dance; therefore I do not love country music.

d) The Captain sinks with the ship or the Captain swims. The captain did not sink with the ship; so he swam.

Using the diagram provided, answer the following questions: (Use these answers for questions 21 – 25)

a) Numbers 3 and 2 c) Numbers 6, 7, and 8 e) None of these

b) Numbers 2 and 4 d) Numbers 2, 4, and 5

21. Which series of numbers indicates a vertical argument pattern?

22. Which series of numbers indicates conjoint premises?

23. Which series of numbers indicates multiple conclusions?

24. Which series of numbers indicates a general Horizontal Pattern of independent evidence?

25. Which series of numbers indicates conjoint premises for intermediate conclusion # 5?