Writer's choice I need this paper to be on lone wolf terrorism and I have a 10 page draft that needs to be re-written due to it being 50% plagiarized. Structure of the paper (will be a collaboration of assignments 2-8) with final edits, revisions, ect.

This needs to be re-written. It is 50% plagiarized. It needs to be put into your own words. Thanks

Literature Review

The United States government defines terrorism as the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. Within this definition, there are three key elements violence, fear, and intimidation and each element produce terror in its victims. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) claims that terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof. This is done in furtherance of political or social objectives. However you define it, it is a heartless, cold blooded, cowardly way to protest indifferences in religion, politics, and cultural diversity in the world today.

Terrorism has evolved over the last decade in the United States. The U.S. has been accustomed to worry about extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. However, the U.S. now has a new threat that has emerged into the limelight, the lone wolf terrorist. A lone wolf terrorist or lone-wolf fighter is someone who commits violent acts of terrorism in support of some group or movement, but does so alone, outside of any command structure. The term "lone wolf" was popularized by white supremacists Alex Curtis and Tom Metzger in the late 1990s.

Lone wolf was subsequently adopted by US law enforcement agencies and by media to refer to individuals following this strategy. Currently, the term "lone-wolf terrorism" now refers to violent acts that take place outside a command structure, regardless of ideology. This means that the individual acts alone when planning, organizing, and carrying out their acts of terror. These individuals live and work right under our noses on a daily basis and we know nothing about their intentions until it is too late.

In contrast with the current political concern about the threat of lone wolf terrorism, terrorism scholars predominantly focus on group dynamics in explaining individual pathways into terrorism. Terrorism is commonly viewed as essentially a collective activity. Academic explanations of terrorism stress the influence of leaders, recruitment, training, moral disengagement, in-group solidarity, conformity and obedience, among other factors. The lone-wolf terrorist does share an ideological or philosophical identification with an extremist group, however does not communicate with the group he or she identifies with. While the lone wolf's actions are motivated to advance the group's goal, the tactics and methods are conceived and directed solely by the lone wolf, without any outside commands or directions from the group’s leadership.

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Director Janet Napolitano was at a conference in Paris, France. She urged European partners to finalize a deal on sharing passenger data that has met resistance over privacy concerns, the risk of lone wolf attackers, with no ties to known extremist networks or grand conspiracies, is on the rise as the global terrorist threat has shifted. She also believes that we need to keep dangerous travelers from reaching the United States.

History of Lone Wolves

The first time the term lone wolf terrorist was used was in the 1990’s by supremacists Tom Metzger and Alex Curtis. Tom Metzger is a white supremacist from Indiana who founded the White Arian Resistance (WAR), a known hate group. One of the most influential aspects of Metzger's right-wing activism has been his advocacy of the lone wolf or leaderless resistance. He believes that people should be a part of a movement as individuals or small cells fighting for one cause below ground, as opposed to large membership based above ground organizations. This makes it harder for law enforcement to track operations. Law enforcement soon adopted the term and used it in an investigation of white supremacist Alex Curtis.

At only 17 Curtis founded the Lemon Grove, CA Ku Klux Klan and anointed himself the Exalted Cyclops. The group twice burglarized his high school. Authorities say he vandalized the building with swastikas and racist epithets and stole lists of student addresses to write racist letters to parents "alerting" them that their children were friends with nonwhite students. In the late 1990’s Curtis used the internet to encouraged fellow racists to act alone in committing violent crimes so that they would not incriminate others. He called for the elimination of nonwhites by whatever means necessary and promoted assassination, illegal drug sales, and biological warfare as useful strategies. The FBI and San Diego Police operation to investigate Curtis' activities was code named Operation Lone Wolf, largely due to Curtis' encouragement of other white supremacists to follow what Curtis refers to as lone wolf' activism. On November 9, 2000, Curtis himself was arrested and charged with three federal counts of conspiracy to violate civil rights. For each count, Curtis faced 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Law enforcement has since adopted the term lone wolf as a reference to individual terrorist.

Current issues and Prevention

Lone Wolf seems to be the current terminology affecting U.S. terrorism. Because of heightened security at all government buildings and throughout our infrastructure, lone wolf terror is becoming the current solution for low key, successful attacks on U.S. soil. The year 2010 has brought unprecedented Lone Wolf attacks on the U.S. There were three attacks on government buildings in 2010, including one attack on the pentagon. The research is clear. Lone Wolf attacks are spontaneous and difficult to pre-determine.

Motivation for Lone Wolf attacks vary. Lone Wolves motivation ranges from mental instability to political and religious reasons. Lone Wolves such as Theodore Kaczynski and Eric Rudolph are perhaps the most elusive yet effective Lone Wolves. Their terror and destruction will be remembered for decades to come. Luck seems to be the prevailing cause for preventing Lone Wolf attacks. Lone Wolves are solitary individuals who strike alone. This makes their detection prior to them striking very difficult. This is in contrast to terrorist cells, which consist of more than one person. Terror plots of radical cells are often disrupted by intelligence leaks. When the Lone Wolf leaks the information to someone else or documents and plans are found, the mission can be compromised. Current government surveillance over phone and email messages are some of the vital tools used to gather intelligence on these cowardly perpetrators.

In some cases, the authorities are able to apprehend the lone wolf before they are able to carry out their plans. The U.S. Patriot act is one tool that law enforcement has at their disposal to aid in identification and intelligence of any planned terror attacks. The Patriot Act was created in 2001 by President George W. Bush and amended in 2008 by President Barack Obama. It gives the government substantially more powers to track down terrorists. Security has been tightened at airports, seaports, borders, and the Department of Homeland Security was created to oversee the efforts. The most effective but controversial element of the Patriot act is that the government can more easily place wiretaps on phones and look into digital correspondence without as many legal restrictions as before. This act has probably saved lives by expediting the intelligence of where these lone wolves are located and into when and where they are planning to attack.

Radical/Fundamentalist Islam

The history begins with the birth of Islam in the year 610, when the prophet Muhammed received his divine mission and accepted Allah's instructions for a new religion that commanded belief in one God. For the next 22 years, Muhammed served as a transmitter of Allah's message, and his Muslim empire grew to encompass most of the Arabian Peninsula. After the prophet's death, the Muslim empire continued to expand until the 17th century, when Muslims were unquestionably the world's greatest military force, having conquered extensive territory and converted millions throughout the Middle East and Southern Europe. Islam had also achieved unmatched advances in architecture, art, law, mathematics, and science.

Radical Islamists are dedicated to the conquest of the world by any means they see fit. The primary objective of radical Islam is to dominate all people within its reach and to suppress all other religions and ideologies. Although not all Muslims are radicals or politically motivated, the few that are put the whole world at risk. Radical Islam draws on widely accepted Islamic religious philosophy and customs. However the movement also draws heavily on dangerous ideas that negate basic human rights and freedoms of expression. Radical Islam's arsenal is diverse and dangerous. Terrorism is only one of the tactics used by radicals, with new tactics arising every day. Some are more subtle such as the use of textbooks, while others are outright violent, such as terrorizing those who embrace freedom of speech. Lone Wolf terrorism is on the rise among radicals because of it being hard to track by law enforcement personnel.

Islamic radicals hijacked airplanes to attack and undermine the West. They killed thousands of innocents and never thought twice about it. Their hatred is not just directed against us. They also mean to hijack Islam itself and to destroy 13 centuries of Islamic civilization. We are not in a war between two civilizations. We are fighting an enemy of two civilizations. Bin Laden and other Islamic radicals claim they represent ancient Islam. It is true that they do represent one tradition in Islam, but it is a tradition that Islam early on rejected as opposed to the universal message of its Prophet. Militant Islam directs its venom towards America and the West. The Taliban's supreme leader, Mullah Muhammad Omar, said after September 11 that the plan to destroy America is going ahead and God willing it is being implemented, but it is a huge task beyond the will and comprehension of human beings. He believed that with the help of God, this will happen in a short period of time.

Lone Wolf’s and America

Lone Wolf terror has been present in this country since the early 1990’s. Domestic terrorists usually target government buildings or innocent civilians in a desperate attempt to get their ideologies across. One of largest terror attacks on American soil in the 1990’s was the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal building in Oklahoma City, Ok. The hardest part about dealing with the lone wolf terrorist is that they are hard to flush out into the eyes of the security world. Only if the individual is caught doing something wrong through the internet or other forms of anti-American Semitism, the watchful eyes of the DHS will be on them. Lone wolf terror has been occurring in our country the last couple of years; people just may not know it. Lone Wolves do not need to be of Middle Eastern nationality. Some of the Lone Wolves that carried out attacks in the U.S. were white.

It is almost unthinkable that some of our country’s military members would be labeled Lone Wolf terrorist, however, they are. Major Nidal Malik Hasan, an Army psychiatrist who opened fire at Fort Hood, Texas, killing 12 people and wounding 31 others, was shot but captured alive in November of 2009. After taken into custody, Hasan had said Muslims should "rise up" and attack Americans in retaliation for the US war in Iraq, a former army colleague said. Hasan was a field grade Army officer. This means that he had been in the military for a number of years to achieve this status. Hasan was a psychiatrist who had been treating soldiers returning from Iraq for post-traumatic stress, alcohol, and drug abuse problems. Hasan also had made outlandish comments about the American occupation of Iraq and his impending deployment there. Hasan also claims that there was a lot of harassment and insults generated by his faith in Islam and his Arab ethnicity. Hasan said he was "happy" when a US soldier was killed by another lone wolf extremist in an attack on a military recruitment center in Arkansas.

In Little Rock, AR on June 1, 2009, Pvt. William Andrew Long, 23, of Conway had just completed basic training. He was volunteering at the west Little Rock recruiting office before starting an assignment in South Korea. Both Long and another new Army Pvt were standing outside the office smoking when gunshots rang out in the shopping center. Muhammed allegedly performed a drive-by shooting of the Army recruitment office with the sole intention of killing soldiers. Pvt Long was killed and his colleague, Pvt Ezeagwula, 18, was wounded. Ezeagwula spoke briefly at a news conference at a Jacksonville, AR recruiting center weeks after the shooting, saying he had wounds in his back, head, and buttocks from the shooting. Muhammad told the AP he admitted to his actions to police and said he was retaliating against the U.S. military. "Muhammad told the police upon his arrest that this was an act of retaliation, and not a reaction on the soldiers personally. He also claims the attack was not planned. He claimed it has been on his mind for awhile. It wasn't nothing planned really. He also claimed it was just a heat of the moment type of thing.

November 2011 in New York, an "Al Qaeda sympathizer" accused of plotting to bomb police and post offices in New York City as well as U.S. troops returning home was kept in police custody after an arraignment Sunday on numerous terrorism-related charges. Jose Pimentel of Manhattan, "a 27-year-old Al Qaeda sympathizer" who the mayor said was motivated by terrorist propaganda and resentment of U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq. Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly said police had to move quickly to arrest Pimentel on Saturday because he was ready to carry out his plan. They had to act quickly yesterday because he was, in fact, putting his bomb together. He was drilling holes and it would have been not appropriate for us to let him walk out the door with that bomb. The police commissioner said Pimentel was energized and motivated to carry out his plan by the Sept. 30 killing of Al-Qaeda's U.S.-born cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. The Mayor of New York claims that he is a total lone wolf and that he has no accomplices in the acts of terror he was intending to carry out.

Lone Wolf Terror Overseas

There have also been cases of Lone Wolf terror across the ocean in Europe. Because of the close proximity with Middle Eastern countries known to harbor terrorists, European countries are prime targets for lone wolves.

The Italian Unabomber is the name given to the man responsible for over 20 bombings in northern Italy from 1994 to 2005. Italian media named the attacker this because of the similarities between his or her bombings and those of American serial bomber Theodore Kaczynski, has been striking fear across the country with over thirty explosions in thirteen years. Italian law enforcement officials and the FBI believed that the Unabomber is Elvo Zornitta, a 49-year-old engineer who has been charged with the planting of 20 bombs. On August 28, 2006 Italian police raided the house of Zornitta, who has been under surveillance for a year. Police had suspected Zornitta for two years but had no proof until investigators raided his house and found a pair of scissors that forensic experts have linked to a bomb that failed to go off in 2004, with the blades that match the cut of a piece of tape used to fix one of the bombs. Booby-traps have been left in household items such as egg boxes, toothpaste and toys.

In London on July 7, 2005, 4 bombs went off in the subway system. Four Islamist Lone Wolf (known as “home grown” in London) terrorists detonated four bombs, three in quick succession aboard London Underground trains across the city and a fourth on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. Three bombs exploded within 50 seconds of each other. Three of the four bombers were British nationals of Pakistani descent from West Yorkshire. Fifty-two people, as well as the four bombers, were killed in the attacks, and over 700 more were injured. British security experts said the blasts had the hallmarks of the Al Qaeda network, and that the suicide bombers were motivated by Britain’s involvement in the Iraq War. It didn’t take much thinking to see that this was a concocted line for propaganda purposes against the coalition forces in Iraq.

Weapons Used

There are several weapons that are used by Lone Wolves when carrying out their plan. Weapons used range from small arms, such as rifles and pistols, to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Some terrorist are known for using improvised explosive devices (IED’s). IED’s are a makeshift or homemade explosive device commonly used against troops in Iraq, however have been used on American soil in the past by Lone Wolf terror suspects. They may use explosives alone or in combination with chemical, biological, or radiological materials to enhance the damage and casualties. IED’s may be detonated in one of several ways, depending on their design and intended target. Those that use concealed mortar and artillery projectiles can be thrown into or placed in a designated area, often concealed. Vehicle Borne IEDs (VBIEDs) use cars or trucks to contain the explosive device. Suicide bomb IEDs makes use of the human body to convey the IED. However the weapon is deployed, it causes substantial damage to anyone or anything in its vicinity.

Suicide bombers have been attacking the United States on and off of our soil since the 1990’s. A suicide attack is violent action against other people or property by an attacker aware that he or she will be killed. The suicide attackers turn themselves into an explosive by attaching an explosive device to their bomb, or drive a vehicle such as a truck into a building or other structure. Suicide attacks were made an object of widespread attention during World War II, when Japanese Kamikaze pilots flew their aircraft into allied ships and planes. Suicide attacks are considered the tactic of extremely motivated or committed groups. Their threat is capable of deeply disrupting everyday life, since people, their packages and their vehicles may all become objects of suspicion.

The above literary review focuses on the growing problem of Lone Wolf terrorists and examples of how we can prevent future attacks. In the last 20 years we have seen a surge in terrorism that is perpetrated by lone individuals who are not involved with any terror group, but carry extreme ideologies just the same. When we look at our past attacks, we learn that we must continue to hone our skills on combating terrorism while upgrading policies and tactics to adapt to a continually illusive adversary and to be on the offensive now and in the future.