Exercises and Problems – Week Six XACC/291

568

Chapter

Investments After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Discuss why corporations invest in debt

and stock securities. 2 Explain the accounting for debt

investments. 3 Explain the accounting for stock

investments. 4 Describe the use of consolidated

financial statements. 5 Indicate how debt and stock

investments are reported in financial statements.

6 Distinguish between short-term and long-term investments.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E S

Feature Story

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12

“IS THERE ANYTHING ELSE WE CAN BUY?”

In a rapidly changing world you must change rapidly or suffer the conse- quences. In business, change requires investment.

A case in point is found in the entertainment industry. Technology is bring- ing about innovations so quickly that it is nearly impossible to guess which technologies will last and which will soon fade away. For example, will both satellite TV and cable TV survive, or will just one succeed, or will both be replaced by something else? Or consider the publishing industry. Will paper newspapers and magazines be replaced by online news via the World Wide Web? If you are a publisher, you have to make your best guess about what the future holds and invest accordingly.

Time Warner, Inc. (www.timewarner.com) lives at the center of this arena. It is not an environment for the timid, and Time Warner’s philosophy is anything

Scan Study Objectives ■

Read Feature Story ■

Read Preview ■

Read text and answer p. 573 ■ p. 578 ■ p. 581 ■ p. 584 ■

Work Comprehensive p. 587 ■

Review Summary of Study Objectives ■

Answer Self-Study Questions ■

Complete Assignments ■

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Do it!

Do it!

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569

but that. It might be character- ized as, “If we can’t beat you, we will buy you.” Its mantra is “invest, invest, invest.” A list of Time Warner’s holdings gives an idea of its reach. Magazines: People, Time, Life, Sports Illus- trated, and Fortune. Book pub- lishers: Time-Life Books, Book- of-the-Month Club, Little, Brown & Co, and Sunset Books. Television and movies: Warner Bros. (“ER,” “Without a Trace,” the WB Network), HBO, and movies like Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and Batman Begins. Broad- casting: TNT, CNN news, and Turner’s library of thousands of classic movies. Internet: America Online and AOL Anywhere. Time Warner owns more infor- mation and entertainment copyrights and brands than any other company in the world.

The merger of America Online (AOL) with Time Warner, one of the biggest mergers ever, was originally perceived by many as the gateway to the future. In actuality, it was a financial disaster. It is largely responsible for much of the decline in Time Warner’s stock price, from a high of $95.80 to a recent level of $14.07. Ted Turner, who was at one time Time Warner’s largest shareholder, lost billions of dollars on the deal and eventually sold most of his shares.

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Inside Chapter 12…

• How Procter & Gamble Accounts for Gillette (p. 577)

• And the Correct Way to Report Investments Is...? (p. 580)

• All About You: A Good Day to Start Saving (p. 586)

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WHY CORPORATIONS INVEST

Preview of Chapter 12 Time Warner’s management believes in aggressive growth through investing in the stock of existing compa- nies. Besides purchasing stock, companies also purchase other securities such as bonds issued by corpora- tions or by governments. Companies can make investments for a short or long period of time, as a passive investment, or with the intent to control another company. As you will see in this chapter, the way in which a company accounts for its investments is determined by a number of factors.

The content and organization of Chapter 12 are as follows.

570

Corporations purchase investments in debt or stock securities generally for one of three reasons. First, a corporation may have excess cash that it does not need for the immediate purchase of operating assets. For exam- ple, many companies experience seasonal fluctuations in sales. A Cape

Cod marina has more sales in the spring and summer than in the fall and winter. At the end of an operating cycle, the marina may have cash on hand that is temporar- ily idle until the start of another operating cycle. It may invest the excess funds to earn a greater return than it would get by just holding the funds in the bank. Illustration 12-1 depicts the role that such temporary investments play in the oper- ating cycle.

Accounting for Debt Investments

• Recording acquisition of bonds

• Recording bond interest • Recording sale of bonds

Why Corporations Invest

• Cash management • Investment income • Strategic reasons

Accounting for Stock Investments

• Holdings of less than 20% • Holdings between 20%

and 50% • Holdings of more than

50%

Valuing and Reporting Investments

• Categories of securities • Balance sheet

presentation • Realized and unrealized

gain or loss • Classified balance sheet

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Investments

Discuss why corporations invest in debt and stock securities.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 1

Accounts Receivable

Inventory

Invest Temporary InvestmentsSellCash

Illustration 12-1 Temporary investments and the operating cycle

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Excess cash may also result from economic cycles. For example, when the economy is booming, General Electric generates considerable excess cash. It uses some of this cash to purchase new plant and equipment and pays out some of the cash in dividends. But it may also invest excess cash in liquid assets in anticipation of a future downturn in the economy. It can then liquidate these investments during a recession, when sales slow and cash is scarce.

When investing excess cash for short periods of time, corporations invest in low-risk, highly liquid securities—most often short-term government securities. It is generally not wise to invest short-term excess cash in shares of common stock because stock investments can experience rapid price changes. If you did invest your short- term excess cash in stock and the price of the stock declined significantly just before you needed cash again, you would be forced to sell your stock investment at a loss.

A second reason some companies purchase investments is to generate earnings from investment income. For example, banks make most of their earnings by lend- ing money, but they also generate earnings by investing in debt. Conversely, mutual stock funds invest primarily in equity securities in order to benefit from stock-price appreciation and dividend revenue.

Third, companies also invest for strategic reasons. A company can exercise some influence over a customer or supplier by purchasing a significant, but not controlling, interest in that company. Or, a company may purchase a noncontrol- ling interest in another company in a related industry in which it wishes to establish a presence. For example, Time Warner initially purchased an interest of less than 20% in Turner Broadcasting to have a stake in Turner’s expanding business oppor- tunities. At a later date Time Warner acquired the remaining 80%. Subsequently, Time Warner merged with AOL and became AOL Time Warner, Inc. Now, it is again just Time Warner, Inc., having dropped the “AOL” from its name in late 2003.

A corporation may also choose to purchase a controlling interest in another com- pany. For example, as the Accounting Across the Organization box on page 577 shows, Procter & Gamble purchased Gillette. Such purchases might be done to enter a new industry without incurring the tremendous costs and risks associated with starting from scratch. Or a company might purchase another company in its same industry.

In summary, businesses invest in other companies for the reasons shown in Illustration 12-2.

Why Corporations Invest 571

Low-risk, high-liquidity, short-term securities such as government-issued securities

Debt securities (banks and other financial institutions) and stock securities (mutual funds and pension funds)

To generate earnings

To house excess cash until needed

Stocks of companies in a related industry or in an unrelated industry that the company wishes to enter

Reason Typical Investment

I need 1,000 Treasury bills by tonight

To meet strategic goals

Illustration 12-2 Why corporations invest

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572 Chapter 12 Investments

ACCOUNTING FOR DEBT INVESTMENTS

Debt investments are investments in government and corporation bonds. In accounting for debt investments, companies make entries to record (1) the acquisition, (2) the interest revenue, and (3) the sale.

Recording Acquisition of Bonds At acquisition, the cost principle applies. Cost includes all expenditures necessary to acquire these investments, such as the price paid plus brokerage fees (commis- sions), if any.

Assume, for example, that Kuhl Corporation acquires 50 Doan Inc. 8%, 10-year, $1,000 bonds on January 1, 2011, for $54,000, including brokerage fees of $1,000. The entry to record the investment is:

Explain the accounting for debt investments.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 2

Jan. 1 Debt Investments 54,000 Cash 54,000

(To record purchase of 50 Doan Inc. bonds)

Recording Bond Interest The Doan, Inc. bonds pay interest of $2,000 semiannually on July 1 and January 1 ($50,000 � 8% � 1⁄2). The entry for the receipt of interest on July 1 is:

July 1 Cash 2,000 Interest Revenue 2,000

(To record receipt of interest on Doan Inc. bonds)

If Kuhl Corporation’s fiscal year ends on December 31, it accrues the interest of $2,000 earned since July 1. The adjusting entry is:

Dec. 31 Interest Receivable 2,000 Interest Revenue 2,000

(To accrue interest on Doan Inc. bonds)

Kuhl reports Interest Receivable as a current asset in the balance sheet. It reports Interest Revenue under “Other revenues and gains” in the income statement.

Kuhl reports receipt of the interest on January 1 as follows.

Jan. 1 Cash 2,000 Interest Receivable 2,000

(To record receipt of accrued interest)

A credit to Interest Revenue at this time is incorrect because the company earned and accrued interest revenue in the preceding accounting period.

Recording Sale of Bonds When Kuhl sells the bonds, it credits the investment account for the cost of the bonds. Kuhl records as a gain or loss any difference between the net proceeds from the sale (sales price less brokerage fees) and the cost of the bonds.

Assume, for example, that Kuhl Corporation receives net proceeds of $58,000 on the sale of the Doan Inc. bonds on January 1, 2012, after receiving the interest due.

Cash Flows

�54,000

A SEL� �

�54,000 �54,000

Cash Flows

�2,000

A SEL� �

�2,000 �2,000

Cash Flows

�2,000

A SEL� �

�2,000 �2,000 Rev

Cash Flows no effect

A SEL� �

�2,000 �2,000 Rev

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before you go on...

Since the securities cost $54,000, the company realizes a gain of $4,000. It records the sale as:

Accounting for Stock Investments 573

Jan. 1 Cash 58,000 Debt Investments 54,000 Gain on Sale of Debt Investments 4,000

(To record sale of Doan Inc. bonds)

Kuhl reports the gain on sale of debt investments under “Other revenues and gains” in the income statement and reports losses under “Other expenses and losses.”

Cash Flows

�58,000

A SEL� �

�58,000 �54,000

�4,000 Rev

Stock investments are investments in the capital stock of other corpora- tions. When a company holds stock (and/or debt) of several different cor- porations, the group of securities is identified as an investment portfolio.

The accounting for investments in common stock depends on the extent of the investor’s influence over the operating and financial affairs of the issuing corporation (the investee). Illustration 12-3 (next page) shows the general guidelines.

ACCOUNTING FOR STOCK INVESTMENTS

Explain the accounting for stock investments.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 3

Related exercise material: BE12-1, E12-2, E12-3, and 12-1.Do it!

Action Plan

• Record bond investments at cost.

• Record interest when received and/or accrued.

• When bonds are sold, credit the investment account for the cost of the bonds.

• Record any difference between the cost and the net proceeds as a gain or loss.

(a) Jan. 1 Debt Investments 30,900 Cash 30,900

(To record purchase of 30 Hillary Co. bonds)

July 1 Cash 1,500 Interest Revenue ($30,000 � .10 � 6/12) 1,500

(To record receipt of interest on Hillary Co. bonds)

July 1 Cash 14,600 Loss on Sale of Debt Investments 850

Debt Investments ($30,900 � 15/30) 15,450 (To record sale of 15 Hillary Co. bonds)

(b) Dec. 31 Interest Receivable 750 Interest Revenue ($15,000 � .10 � 6/12) 750

(To accrue interest on Hillary Co. bonds)

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Waldo Corporation had the following transactions pertaining to debt investments.

Jan. 1 Purchased 30, $1,000 Hillary Co. 10% bonds for $30,000, plus brokerage fees of $900. Interest is payable semiannually on July 1 and January 1.

July 1 Received semiannual interest on Hillary Co. bonds. July 1 Sold 15 Hillary Co. bonds for $15,000, less $400 brokerage fees.

(a) Journalize the transactions, and (b) prepare the adjusting entry for the accrual of interest on December 31.

Solution

Debt Investments Do it!

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Companies are required to use judgment instead of blindly following the guide- lines.1 On the following pages we will explain the application of each guideline.

Holdings of Less than 20% In accounting for stock investments of less than 20%, companies use the cost method. Under the cost method, companies record the investment at cost, and rec- ognize revenue only when cash dividends are received.

RECORDING ACQUISITION OF STOCK INVESTMENTS At acquisition, the cost principle applies. Cost includes all expenditures necessary to acquire these investments, such as the price paid plus any brokerage fees (com- missions).

Assume, for example, that on July 1, 2011, Sanchez Corporation acquires 1,000 shares (10% ownership) of Beal Corporation common stock. Sanchez pays $40 per share plus brokerage fees of $500. The entry for the purchase is:

574 Chapter 12 Investments

Investor's Ownership Interest in Investee's

Common Stock Presumed Influence

on Investee Accounting Guidelines

Less than 20% Cost methodInsignificant

Between 20% and 50%

Equity methodSignificant

More than 50% Consolidated financial statements

Controlling

Illustration 12-3 Accounting guidelines for stock investments

1 Among the questions that are considered in determining an investor’s influence are these:

(1) Does the investor have representation on the investee’s board? (2) Does the investor participate in the investee’s policy-making process? (3) Are there material transactions between the investor and investee? (4) Is the common stock held by other stockholders concentrated or dispersed?

H E L P F U L H I N T The entries for invest- ments in common stock also apply to investments in preferred stock.

July 1 Stock Investments 40,500 Cash 40,500

(To record purchase of 1,000 shares of Beal Corporation common stock)

RECORDING DIVIDENDS During the time Sanchez owns the stock, it makes entries for any cash dividends re- ceived. If Sanchez receives a $2 per share dividend on December 31, the entry is:

Dec. 31 Cash (1,000 � $2) 2,000 Dividend Revenue 2,000

(To record receipt of a cash dividend)

Sanchez reports Dividend Revenue under “Other revenues and gains” in the income statement. Unlike interest on notes and bonds, dividends do not accrue. Therefore, companies do not make adjusting entries to accrue dividends.

Cash Flows

�40,500

A SEL� �

�40,500 �40,500

Cash Flows

�2,000

A SEL� �

�2,000 �2,000 Rev

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RECORDING SALE OF STOCK When a company sells a stock investment, it recognizes as a gain or a loss the dif- ference between the net proceeds from the sale (sales price less brokerage fees) and the cost of the stock.

Assume that Sanchez Corporation receives net proceeds of $39,500 on the sale of its Beal stock on February 10, 2012. Because the stock cost $40,500, Sanchez incurred a loss of $1,000. The entry to record the sale is:

Accounting for Stock Investments 575

Feb. 10 Cash 39,500 Loss on Sale of Stock Investments 1,000

Stock Investments 40,500 (To record sale of Beal common stock)

Sanchez reports the loss under “Other expenses and losses” in the income state- ment. It would show a gain on sale under “Other revenues and gains.”

Holdings Between 20% and 50% When an investor company owns only a small portion of the shares of stock of another company, the investor cannot exercise control over the investee. But, when an investor owns between 20% and 50% of the common stock of a corporation, it is presumed that the investor has significant influence over the financial and oper- ating activities of the investee. The investor probably has a representative on the investee’s board of directors, and through that representative, may exercise some control over the investee. The investee company in some sense becomes part of the investor company.

For example, even prior to purchasing all of Turner Broadcasting, Time Warner owned 20% of Turner. Because it exercised significant control over major decisions made by Turner, Time Warner used an approach called the equity method. Under the equity method, the investor records its share of the net income of the investee in the year when it is earned. An alternative might be to delay rec- ognizing the investor’s share of net income until the investee declares a cash divi- dend. But that approach would ignore the fact that the investor and investee are, in some sense, one company, making the investor better off by the investee’s earned income.

Under the equity method, the investor company initially records the invest- ment in common stock at cost. After that, it annually adjusts the investment account to show the investor’s equity in the investee. Each year, the investor does the following: (1) It increases (debits) the investment account and increases (credits) revenue for its share of the investee’s net income.2 (2) The investor also decreases (credits) the investment account for the amount of dividends received. The invest- ment account is reduced for dividends received, because payment of a dividend decreases the net assets of the investee.

RECORDING ACQUISITION OF STOCK INVESTMENTS Assume that Milar Corporation acquires 30% of the common stock of Beck Company for $120,000 on January 1, 2011. Milar records this transaction as:

2 Or, the investor increases (debits) a loss account and decreases (credits) the investment account

for its share of the investee’s net loss.

H E L P F U L H I N T Under the equity method, the investor recognizes revenue on the accrual basis—i.e., when it is earned by the investee.

Jan. 1 Stock Investments 120,000 Cash 120,000

(To record purchase of Beck common stock)

Cash Flows

�39,500

A SEL� �

�39,500 �1,000 Exp

�40,500

Cash Flows

�120,000

A SEL� �

�120,000 �120,000

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RECORDING REVENUE AND DIVIDENDS For 2011, Beck reports net income of $100,000. It declares and pays a $40,000 cash dividend. Milar records (1) its share of Beck’s income, $30,000 (30% � $100,000) and (2) the reduction in the investment account for the dividends received, $12,000 ($40,000 � 30%). The entries are:

576 Chapter 12 Investments

(1) Dec. 31 Stock Investments 30,000

Revenue from Investment in Beck Company 30,000 (To record 30% equity in Beck’s 2010 net income)

(2) Dec. 31 Cash 12,000

Stock Investments 12,000 (To record dividends received)

Cash Flows no effect

A SEL� �

�30,000 �30,000 Rev

Cash Flows

�12,000

A SEL� �

�12,000 �12,000

After Milar posts the transactions for the year, its investment and revenue accounts will show the following.

Revenue from Investment Stock Investments in Beck Company

Jan. 1 120,000 Dec. 31 12,000 Dec. 31 30,000 Dec. 31 30,000

Dec. 31 Bal. 138,000

Illustration 12-4 Investment and revenue accounts after posting

During the year, the net increase in the investment account was $18,000. As indi- cated above, the investment account increased by $30,000 due to Milar’s share of Beck’s income, and it decreased by $12,000 due to dividends received from Beck. In addition, Milar reports $30,000 of revenue from its investment, which is 30% of Beck’s net income of $100,000.

Note that the difference between reported revenue under the cost method and reported revenue under the equity method can be significant. For example, Milar would report only $12,000 of dividend revenue (30% � $40,000) if it used the cost method.

Holdings of More than 50% A company that owns more than 50% of the common stock of another en- tity is known as the parent company. The entity whose stock the parent company owns is called the subsidiary (affiliated) company. Because of its stock ownership, the parent company has a controlling interest in the

subsidiary. When a company owns more than 50% of the common stock of another com-

pany, it usually prepares consolidated financial statements. These statements pre- sent the total assets and liabilities controlled by the parent company. They also present the total revenues and expenses of the subsidiary companies. Companies prepare consolidated statements in addition to the financial statements for the parent and individual subsidiary companies.

As noted earlier, when Time Warner had a 20% investment in Turner, it re- ported this investment in a single line item—Other Investments. After the merger, Time Warner instead consolidated Turner’s results with its own. Under this

Describe the use of consolidated financial statements.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 4

H E L P F U L H I N T If parent (A) has three wholly owned subsidiaries (B, C, & D), there are four separate legal entities. From the viewpoint of the shareholders of the parent company, there is only one economic entity.

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approach, Time Warner included Turner’s individual assets and liabilities with its own: Its plant and equipment were added to Time Warner’s plant and equipment, its receivables were added to Time Warner’s receivables, and so on.

Accounting for Stock Investments 577

ACCOUNTING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION How Procter & Gamble Accounts for Gillette

Recently, Procter & Gamble Company acquired Gillette Company for $53.4 billion. The common stockholders of Procter & Gamble elect the board of directors

of the company, who, in turn, select the officers and managers of the company. Procter & Gamble’s board of directors controls the property owned by the corporation, which includes the common stock of Gillette. Thus, they are in a position to elect the board of directors of Gillette and, in effect, control its operations. These relationships are graphically illustrated here.

Where on Procter & Gamble’s balance sheet will you find its investment in Gillette Company?

Gillette Company Board of Directors

Procter & Gamble Company

Board of Directors

Gillette Company

Procter & Gamble Company

Procter & Gamble Company

Controlling Group

Separate Legal Entities

Single Economic Entity

Control

Control

Elects

Consolidated statements are useful to the stockholders, board of directors, and managers of the parent company. These statements indicate the magnitude and scope of operations of the companies under common control. For example, regulators and the courts undoubtedly used the consolidated statements of AT&T to deter- mine whether a breakup of AT&T was in the public interest. Listed below are three companies that prepare consolidated statements and some of the companies they have owned. One, Disney, is Time Warner’s arch rival.

Toys “R” Us, Inc. Cendant The Disney Company

Kids “R” Us Howard Johnson Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. Babies “R” Us Ramada Inn Disneyland, Disney World Imaginarium Century 21 Mighty Ducks Toysrus.com Coldwell Banker Anaheim Angels

Avis ESPN

Illustration 12-5 Examples of consolidated companies and their subsidiaries

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before you go on...

578 Chapter 12 Investments

Presented below are two independent situations.

1. Rho Jean Inc. acquired 5% of the 400,000 shares of common stock of Stillwater Corp. at a total cost of $6 per share on May 18, 2011. On August 30, Stillwater declared and paid a $75,000 dividend. On December 31, Stillwater reported net income of $244,000 for the year.

2. Debbie, Inc. obtained significant influence over North Sails by buying 40% of North Sails’ 60,000 outstanding shares of common stock at a cost of $12 per share on January 1, 2011. On April 15, North Sails declared and paid a cash dividend of $45,000. On December 31, North Sails reported net income of $120,000 for the year.

Prepare all necessary journal entries for 2011 for (1) Rho Jean Inc. and (2) Debbie, Inc.

Solution

Stock Investments

(1) May 18 Stock Investments (20,000 � $6) 120,000 Cash 120,000

(To record purchase of 20,000 shares of Stillwater Co. stock)

Aug. 30 Cash 3,750 Dividend Revenue ($75,000 � 5%) 3,750

(To record receipt of cash dividend)

(2) Jan. 1 Stock Investments (60,000 � 40% � $12) 288,000 Cash 288,000

(To record purchase of 24,000 shares of North Sails’ stock)

Apr. 15 Cash 18,000 Stock Investments ($45,000 � 40%) 18,000

(To record receipt of cash dividend)

Dec. 31 Stock Investments ($120,000 � 40%) 48,000 Revenue from Investment in North Sails 48,000

(To record 40% equity in North Sails’ net income)

Related exercise material: BE12-2, BE12-3, E12-4, E12-5, E12-6, E12-7, E12-8, and 12-2.Do it!

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Action Plan

• Presume that the investor has relatively little influence over the investee when an investor owns less than 20% of the common stock of another corporation. In this case, net income earned by the investee is not considered a proper basis for recognizing income from the investment by the investor.

• Presume significant influence for investments of 20%–50%. Therefore, record the investor’s share of the net income of the investee.

Do it!

The value of debt and stock investments may fluctuate greatly during the time they are held. For example, in one 12-month period, the stock price of Dell Computer Corp. hit a high of $30.77 and a low of $18.87. In light of such price fluctuations, how should companies value investments at the balance sheet date? Valuation could be at cost, at fair value (market

value), or at the lower-of-cost-or-market value. Many people argue that fair value offers the best approach because it repre-

sents the expected cash realizable value of securities. Fair value is the amount for which a security could be sold in a normal market. Others counter that, unless a

VALUING AND REPORTING INVESTMENTS

Indicate how debt and stock investments are reported in financial statements.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 5

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security is going to be sold soon, the fair value is not relevant because the price of the security will likely change again.

Categories of Securities For purposes of valuation and reporting at a financial statement date, companies classify debt and stock investments into three categories:

1. Trading securities are bought and held primarily for sale in the near term to generate income on short-term price differences.

2. Available-for-sale securities are held with the intent of selling them sometime in the future.

3. Held-to-maturity securities are debt securities that the investor has the intent and ability to hold to maturity.3

Illustration 12-6 shows the valuation guidelines for these securities. These guidelines apply to all debt securities and all stock investments in which the hold- ings are less than 20%.

Valuing and Reporting Investments 579

INTERNATIONAL NOTE A recent U.S. accounting

standard gives companies the “option” of applying fair value accounting, rather than historical cost, to certain types of assets and liabilities. This makes U.S. accounting more similar to international standards.

3 This category is provided for completeness. The accounting and valuation issues related to held-

to-maturity securities are discussed in more advanced accounting courses.

At fair value with changes reported in net income

Trading

At fair value with changes reported in the stockholders’ equity section

Available-for-sale

At amortized cost

Held-to-maturity

“We’ll sell within ten

days.”

“We’ll hold the stock for a while

to see how it performs.”

“We intend to hold until maturity.”

Illustration 12-6 Valuation guidelines

TRADING SECURITIES Companies hold trading securities with the intention of selling them in a short period (generally less than a month). Trading means frequent buying and selling. Companies report trading securities at fair value, and report changes from cost as part of net income. The changes are reported as unrealized gains or losses because the securities have not been sold. The unrealized gain or loss is the difference between the total cost of trading securities and their total fair value. Companies clas- sify trading securities as current assets.

Illustration 12-7 shows the cost and fair values for investments Pace Corporation classified as trading securities on December 31, 2011. Pace has an unrealized gain of $7,000 because total fair value of $147,000 is $7,000 greater than total cost of $140,000.

H E L P F U L H I N T The fact that trading securities are short-term investments increases the likelihood that they will be sold at fair value (the company may not be able to time their sale) and the likelihood that there will be realized gains or losses.

Trading Securities, December 31, 2011

Investments Cost Fair Value Unrealized Gain (Loss)

Yorkville Company bonds $ 50,000 $ 48,000 $ (2,000) Kodak Company stock 90,000 99,000 9,000

Total $140,000 $147,000 $ 7,000

Illustration 12-7 Valuation of trading securities

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Pace records fair value and unrealized gain or loss through an adjusting entry at the time it prepares financial statements. In this entry, the company uses a valu- ation allowance account, Market Adjustment—Trading, to record the difference between the total cost and the total fair value of the securities. The adjusting entry for Pace Corporation is:

580 Chapter 12 Investments

Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Trading 7,000 Unrealized Gain—Income 7,000

(To record unrealized gain on trading securities)

Use of a Market Adjustment—Trading account enables Pace to maintain a record of the investment cost. It needs actual cost to determine the gain or loss realized when it sells the securities. Pace adds the Market Adjustment—Trading balance to the cost of the investments to arrive at a fair value for the trading securities.

The fair value of the securities is the amount Pace reports on its balance sheet. It reports the unrealized gain in the income statement in the “Other revenues and gains” section. The term “Income” in the account title indicates that the gain affects net income.

If the total cost of the trading securities is greater than total fair value, an unre- alized loss has occurred. In such a case, the adjusting entry is a debit to Unrealized Loss—Income and a credit to Market Adjustment—Trading. Companies report the unrealized loss under “Other expenses and losses” in the income statement.

The market adjustment account is carried forward into future accounting peri- ods. The company does not make any entry to the account until the end of each reporting period. At that time, the company adjusts the balance in the account to the difference between cost and fair value. For trading securities, it closes the Unrealized Gain (Loss)—Income account at the end of the reporting period.

And the Correct Way to Report Investments Is...?

The accompanying graph presents an estimate of the percentage of companies on the major exchanges that have investments in the equity of other entities.

As the graph indicates, many companies have equity investments of some type. These investments can be substantial. For example, the total amount of equity-method investments appearing on company balance sheets is approximately $403 billion, and the amount shown in the income statements in any one year for all companies is approx- imately $38 billion.

Source: “Report and Recommendations Pursuant to Section 401(c) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 on Arrangements with Off-Balance Sheet Implications, Special Purpose Entities, and Transparency of Filings by Issuers,” United States Securities and Exchange Commission—Office of Chief Accountant, Office of Economic Analyses, Division of Corporation Finance (June 2005), pp. 36–39.

Why might the use of the equity method not lead to full disclo- sure in the financial statements?

ACCOUNTING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION

Cash Flows no effect

A SEL� �

�7,000 �7,000 Rev

91.1%

23.5%

6.2%

0

20

40

60

80

100

37.4%

Pe rc

en t

o f C

o m

pa ni

es

Categorized by Accounting Treatment

Investments in the Equity of Other Companies

Presenting consolidated financial statements Reporting equity method investments Reporting available-for-sale investments Reporting trading investments

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before you go on...

AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES As indicated earlier, companies hold available-for-sale securities with the intent of selling these investments sometime in the future. If the intent is to sell the securities within the next year or operating cycle, the investor classi- fies the securities as current assets in the balance sheet. Otherwise, it classi- fies them as long-term assets in the investments section of the balance sheet.

Companies report available-for-sale securities at fair value. The proce- dure for determining fair value and the unrealized gain or loss for these secu- rities is the same as for trading securities. To illustrate, assume that Ingrao Corporation has two securities that it classifies as available-for-sale. Illustration 12-8 provides information on their valuation.There is an unrealized loss of $9,537 because total cost of $293,537 is $9,537 more than total fair value of $284,000.

Valuing and Reporting Investments 581

E T H I C S N O T E

Some managers seem to hold their available-for-sale securities that have experienced losses, while selling those that have gains, thus increasing income. Do you think this is ethical?

Available-for-Sale Securities, December 31, 2011

Investments Cost Fair Value Unrealized Gain (Loss)

Campbell Soup Corporation 8% bonds $ 93,537 $103,600 $10,063

Hershey Corporation stock 200,000 180,400 (19,600)

Total $293,537 $284,000 $(9,537)

Both the adjusting entry and the reporting of the unrealized gain or loss for Ingrao’s available-for-sale securities differ from those illustrated for trading secu- rities. The differences result because Ingrao does not expect to sell these securities in the near term. Thus, prior to actual sale it is more likely that changes in fair value may change either unrealized gains or losses. Therefore, Ingrao does not report an unrealized gain or loss in the income statement. Instead, it reports it as a separate component of stockholders’ equity.

In the adjusting entry, Ingrao identifies the market adjustment account with available-for-sale securities, and it identifies the unrealized gain or loss account with stockholders’ equity. Ingrao records the unrealized loss of $9,537 as follows:

Dec. 31 Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity 9,537 Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale 9,537

(To record unrealized loss on available- for-sale securities)

If total fair value exceeds total cost, Ingrao debits Market Adjustment— Available-for-Sale and credits Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity.

For available-for-sale securities, the company carries forward the Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity account to future periods. At each fu- ture balance sheet date, Ingrao adjusts the market adjustment account to show the difference between cost and fair value at that time.

E T H I C S N O T E

Recently the SEC accused investment bank Morgan Stanley of overstating the value of certain bond investments by $75 million. The SEC stated that, in applying market value accounting, Morgan Stanley used its own more- optimistic assumptions rather than relying on external pricing sources.

Cash Flows no effect

A SEL� �

�9,537 Exp �9,537

Illustration 12-8 Valuation of available- for-sale securities

Some of Powderhorn Corporation’s investment securities are classified as trading securities and some are classified as available-for-sale. The cost and market value of each category at December 31, 2011, are shown on the next page.

Trading and Available-for-

Sale Securities

Do it!

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Balance Sheet Presentation In the balance sheet, companies classify investments as either short-term or long-term.

SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS Short-term investments (also called marketable securities) are securities held by a company that are (1) readily marketable and (2) intended to be converted into cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer. Investments that do not meet both criteria are classified as long-

term investments.

Readily Marketable. An investment is readily marketable when it can be sold easily whenever the need for cash arises. Short-term paper4 meets this criterion. It can be readily sold to other investors. Stocks and bonds traded on organized secu- rities exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange, are readily marketable. They can be bought and sold daily. In contrast, there may be only a limited market for the securities issued by small corporations, and no market for the securities of a privately held company.

Intent to Convert. Intent to convert means that management intends to sell the investment within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer. Generally, this criterion is satisfied when the investment is considered a resource that the in- vestor will use whenever the need for cash arises. For example, a ski resort may invest idle cash during the summer months with the intent to sell the securities to buy supplies and equipment shortly before the winter season. This investment is considered short-term even if lack of snow cancels the next ski season and elimi- nates the need to convert the securities into cash as intended.

582 Chapter 12 Investments

Cost Fair Value Unrealized Gain (Loss)

Trading securities $93,600 $94,900 $1,300 Available-for-sale securities $48,800 $51,400 $2,600

At December 31, 2010, the Market Adjustment—Trading account had a debit balance of $9,200, and the Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale account had a credit balance of $5,750. Prepare the required journal entries for each group of securities for December 31, 2011.

Solution

Trading securities:

Unrealized Loss—Income 7,900* Market Adjustment—Trading 7,900

(To record unrealized loss on trading securities) *$9,200 � $1,300

Available-for-sale securities:

Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale 8,350** Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity 8,350

(To record unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities) **$5,750 � $2,600

Related exercise material: BE12-4, BE12-5, BE12-6, BE12-7, E12-10, E12-11, E12-12, and 12-3.Do it!

Action Plan

• Mark trading securities to fair value and report the adjustment in current-period income.

• Mark available-for-sale securities to fair value and report the adjustment as a separate component of stockholders’ equity.

The Navigator✓

Distinguish between short-term and long-term investments.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 6

H E L P F U L H I N T Trading securities are always classified as short- term. Available-for-sale securities can be either short-term or long-term.

4 Short-term paper includes (1) certificates of deposit (CDs) issued by banks, (2) money market

certificates issued by banks and savings and loan associations, (3) Treasury bills issued by the U.S. government, and (4) commercial paper (notes) issued by corporations with good credit ratings.

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Because of their high liquidity, short-term investments appear immediately below Cash in the “Current assets” section of the balance sheet. They are reported at fair value. For example, Pace Corporation would report its trading securities as shown in Illustration 12-9.

Valuing and Reporting Investments 583

PACE CORPORATION Balance Sheet (partial)

Current assets Cash $ 21,000 Short-term investments, at fair value 147,000

LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS Companies generally report long-term investments in a separate section of the bal- ance sheet immediately below “Current assets,” as shown later in Illustration 12-12 (page 585). Long-term investments in available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value. Investments in common stock accounted for under the equity method are reported at their equity value.

Presentation of Realized and Unrealized Gain or Loss Companies must present in the financial statements gains and losses on invest- ments, whether realized or unrealized. In the income statement, companies report gains and losses in the nonoperating activities section under the categories listed in Illustration 12-10. Interest and dividend revenue are also reported in that section.

H E L P F U L H I N T In a recent survey of 600 large U.S. companies, 242 reported short-term investments.

Illustration 12-9 Presentation of short-term investments

Other Revenue and Gains Other Expenses and Losses

Interest Revenue Loss on Sale of Investments Dividend Revenue Unrealized Loss—Income Gain on Sale of Investments Unrealized Gain—Income

As indicated earlier, companies report an unrealized gain or loss on available- for-sale securities as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. To illustrate, assume that Dawson Inc. has common stock of $3,000,000, retained earnings of $1,500,000, and an unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities of $100,000. Illustration 12-11 shows the balance sheet presentation of the unrealized loss.

DAWSON INC. Balance Sheet (partial)

Stockholders’ equity Common stock $3,000,000 Retained earnings 1,500,000

Total paid-in capital and retained earnings 4,500,000 Less: Unrealized loss on available-for-sale

securities 100,000

Total stockholders’ equity $4,400,000

Illustration 12-10 Nonoperating items related to investments

Illustration 12-11 Unrealized loss in stockhold- ers’ equity section

Note that the loss decreases stockholders’ equity. An unrealized gain is added to stockholders’ equity. Reporting the unrealized gain or loss in the stockholders’ equity section serves two purposes: (1) It reduces the volatility of net income due

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before you go on...

to fluctuations in fair value. (2) It informs the financial statement user of the gain or loss that would occur if the securities were sold at fair value.

Companies must report items such as this, which affect stockholders’ equity but are not included in the calculation of net income, as part of a more inclusive measure called comprehensive income.We discuss comprehensive income briefly in Chapter 14.

Classified Balance Sheet We have presented many sections of classified balance sheets in this and preceding chapters. The classified balance sheet in Illustration 12-12 (page 585) includes, in one place, key topics from previous chapters: the issuance of par value common stock, restrictions of retained earnings, and issuance of long-term bonds. From this chapter, the statement includes (highlighted in red) short-term and long-term in- vestments. The investments in short-term securities are considered trading securi- ties. The long-term investments in stock of less than 20% owned companies are considered available-for-sale securities. Illustration 12-12 also includes a long-term investment reported at equity and descriptive notations within the statement, such as the basis for valuing merchandise inventory and one note to the statement.

584 Chapter 12 Investments

Identify where each of the following items would be reported in the financial statements.

1. Interest earned on investments in bonds.

2. Market adjustment—available-for-sale.

3. Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities.

4. Gain on sale of investments in stock.

5. Unrealized gain on trading securities.

Use the following possible categories:

Balance sheet:

Current assets Current liabilities Investments Long-term liabilities Property, plant, and equipment Stockholders’ equity Intangible assets

Income statement:

Other revenues and gains Other expenses and losses

Solution

Financial Statement

Presentation of Investments

Item Financial Statement Category

1. Interest earned on investments in bonds. Income statement Other revenues and gains 2. Market adjustment—available-for-sale Balance sheet Investments 3. Unrealized loss on available-for-sale Balance sheet Stockholders’ equity

securities 4. Gain on sale of investments in stock Income statement Other revenues and gains 5. Unrealized gain on trading securities Income statement Other revenues and gains

Related exercise material: BE12-6, BE12-7, BE12-8, E12-10, E12-11, E12-12, and 12-4.Do it!

The Navigator✓

Action Plan

• Classify investments as current assets if they will be held for less than one year.

• Report unrealized gains or losses on trading securities in income.

• Report unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities in equity.

• Report realized earnings on investments in the income statement as “Other revenues and gains” or as “Other expenses and losses.”

Do it!

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Valuing and Reporting Investments 585

PACE CORPORATION Balance Sheet

December 31, 2011

Assets Current assets

Cash $ 21,000 Short-term investments, at fair value 147,000 Accounts receivable $ 84,000 Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts 4,000 80,000

Merchandise inventory, at FIFO cost 43,000 Prepaid insurance 23,000

Total current assets $ 314,000 Investments

Investments in stock of less than 20% owned companies, at fair value 50,000

Investment in stock of 20–50% owned company, at equity 150,000

Total investments 200,000 Property, plant, and equipment

Land 200,000 Buildings 800,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation 200,000 600,000

Equipment 180,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation 54,000 126,000

Total property, plant, and equipment 926,000 Intangible assets

Goodwill 270,000

Total assets $1,710,000

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities

Accounts payable $ 185,000 Federal income taxes payable 60,000 Bond interest payable 10,000

Total current liabilities $ 255,000 Long-term liabilities

Bonds payable, 10%, due 2022 300,000 Less: Discount on bonds 10,000

Total long-term liabilities 290,000

Total liabilities 545,000 Stockholders’ equity

Paid-in capital Common stock, $10 par value, 200,000 shares

authorized, 80,000 shares issued and outstanding 800,000 Paid-in capital in excess of par value 100,000

Total paid-in capital 900,000 Retained earnings (Note 1) 255,000

Total paid-in capital and retained earnings 1,155,000 Add: Unrealized gain on available-for-sale

securities 10,000

Total stockholders’ equity 1,165,000

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $1,710,000

Note 1. Retained earnings of $100,000 is restricted for plant expansion.

Illustration 12-12 Classified balance sheet

A Good Day to Start Saving

on page 586 for informa- tion on how topics in this

chapter apply to you.

all about Y U* Be sure to read

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Some Facts* * Only about 48% of people in their twenties whose

employers have a 401(k) plan participate in that plan. [401(k) plans allow you to put part of your pre- tax salary into investments. The investment and its earnings are not taxed until you withdraw them in retirement.] Many employers automatically enroll employees in 401(k) plans when they hire them.

* Only 40% of working couples currently are covered by pension plans, but 61% of workers expect to get income from a company pension plan.

* More than half of workers age 55 and older have less than $50,000 in retirement savings.

* 80% of individuals between the ages of 18 to 26 said that, if given $10,000, they would deposit the money into a traditional bank savings account rather than invest in the stock market. Many stated that they are intimidated by the stock market, and choose to give up the added returns the stock market offers over the long run, rather than face the market.

*all about Y U*

CCompared to citizens in many other nations,Americans are very poor savers. It isn’t that we don’t know that we should save. It is just that we would rather spend. When is a good time to get serious about saving? Maybe you should start saving when you’ve graduated and have a good job, but then there will be those student loans to pay off, and your car loans as well. Maybe you should start after you’ve purchased your first home—and furnished it. Oh, and you might have kids, so you might wait until after they’ve gone off to college. You get the picture: There’s always a reason not to start saving. Given that, today is as good a day as any to start saving.

What Do You Think?* You’ve got $3,000 in credit card bills at an 18% interest rate. Your employer has a 401(k) plan in which it will match your contributions, up to 10% of your annual salary. Should you pay off your credit card bills before you start putting money into the 401(k)?

YES: Paying off an 18% debt, and thus avoiding 18% interest payments, is essentially equivalent to earning 18% on investments. Reducing your debts reduces your financial vulnerability.

NO: You need to get in the savings habit as soon as possible. You should take part of the money you would have used to pay off your debt each month and instead put it into the 401(k).

* The authors’ comments on this situation appear on page 610.

Sources: Kelly Greene, “Workers’ Views on Retirement May Be Too Rosy,” Wall Street Journal, April 4, 2006, p. D2; Ron Lieber, “Getting Younger Folk to Save,” Wall Street Journal, June 17, 2006, p. B1; Eric A. Henon, “Why and How Generation Y Saves and Spends,” Benefits & Compensation Digest, February 2006, pp. 30–32.

A Good Day to Start Saving

586

About the Numbers*

Accumulated Value at Age 65 of $300 Monthly Investment Started at

Different Ages

Age 25

$1,200,000

$1,000,000

$800,000

$600,000

$400,000

$200,000

$0 Age 35 Age 45 Age 55

The message to start saving early has been presented in many different ways. The chart below presents the facts in very blunt terms. When you are 25 years old, if you start putting $300 per month into an investment earning 8%, by the age of 65 you will have accumulated more than $1 million. But if you wait until age 55, you will accumulate only about $55,000. Notice the sharp drop-off between ages 25 and 35.

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Comprehensive Do it! 587

Comprehensive

In its first year of operations, DeMarco Company had the following selected transactions in stock investments that are considered trading securities.

June 1 Purchased for cash 600 shares of Sanburg common stock at $24 per share, plus $300 brokerage fees.

July 1 Purchased for cash 800 shares of Cey common stock at $33 per share, plus $600 bro- kerage fees.

Sept. 1 Received a $1 per share cash dividend from Cey Corporation. Nov. 1 Sold 200 shares of Sanburg common stock for cash at $27 per share, less $150 bro-

kerage fees. Dec. 15 Received a $0.50 per share cash dividend on Sanburg common stock.

At December 31, the fair values per share were: Sanburg $25 and Cey $30.

Instructions

(a) Journalize the transactions. (b) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31 to report the securities at fair value.

Solution to Comprehensive Do it!

Do it!

Action Plan

• Include the price paid plus brokerage fees in the cost of the investment.

• Compute the gain or loss on sales as the difference between net selling price and the cost of the securities.

• Base the adjustment to fair value on the total difference between the cost and the fair value of the securities.

The Navigator✓

(a) June 1 Stock Investments 14,700 Cash (600 � $24) � $300 14,700

(To record purchase of 600 shares of Sanburg common stock)

July 1 Stock Investments 27,000 Cash (800 � $33) � $600 27,000

(To record purchase of 800 shares of Cey common stock)

Sept. 1 Cash (800 � $1.00) 800 Dividend Revenue 800

(To record receipt of $1 per share cash dividend from Cey Corporation)

Nov. 1 Cash (200 � $27) � $150 5,250 Stock Investments ($14,700 � 200/600) 4,900 Gain on Sale of Stock Investments 350

(To record sale of 200 shares of Sanburg common stock)

Dec. 15 Cash (600 � 200) � $0.50 200 Dividend Revenue 200

(To record receipt of $0.50 per share dividend from Sanburg Corporation)

(b) Dec. 31 Unrealized Loss—Income 2,800 Market Adjustment—Trading 2,800

(To record unrealized loss on trading securities)

Investment Cost Fair Value Unrealized Gain (Loss) Sanburg common stock $ 9,800 $10,000 $ 200 Cey common stock 27,000 24,000 (3,000)

Totals $36,800 $34,000 $(2,800)

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588 Chapter 12 Investments

1 Discuss why corporations invest in debt and stock securities. Corporations invest for three primary reasons: (a) They have excess cash. (b) They view investments as a significant revenue source. (c) They have strategic goals such as gaining control of a competitor or moving into a new line of business.

2 Explain the accounting for debt investments. Companies record investments in debt securities when they purchase bonds, receive or accrue interest, and sell the bonds. They report gains or losses on the sale of bonds in the “Other revenues and gains” or “Other expenses and losses” sections of the income statement.

3 Explain the accounting for stock investments. Companies record investments in common stock when they purchase the stock, receive dividends, and sell the stock. When ownership is less than 20%, the cost method is used. When ownership is between 20% and 50%, the equity method should be used. When ownership is more than 50%, companies prepare consolidated financial statements.

4 Describe the use of consolidated financial statements. When a company owns more than 50% of the common

stock of another company, it usually prepares consolidated financial statements. These statements indicate the magni- tude and scope of operations of the companies under com- mon control.

5 Indicate how debt and stock investments are reported in financial statements. Investments in debt and stock securities are classified as trading, available-for-sale, or held-to-maturity securities for valuation and reporting pur- poses. Trading securities are reported as current assets at fair value, with changes from cost reported in net income. Available-for-sale securities are also reported at fair value, with the changes from cost reported in stockholders’ equity. Available-for-sale securities are classified as short-term or long-term depending on their expected future sale date.

6 Distinguish between short-term and long-term invest- ments. Short-term investments are securities that are (a) readily marketable and (b) intended to be converted to cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer. Investments that do not meet both criteria are clas- sified as long-term investments.

SUMMARY OF STUDY OBJECTIVES

The Navigator✓

Available-for-sale securities Securities that are held with the intent of selling them sometime in the future. (p. 579).

Consolidated financial statements Financial statements that present the assets and liabilities controlled by the par- ent company and the total revenues and expenses of the subsidiary companies. (p. 576).

Controlling interest Ownership of more than 50% of the common stock of another entity. (p. 576).

Cost method An accounting method in which the invest- ment in common stock is recorded at cost, and revenue is recognized only when cash dividends are received. (p. 574).

Debt investments Investments in government and corpo- ration bonds. (p. 572).

Equity method An accounting method in which the invest- ment in common stock is initially recorded at cost, and the investment account is then adjusted annually to show the investor’s equity in the investee. (p. 575).

Fair value Amount for which a security could be sold in a normal market. (p. 578).

Held-to-maturity securities Debt securities that the investor has the intent and ability to hold to their maturity date. (p. 579).

Investment portfolio A group of stocks and/or debt securities in different corporations held for investment purposes. (p. 573).

Long-term investments Investments that are not readily marketable or that management does not intend to convert into cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer. (p. 582).

Parent company A company that owns more than 50% of the common stock of another entity. (p. 576).

Short-term investments Investments that are readily mar- ketable and intended to be converted into cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer. (p. 582).

Stock investments Investments in the capital stock of other corporations. (p. 573).

Subsidiary (affiliated) company A company in which more than 50% of its stock is owned by another company. (p. 576).

Trading securities Securities bought and held primarily for sale in the near term to generate income on short-term price differences. (p. 579).

GLOSSARY

APPENDIX Preparing Consolidated Financial Statements

Most of the large U.S. corporations are holding companies that own other corpora- tions. They therefore prepare consolidated financial statements that combine the separate companies.

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Consolidated Balance Sheet Companies prepare consolidated balance sheets from the individual balance sheets of their affiliated companies. They do not prepare consolidated statements from ledger accounts kept by the consolidated entity because only the separate legal en- tities maintain accounting records.

All items in the individual balance sheets are included in the consolidated bal- ance sheet except amounts that pertain to transactions between the affiliated com- panies. Transactions between the affiliated companies are identified as intercompany transactions. The process of excluding these transactions in preparing consolidated statements is referred to as intercompany eliminations. These eliminations are nec- essary to avoid overstating assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity in the consol- idated balance sheet. For example, amounts owed by a subsidiary to a parent com- pany and the related receivable reported by the parent company would be eliminated. The objective in a consolidated balance sheet is to show only obliga- tions to and receivables from parties who are not part of the affiliated group of companies.

To illustrate, assume that on January 1, 2011, Powers Construction Company pays $150,000 in cash for 100% of Serto Brick Company’s common stock. Powers Company records the investment at cost, as required by the cost principle. Illustration 12A-1 presents the separate balance sheets of the two companies immediately after the purchase, together with combined and consolidated data.5

Powers obtains the balances in the “combined” column are obtained by adding the items in the separate balance sheets of the affiliated companies. The combined totals do not represent a consolidated balance sheet, because there has been a dou- ble counting of assets and owners’ equity in the amount of $150,000.

Appendix Preparing Consolidated Financial Statements 589

H E L P F U L H I N T Eliminations are aptly named because they eliminate duplicate data. They are not adjustments.

5 We use condensed data throughout this material to keep details at a minimum.

POWERS COMPANY AND SERTO COMPANY Balance Sheet

January 1, 2011

Powers Serto Combined Consolidated Assets Company Company Data Data

Current assets $ 50,000 $ 80,000 $130,000 $130,000 Investment in Serto Company

common stock 150,000 150,000 –0– Plant and equipment (net) 325,000 145,000 470,000 470,000

Total assets $525,000 $225,000 $750,000 $600,000

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities $ 50,000 $ 75,000 $125,000 $125,000 Common stock 300,000 100,000 400,000 300,000 Retained earnings 175,000 50,000 225,000 175,000

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $525,000 $225,000 $750,000 $600,000

Illustration 12A-1 Combined and consolidated data

The Investment in Serto Company common stock that appears on the balance sheet of Powers Company represents an interest in the net assets of Serto. As a re- sult, there has been a double counting of assets. Similarly, there has been a double counting in stockholders’ equity, because the common stock of Serto Company is completely owned by the stockholders of Powers Company.

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The balances in the consolidated data column are the amounts that should appear in the consolidated balance sheet. The double counting has been eliminated by showing Investment in Serto Company at zero and by reporting only the com- mon stock and retained earnings of Powers Company as stockholders’ equity.

USE OF A WORKSHEET—COST EQUAL TO BOOK VALUE The preparation of consolidated balance sheets is usually facilitated by the use of a worksheet. As shown in Illustration 12A-2, the worksheet for a consolidated balance sheet contains columns for (1) the balance sheet data for the separate legal entities, (2) intercompany eliminations, and (3) consolidated data. All data in the worksheet relate to the preceding ex-

ample in which Powers Company acquires 100% ownership of Serto Company for $150,000. In this case, the cost of the investment, $150,000, is equal to the book value $150,000 ($225,000 � $75,000) of the subsidiary’s net assets. The intercom- pany elimination results in a credit to the Investment account maintained by Powers Company for its balance, $150,000, and debits to the Common Stock and Retained Earnings accounts of Serto Company for their respective balances, $100,000 and $50,000.

590 Chapter 12 Investments

Describe the content of a worksheet for a consolidated balance sheet.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 7

Powers Company.xls

Eliminations Assets

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

A B C D E F

Serto Company

Powers Company

Consolidated DataDr. Cr.

8 7 6 5

3 4

2 1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

19 18

20 21

150,000

50,000

150,000 325,000 525,000

50,000 300,000

175,000

525,000

100,000

50,000 150,000 150,000

130,000

300,000

175,000

125,000

600,000

–0–

–0–

–0– 470,000 600,000

75,000

100,000

50,000 225,000

80,000

145,000 225,000

Current assets Investment in Serto Company common stock

Totals

Current liabilities Common stock—Powers Company Common stock—Serto Company Retained earnings—Powers Company Retained earnings—Serto Company

Totals

Plant and equipment (net)

File Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help

POWERS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARY Worksheet—Consolidated Balance Sheet

January 1, 2011 (Acquisition Date)

Illustration 12A-2 Worksheet—Cost equal to book value

It is important to recognize that companies make intercompany eliminations solely on the worksheet to present correct consolidated data. Neither of the affiliated companies journalizes or posts the eliminations. Therefore, eliminations do not affect the ledger accounts. Powers Company’s investment account and Serto Company’s common stock and retained earnings accounts are reported by the separate entities in preparing their own financial statements.

USE OF A WORKSHEET—COST ABOVE BOOK VALUE The cost of acquiring the common stock of another company may be above or below its book value. The management of the parent company may pay more than

H E L P F U L H I N T As in the case of the worksheets explained earlier in this textbook, consolidated worksheets are also optional.

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book value for the stock. Why? Because it believes the fair market values of iden- tifiable assets such as land, buildings, and equipment are higher than their recorded book values. Or it may believe the subsidiary’s future earnings prospects warrant a payment for goodwill.

To illustrate, assume the same data used above, except that Powers Company pays $165,000 in cash for 100% of Serto’s common stock. The excess of cost over book value is $15,000 ($165,000 � $150,000). Powers recognizes this amount sepa- rately in eliminating the parent company’s investment account, as shown in Illustration 12A-3. Total assets and total liabilities and stockholders’ equity are the same as in the preceding example ($600,000). However, in this case, total assets in- clude $15,000 of Excess of Cost Over Book Value of Subsidiary. The disposition of the excess is explained in the next section.

Appendix Preparing Consolidated Financial Statements 591

H E L P F U L H I N T The consolidated worksheet is another good spreadsheet application. This is a good worksheet to attempt since the required instructions are very straightforward.

Powers Company.xls

File Edit View Insert Format Tools Data Window Help

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

A B C D E F

8 7 6 5

3 4

2 1

9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

20 19

21 22 23

165,000

35,000

165,000 325,000 145,000

75,000

225,000525,000 15,000 15,000

50,000 300,000

175,000

525,000 225,000

100,000100,000

50,000 50,000 165,000 165,000

115,000

300,000

175,000

125,000

600,000

–0–

–0–

–0– 470,000

600,000

80,000Current assets Investment in Serto Company common stock

Totals

Current liabilities Common stock —Powers Company Common stock—Serto Company Retained earnings—Powers Company Retained earnings—Serto Company

Totals

Plant and equipment (net) Excess of cost over book value of

subsidiary

Note that a separate line is added to the worksheet for the excess of cost over book value of subsidiary.

Eliminations Assets

Powers Company

Serto Company Dr. Cr.

Consolidated Data

POWERS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARY Worksheet—Consolidated Balance Sheet

January 1, 2011 (Acquisition Date)

Illustration 12A-3 Worksheet—Cost above book value

CONTENT OF A CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET To illustrate a consolidated balance sheet, we will use the worksheet shown in Illustration 12A-3. This worksheet shows an excess of cost over book value of $15,000. In the consolidated balance sheet, Powers first allocates this amount to specific assets, such as inventory and plant equipment, if their fair market values on the acquisition date exceed their book values. Any remainder is considered to be goodwill. For Serto Company, assume that the fair market value of property and equipment is $155,000. Thus, Powers allocates $10,000 of the excess of cost over book value to property and equipment, and the remainder, $5,000, to goodwill. Illustration 12A-4 (next page) shows the condensed consolidated balance sheet of Powers Company.

Explain the form and content of consolidated financial statements.

S T U D Y O B J E C T I V E 8

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Through innovative financial restructuring, The Coca-Cola Company at one time eliminated a substantial amount of non-intercompany debt. It sold to the public 51% of two bottling companies. The “49% solution,” as insiders call the strategy, enabled Coca-Cola to keep effective control over the businesses, and it swept $3 billion of debt from its consolidated balance sheet. (It no longer consol- idated the two bottling companies.) At the same time the new companies obtained independent access to equity markets to satisfy their own voracious appetites for capital.

Consolidated Income Statement Affiliated companies also prepare a consolidated income statement. This state- ment shows the results of operations of affiliated companies as though they are one economic unit. This means that the statement shows only revenue and expense transactions between the consolidated entity and companies and individuals who are outside the affiliated group.

Consequently, all intercompany revenue and expense transactions must be eliminated. Intercompany transactions such as sales between affiliates and interest on loans charged by one affiliate to another must be eliminated. A worksheet facil- itates the preparation of consolidated income statements in the same manner as it does for the balance sheet.

592 Chapter 12 Investments

POWERS COMPANY Consolidated Balance Sheet

January 1, 2011

Assets

Current assets $115,000 Plant and equipment (net) 480,000 Goodwill 5,000

Total assets $600,000

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities $125,000 Stockholders’ equity

Common stock $300,000 Retained earnings 175,000 475,000

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $600,000

7 Describe the content of a worksheet for a consoli- dated balance sheet. The worksheet for a consolidated balance sheet contains columns for (a) the balance sheet data for the separate entities, (b) intercompany elimina- tions, and (c) consolidated data.

8 Explain the form and content of consolidated financial statements. Consolidated financial statements are simi-

lar in form and content to the financial statements of an in- dividual corporation. A consolidated balance sheet shows the assets and liabilities controlled by the parent company. A consolidated income statement shows the results of op- erations of affiliated companies as though they are one economic unit.

SUMMARY OF STUDY OBJECTIVE FOR APPENDIX

Illustration 12A-4 Consolidated balance sheet

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Self-Study Questions 593

Intercompany eliminations Eliminations made to exclude the effects of intercompany transactions in preparing con- solidated statements. (p. 589).

Intercompany transactions Transactions between affiliated companies. (p. 589).

GLOSSARY FOR APPENDIX

*Note: All Questions, Exercises, and Problems marked with an asterisk relate to material in the appendix to the chapter.

SELF-STUDY QUESTIONS

Answers are at the end of the chapter.

1. Which of the following is not a primary reason why corpo- rations invest in debt and equity securities? a. They wish to gain control of a competitor. b. They have excess cash. c. They wish to move into a new line of business. d. They are required to by law.

2. Debt investments are initially recorded at: a. cost. b. cost plus accrued interest. c. fair value. d. None of the above.

3. Hanes Company sells debt investments costing $26,000 for $28,000, plus accrued interest that has been recorded. In journalizing the sale, credits are to: a. Debt Investments and Loss on Sale of Debt Investments. b. Debt Investments, Gain on Sale of Debt Investments,

and Bond Interest Receivable. c. Stock Investments and Bond Interest Receivable. d. No correct answer given.

4. Pryor Company receives net proceeds of $42,000 on the sale of stock investments that cost $39,500. This transac- tion will result in reporting in the income statement a: a. loss of $2,500 under “Other expenses and losses.” b. loss of $2,500 under “Operating expenses.” c. gain of $2,500 under “Other revenues and gains.” d. gain of $2,500 under “Operating revenues.”

5. The equity method of accounting for long-term invest- ments in stock should be used when the investor has sig- nificant influence over an investee and owns: a. between 20% and 50% of the investee’s common stock. b. 20% or more of the investee’s common stock. c. more than 50% of the investee’s common stock. d. less than 20% of the investee’s common stock.

6. Assume that Horicon Corp acquired 25% of the common stock of Sheboygan Corp. on January 1, 2011, for $300,000. During 2011 Sheboygan Corp. reported net income of $160,000 and paid total dividends of $60,000. If Horicon uses the equity method to account for its investment, the balance in the investment account on December 31, 2011, will be: a. $300,000. b. $325,000. c. $400,000. d. $340,000.

7. Using the information in question 6, what entry would Horicon make to record the receipt of the dividend from Sheboygan?

a. Debit Cash and credit Revenue from Investment in Sheboygan Corp.

b. Debit Dividends and credit Revenue from Investment in Sheboygan Corp.

c. Debit Cash and credit Stock Investments. d. Debit Cash and credit Dividend Revenue.

8. You have a controlling interest if: a. you own more than 20% of a company’s stock. b. you are the president of the company. c. you use the equity method. d. you own more than 50% of a company’s stock.

9. Which of the following statements is not true? Consolidated financial statements are useful to: a. determine the profitability of specific subsidiaries. b. determine the total profitability of enterprises under

common control. c. determine the breadth of a parent company’s operations. d. determine the full extent of total obligations of enter-

prises under common control.

10. At the end of the first year of operations, the total cost of the trading securities portfolio is $120,000. Total fair value is $115,000. The financial statements should show: a. a reduction of an asset of $5,000 and a realized loss of

$5,000. b. a reduction of an asset of $5,000 and an unrealized loss

of $5,000 in the stockholders’ equity section. c. a reduction of an asset of $5,000 in the current assets

section and an unrealized loss of $5,000 in “Other expenses and losses.”

d. a reduction of an asset of $5,000 in the current assets section and a realized loss of $5,000 in “Other expenses and losses.”

11. At December 31, 2011, the fair value of available-for-sale securities is $41,300 and the cost is $39,800. At January 1, 2011, there was a credit balance of $900 in the Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale account. The required adjusting entry would be: a. Debit Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale for

$1,500 and credit Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity for $1,500.

b. Debit Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale for $600 and credit Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity for $600.

c. Debit Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale for $2,400 and credit Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity for $2,400.

d. Debit Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity for $2,400 and credit Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale for $2,400.

(SO 1)

(SO 2)

(SO 2)

(SO 3)

(SO 3)

(SO 3)

(SO 3)

(SO 4)

(SO 5)

(SO 3)

(SO 5)

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594 Chapter 12 Investments

12. In the balance sheet, a debit balance in Unrealized Gain or Loss—Equity is reported as a(n): a. increase to stockholders’ equity. b. decrease to stockholders’ equity. c. loss in the income statement. d. loss in the retained earnings statement.

13. Short-term debt investments must be readily marketable and expected to be sold within: a. 3 months from the date of purchase. b. the next year or operating cycle, whichever is shorter. c. the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer. d. the operating cycle.

*14. Pate Company pays $175,000 for 100% of Sinko’s com- mon stock when Sinko’s stockholders’ equity consists of Common Stock $100,000 and Retained Earnings $60,000. In the worksheet for the consolidated balance sheet, the eliminations will include a: a. credit to Investment in Sinko Common Stock $160,000. b. credit to Excess of Book Value over Cost of Subsidiary

$15,000. c. debit to Retained Earnings $75,000. d. debit to Excess of Cost over Book Value of Subsidiary

$15,000.

*15. Which of the following statements about intercompany eliminations is true? a. They are not journalized or posted by any of the sub-

sidiaries. b. They do not affect the ledger accounts of any of the

subsidiaries. c. Intercompany eliminations are made solely on the

worksheet to arrive at correct consolidated data. d. All of these statements are true.

*16. Which one of the following statements about consolidated income statements is false? a. A worksheet facilitates the preparation of the statement. b. The consolidated income statement shows the results

of operations of affiliated companies as a single eco- nomic unit.

c. All revenue and expense transactions between parent and subsidiary companies are eliminated.

d. When a subsidiary is wholly owned, the form and content of the statement will differ from the income statement of an individual corporation.

Go to the book’s companion website, www.wiley.com/college/weygandt, for Additional Self-Study Questions.

(SO 5)

(SO 6)

(SO 7)

(SO 8)

(SO 7)

The Navigator✓

QUESTIONS

1. What are the reasons that corporations invest in securities? 2. (a) What is the cost of an investment in bonds?

(b) When is interest on bonds recorded? 3. Tino Martinez is confused about losses and gains on the

sale of debt investments. Explain to Tino (a) how the gain or loss is computed, and (b) the statement presentation of the gains and losses.

4. Olindo Company sells Gish’s bonds costing $40,000 for $45,000, including $500 of accrued interest. In recording the sale, Olindo books a $5,000 gain. Is this correct? Explain.

5. What is the cost of an investment in stock? 6. To acquire Kinston Corporation stock, R. Neal pays

$62,000 in cash, plus $1,200 broker’s fees. What entry should be made for this investment?

7. (a) When should a long-term investment in common stock be accounted for by the equity method? (b) When is rev- enue recognized under this method?

8. Rijo Corporation uses the equity method to account for its ownership of 30% of the common stock of Pippen Packing. During 2011 Pippen reported a net income of $80,000 and declares and pays cash dividends of $10,000. What recogni- tion should Rijo Corporation give to these events?

9. What constitutes “significant influence” when an in- vestor’s financial interest is below the 50% level?

10. Distinguish between the cost and equity methods of ac- counting for investments in stocks.

11. What are consolidated financial statements?

12. What are the valuation guidelines for investments at a balance sheet date?

13. Tina Eddings is the controller of Mendez Inc. At December 31, the company’s investments in trading secu-

rities cost $74,000. They have a fair value of $70,000. Indicate how Tina would report these data in the financial statements prepared on December 31.

14. Using the data in question 13, how would Tina report the data if the investment were long-term and the securities were classified as available-for-sale?

15. Hashmi Company’s investments in available-for-sale se- curities at December 31 show total cost of $195,000 and total fair value of $205,000. Prepare the adjusting entry.

16. Using the data in question 15, prepare the adjusting entry assuming the securities are classified as trading securities.

17. What is the proper statement presentation of the account Unrealized Loss—Equity?

18. What purposes are served by reporting Unrealized Gains (Losses)—Equity in the stockholders’ equity section?

19. Altoona Wholesale Supply owns stock in Key Corporation. Altoona intends to hold the stock indefinitely because of some negative tax consequences if sold. Should the invest- ment in Key be classified as a short-term investment? Why or why not?

*20. (a) What asset and stockholders’ equity balances are eliminated in preparing a consolidated balance sheet for a parent and a wholly owned subsidiary? (b) Why are they eliminated?

*21. Bohanon Company pays $318,000 to purchase all the out- standing common stock of Erin Corporation. At the date of purchase the net assets of Erin have a book value of $290,000. Bohanon’s management allocates $20,000 of the excess cost to undervalued land on the books of Erin. What should be done with the rest of the excess?

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Do it! Review 595

BE12-1 Coffey Corporation purchased debt investments for $52,000 on January 1, 2011. On July 1, 2011, Coffey received cash interest of $2,340. Journalize the purchase and the receipt of interest. Assume that no interest has been accrued.

BE12-2 On August 1, Wade Company buys 1,000 shares of Morgan common stock for $35,000 cash, plus brokerage fees of $700. On December 1, Wade sells the stock investments for $40,000 in cash. Journalize the purchase and sale of the common stock.

BE12-3 Kayser Company owns 25% of Fort Company. For the current year Fort reports net in- come of $180,000 and declares and pays a $50,000 cash dividend. Record Kayser’s equity in Fort’s net income and the receipt of dividends from Fort.

BE12-4 The cost of the trading securities of Cepeda Company at December 31, 2011, is $62,000. At December 31, 2011, the fair value of the securities is $59,000. Prepare the adjusting entry to record the securities at fair value.

BE12-5 For the data presented in BE12-4, show the financial statement presentation of the trading securities and related accounts.

BE12-6 Garrett Corporation holds as a long-term investment available-for-sale stock securi- ties costing $72,000. At December 31, 2011, the fair value of the securities is $66,000. Prepare the adjusting entry to record the securities at fair value.

BE12-7 For the data presented in BE12-6, show the financial statement presentation of the available-for-sale securities and related accounts. Assume the available-for-sale securities are noncurrent.

BE12-8 Gowdy Corporation has the following long-term investments: (1) Common stock of Dixen Co. (10% ownership) held as available-for-sale securities, cost $108,000, fair value $115,000. (2) Common stock of Ely Inc. (30% ownership), cost $210,000, equity $270,000. Prepare the investments section of the balance sheet.

*BE12-9 Paula Company acquires 100% of the common stock of Shannon Company for $190,000 cash. On the acquisition date, Shannon’s ledger shows Common Stock $120,000 and Retained Earnings $70,000. Complete the worksheet for the following accounts: Paula— Investment in Shannon Common Stock, Shannon—Common Stock, and Shannon—Retained Earnings.

*BE12-10 Data for the Paula and Shannon companies are given in BE12-9. Instead of paying $190,000, assume that Paula pays $200,000 to acquire the 100% interest in Shannon Company. Complete the worksheet for the accounts identified in BE12-9 and for the excess of cost over book value.

BRIEF EXERCISES

12-1 Odlaw Corporation had the following transactions relating to debt investments:

Jan. 1 Purchased 50, $1,000, 12% Clinton Company bonds for $50,000 plus broker’s fees of $1,500. Interest is payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1.

July 1 Received semiannual interest from Clinton Company bonds. July 1 Sold 30 Clinton Company bonds for $30,000, less $800 broker’s fees.

(a) Journalize the transactions, and (b) prepare the adjusting entry for the accrual of interest on December 31.

12-2 Presented below and on page 596 are two independent situations:

1. Potomac Inc. acquired 10% of the 500,000 shares of common stock of Maryland Corporation at a total cost of $11 per share on June 17, 2011. On September 3, Maryland declared and paid a $160,000 dividend. On December 31, Maryland reported net income of $550,000 for the year.

Do it!

Do it!

ReviewDo it!

Journalize entries for debt investments.

(SO 2)

Journalize entries for stock investments.

(SO 3)

Record transactions under the equity method of accounting.

(SO 3)

Prepare adjusting entry using fair value.

(SO 5)

Indicate statement presentation using fair value.

(SO 5, 6)

Prepare adjusting entry using fair value.

(SO 5)

Indicate statements presentation using fair value.

(SO 5, 6)

Prepare investments section of balance sheet.

(SO 5, 6)

Prepare partial consolidated worksheet when cost equals book value.

(SO 7)

Prepare partial consolidated worksheet when cost exceeds book value.

(SO 7)

Make journal entry for bond purchase and adjusting entry for interest accrual.

(SO 2)

Make journal entries for stock investments.

(SO 3)

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596 Chapter 12 Investments

2. Andy Fisher Corporation obtained significant influence over Bandit Company by buying 30% of Bandit’s 100,000 outstanding shares of common stock at a cost of $18 per share on January 1, 2011. On May 15, Bandit declared and paid a cash dividend of $150,000. On December 31, Bandit reported net income of $270,000 for the year.

Prepare all necessary journal entries for 2011 for (1) Potomac and (2) Andy Fisher.

12-3 Some of Grand Junction Corporation’s investment securities are classified as trading securities and some are classified as available-for-sale. The cost and market value of each category at December 31, 2011, was as follows.

Cost Fair Value Unrealized Gain (Loss)

Trading securities $96,300 $84,900 $(11,400) Available-for-sale securities $59,000 $63,200 $ 4,200

At December 31, 2010, the Market Adjustment—Trading account had a debit balance of $2,200, and the Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale account had a credit balance of $7,750. Prepare the required journal entries for each group of securities for December 31, 2011.

12-4 Identify where each of the following items would be reported in the financial statements.

1. Loss on sale of investments in stock. 2. Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities. 3. Market adjustment—trading. 4. Interest earned on investments in bonds. 5. Unrealized loss on trading securities.

Use the following possible categories: Balance sheet:

Current assets Current liabilities Investments Long-term liabilities Property, plant, and equipment Stockholders’ equity Intangible assets

Income statement: Other revenues and gains Other expenses and losses

Do it!

Do it!

Indicate financial statement presentation of investments

(SO 6)

Make journal entries for trading and available-for-sale securities.

(SO 5)

E12-1 Max Weinberg is studying for an accounting test and has developed the following ques- tions about investments.

1. What are three reasons why companies purchase investments in debt or stock securities? 2. Why would a corporation have excess cash that it does not need for operations? 3. What is the typical investment when investing cash for short periods of time? 4. What are the typical investments when investing cash to generate earnings? 5. Why would a company invest in securities that provide no current cash flows? 6. What is the typical stock investment when investing cash for strategic reasons?

Instructions Provide answers for Max.

E12-2 Foren Corporation had the following transactions pertaining to debt investments.

Jan. 1 Purchased 50 8%, $1,000 Choate Co. bonds for $50,000 cash plus brokerage fees of $900. Interest is payable semiannually on July 1 and January 1.

July 1 Received semiannual interest on Choate Co. bonds. July 1 Sold 30 Choate Co. bonds for $34,000 less $500 brokerage fees.

Instructions (a) Journalize the transactions. (b) Prepare the adjusting entry for the accrual of interest at December 31.

EXERCISES

Understand debt and stock investments.

(SO 1)

Journalize debt investment transactions and accrue interest.

(SO 2)

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Exercises 597

E12-3 EmmyLou Company purchased 70 Harris Company 12%, 10-year, $1,000 bonds on January 1, 2011, for $73,000. EmmyLou Company also had to pay $500 of broker’s fees. The bonds pay interest semiannually on July 1 and January 1. On January 1, 2012, after receipt of interest, EmmyLou Company sold 40 of the bonds for $40,100.

Instructions Prepare the journal entries to record the transactions described above.

E12-4 Dossett Company had the following transactions pertaining to stock investments.

Feb. 1 Purchased 600 shares of Goetz common stock (2%) for $6,000 cash, plus brokerage fees of $200.

July 1 Received cash dividends of $1 per share on Goetz common stock. Sept. 1 Sold 300 shares of Goetz common stock for $4,400, less brokerage fees of $100. Dec. 1 Received cash dividends of $1 per share on Goetz common stock.

Instructions (a) Journalize the transactions. (b) Explain how dividend revenue and the gain (loss) on sale should be reported in the income

statement.

E12-5 Wyrick Inc. had the following transactions pertaining to investments in common stock.

Jan. 1 Purchased 2,500 shares of Murphy Corporation common stock (5%) for $140,000 cash plus $2,100 broker’s commission.

July 1 Received a cash dividend of $3 per share. Dec. 1 Sold 500 shares of Murphy Corporation common stock for $32,000 cash, less $800

broker’s commission. Dec. 31 Received a cash dividend of $3 per share.

Instructions Journalize the transactions.

E12-6 On February 1, Neil Company purchased 500 shares (2% ownership) of Young Company common stock for $30 per share plus brokerage fees of $400. On March 20, Neil Company sold 100 shares of Young stock for $2,900, less a $50 brokerage fee. Neil received a dividend of $1.00 per share on April 25. On June 15, Neil sold 200 shares of Young stock for $7,400, less a $90 brokerage fee. On July 28, Neil received a dividend of $1.25 per share.

Instructions Prepare the journal entries to record the transactions described above.

E12-7 On January 1 Kwun Corporation purchased a 25% equity in Connors Corporation for $180,000. At December 31 Connors declared and paid a $60,000 cash dividend and reported net income of $200,000.

Instructions (a) Journalize the transactions. (b) Determine the amount to be reported as an investment in Connors stock at December 31.

E12-8 Presented below are two independent situations.

1. Heath Cosmetics acquired 15% of the 200,000 shares of common stock of Van Fashion at a total cost of $13 per share on March 18, 2011. On June 30, Van declared and paid a $60,000 dividend. On December 31, Van reported net income of $122,000 for the year. At December 31, the market price of Van Fashion was $15 per share. The stock is classified as available- for-sale.

2. Yoder, Inc., obtained significant influence over Parks Corporation by buying 30% of Parks 30,000 outstanding shares of common stock at a total cost of $9 per share on January 1, 2011. On June 15, Parks declared and paid a cash dividend of $30,000. On December 31, Parks reported a net income of $80,000 for the year.

Instructions Prepare all the necessary journal entries for 2011 for (1) Heath Cosmetics and (2) Yoder, Inc.

Journalize debt investment transactions, accrue interest, and record sale.

(SO 2)

Journalize stock investment transactions.

(SO 3)

Journalize transactions for investments in stocks.

(SO 3)

Journalize transactions for investments in stocks.

(SO 3)

Journalize and post transactions, and contrast cost and equity method results.

(SO 3)

Journalize entries under cost and equity methods.

(SO 3, 5)

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E12-9 Ryan Company purchased 70% of the outstanding common stock of Wayne Corporation.

Instructions (a) Explain the relationship between Ryan Company and Wayne Corporation. (b) How should Ryan account for its investment in Wayne? (c) Why is the accounting treatment described in (b) useful?

E12-10 At December 31, 2011, the trading securities for Natoli, Inc. are as follows.

Security Cost Fair Value

A $17,500 $16,000 B 12,500 14,000 C 23,000 19,000

$53,000 $49,000

Instructions (a) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2011, to report the securities at fair value. (b) Show the balance sheet and income statement presentation at December 31, 2011, after

adjustment to fair value.

E12-11 Data for investments in stock classified as trading securities are presented in E12-10. Assume instead that the investments are classified as available-for-sale securities. They have the same cost and fair value. The securities are considered to be a long-term investment.

Instructions (a) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2011, to report the securities at fair value. (b) Show the statement presentation at December 31, 2011, after adjustment to fair value. (c) M. Linquist, a member of the board of directors, does not understand the re-

porting of the unrealized gains or losses. Write a letter to Mr. Linquist explaining the report- ing and the purposes that it serves.

E12-12 McGee Company has the following data at December 31, 2011.

Securities Cost Fair Value

Trading $120,000 $124,000 Available-for-sale 100,000 94,000

The available-for-sale securities are held as a long-term investment.

Instructions (a) Prepare the adjusting entries to report each class of securities at fair value. (b) Indicate the statement presentation of each class of securities and the related unrealized gain

(loss) accounts.

*E12-13 On January 1, 2011, Lennon Corporation acquires 100% of Ono Inc. for $220,000 in cash. The condensed balance sheets of the two corporations immediately following the acquisition are as follows.

Lennon Ono Corporation Inc.

Current assets $ 60,000 $ 50,000 Investment in Ono Inc. common stock 220,000 Plant and equipment (net) 300,000 220,000

$580,000 $270,000

Current liabilities $180,000 $ 50,000 Common stock 230,000 80,000 Retained earnings 170,000 140,000

$580,000 $270,000

Instructions Prepare a worksheet for a consolidated balance sheet.

598 Chapter 12 Investments

Understand the usefulness of consolidated statements.

(SO 4)

Prepare adjusting entry to record fair value, and indicate statement presentation.

(SO 5, 6)

Prepare adjusting entry to record fair value, and indicate statement presentation.

(SO 5, 6)

Prepare adjusting entries for fair value, and indicate statement presentation for two classes of securities.

(SO 5, 6)

Prepare consolidated worksheet when cost equals book value.

(SO 7, 8)

JWCL165_c12_568-611.qxd 8/8/09 8:47 PM Page 598

*E12-14 Data for the Lennon and Ono corporations are presented in E12-13. Assume that instead of paying $220,000 in cash for Ono Inc., Lennon Corporation pays $225,000 in cash. Thus, at the acquisition date, the assets of Lennon Corporation are: Current assets $55,000, Investment in Ono Inc. common stock $225,000, and Plant and equipment (net) $300,000.

Instructions Prepare a worksheet for a consolidated balance sheet.

Problems: Set A 599

Visit the book’s companion website at www.wiley.com/college/weygandt, and choose the Student Companion site, to access Exercise Set B and a set of Challenge Exercises.

EXERCISES: SET B AND CHALLENGE EXERCISES

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w .wiley.com

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PROBLEMS: SET A

P12-1A Davison Carecenters Inc. provides financing and capital to the healthcare industry, with a particular focus on nursing homes for the elderly. The following selected transactions re- late to bonds acquired as an investment by Davison, whose fiscal year ends on December 31.

2011

Jan. 1 Purchased at face value $2,000,000 of Hannon Nursing Centers, Inc., 10-year, 8% bonds dated January 1, 2011, directly from Hannon.

July 1 Received the semiannual interest on the Hannon bonds. Dec. 31 Accrual of interest at year-end on the Hannon bonds.

(Assume that all intervening transactions and adjustments have been properly recorded and that the number of bonds owned has not changed from December 31, 2011, to December 31, 2013.)

2014

Jan. 1 Received the semiannual interest on the Hannon bonds. Jan. 1 Sold $1,000,000 Hannon bonds at 106. The broker deducted $6,000 for commissions

and fees on the sale. July 1 Received the semiannual interest on the Hannon bonds. Dec. 31 Accrual of interest at year-end on the Hannon bonds.

Instructions (a) Journalize the listed transactions for the years 2011 and 2014. (b) Assume that the fair value of the bonds at December 31, 2011, was $2,200,000. These bonds

are classified as available-for-sale securities. Prepare the adjusting entry to record these bonds at fair value.

(c) Based on your analysis in part (b), show the balance sheet presentation of the bonds and interest receivable at December 31, 2011. Assume the investments are considered long-term. Indicate where any unrealized gain or loss is reported in the financial statements.

P12-2A In January 2011, the management of Noble Company concludes that it has sufficient cash to permit some short-term investments in debt and stock securities. During the year, the following transactions occurred.

Feb. 1 Purchased 600 shares of Hiens common stock for $31,800, plus brokerage fees of $600. Mar. 1 Purchased 800 shares of Pryce common stock for $20,000, plus brokerage fees of $400. Apr. 1 Purchased 50 $1,000, 7% Roy bonds for $50,000, plus $1,000 brokerage fees. Interest is

payable semiannually on April 1 and October 1. July 1 Received a cash dividend of $0.60 per share on the Hiens common stock. Aug. 1 Sold 200 shares of Hiens common stock at $58 per share less brokerage fees of $200. Sept. 1 Received a $1 per share cash dividend on the Pryce common stock. Oct. 1 Received the semiannual interest on the Roy bonds. Oct. 1 Sold the Roy bonds for $50,000 less $1,000 brokerage fees.

At December 31, the fair value of the Hiens common stock was $55 per share. The fair value of the Pryce common stock was $24 per share.

Prepare consolidated worksheet when cost exceeds book value.

(SO 7, 8)

(a) Gain on sale of debt investment $54,000

Journalize debt investment transactions and show financial statement presentation.

(SO 2, 5, 6)

Journalize investment transactions, prepare adjusting entry, and show statement presentation.

(SO 2, 3, 5, 6)

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Instructions (a) Journalize the transactions shown on page 599 and post to the accounts Debt Investments

and Stock Investments. (Use the T-account form.) (b) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2011, to report the investment securities at fair

value. All securities are considered to be trading securities. (c) Show the balance sheet presentation of investment securities at December 31, 2011. (d) Identify the income statement accounts and give the statement classification of each account.

P12-3A On December 31, 2011, Ramey Associates owned the following securities, held as a long-term investment. The securities are not held for influence or control of the investee.

Common Stock Shares Cost

Hurst Co. 2,000 $60,000 Pine Co. 5,000 45,000 Scott Co. 1,500 30,000

On December 31, 2011, the total fair value of the securities was equal to its cost. In 2012, the fol- lowing transactions occurred.

July 1 Received $1 per share semiannual cash dividend on Pine Co. common stock. Aug. 1 Received $0.50 per share cash dividend on Hurst Co. common stock. Sept. 1 Sold 1,500 shares of Pine Co. common stock for cash at $8 per share, less brokerage

fees of $300. Oct. 1 Sold 800 shares of Hurst Co. common stock for cash at $33 per share, less brokerage

fees of $500. Nov. 1 Received $1 per share cash dividend on Scott Co. common stock. Dec. 15 Received $0.50 per share cash dividend on Hurst Co. common stock.

31 Received $1 per share semiannual cash dividend on Pine Co. common stock.

At December 31, the fair values per share of the common stocks were: Hurst Co. $32, Pine Co. $8, and Scott Co. $18.

Instructions (a) Journalize the 2012 transactions and post to the account Stock Investments. (Use the

T-account form.) (b) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2012, to show the securities at fair value. The

stock should be classified as available-for-sale securities. (c) Show the balance sheet presentation of the investments at December 31, 2012. At this date,

Ramey Associates has common stock $1,500,000 and retained earnings $1,000,000.

P12-4A Glaser Services acquired 30% of the outstanding common stock of Nickels Company on January 1, 2011, by paying $800,000 for the 45,000 shares. Nickels declared and paid $0.30 per share cash dividends on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15, 2011. Nickels reported net income of $320,000 for the year. At December 31, 2011, the market price of Nickels common stock was $24 per share.

Instructions (a) Prepare the journal entries for Glaser Services for 2011 assuming Glaser cannot exercise sig-

nificant influence over Nickels. (Use the cost method and assume that Nickels common stock should be classified as a trading security.)

(b) Prepare the journal entries for Glaser Services for 2011, assuming Glaser can exercise signif- icant influence over Nickels. Use the equity method.

(c) Indicate the balance sheet and income statement account balances at December 31, 2011, under each method of accounting.

P12-5A The following securities are in Pascual Company’s portfolio of long-term available- for-sale securities at December 31, 2011.

Cost 1,000 shares of Abel Corporation common stock $52,000 1,400 shares of Frey Corporation common stock 84,000 1,200 shares of Weiss Corporation preferred stock 33,600

600 Chapter 12 Investments

(a) Gain on stock sale $600

(b) Unrealized loss $4,100

(b) Revenue from investments $96,000

Journalize transactions and adjusting entry for stock investments.

(SO 3, 5, 6)

(a) Total dividend revenue $54,000

Prepare entries under the cost and equity methods, and tabulate differences.

(SO 3)

Journalize stock investment transactions and show statement presentation.

(SO 3, 5, 6)

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Problems: Set A 601

On December 31, 2011, the total cost of the portfolio equaled total fair value. Pascual had the following transactions related to the securities during 2012.

Jan. 20 Sold 1,000 shares of Abel Corporation common stock at $55 per share less brokerage fees of $600.

28 Purchased 400 shares of $70 par value common stock of Rosen Corporation at $78 per share, plus brokerage fees of $480.

30 Received a cash dividend of $1.15 per share on Frey Corp. common stock. Feb. 8 Received cash dividends of $0.40 per share on Weiss Corp. preferred stock.

18 Sold all 1,200 shares of Weiss Corp. preferred stock at $27 per share less brokerage fees of $360.

July 30 Received a cash dividend of $1.00 per share on Frey Corp. common stock. Sept. 6 Purchased an additional 900 shares of $10 par value common stock of Rosen

Corporation at $82 per share, plus brokerage fees of $1,200. Dec. 1 Received a cash dividend of $1.50 per share on Rosen Corporation common stock.

At December 31, 2012, the fair values of the securities were:

Frey Corporation common stock $64 per share Rosen Corporation common stock $72 per share

Pascual Company uses separate account titles for each investment, such as “Investment in Frey Corporation Common Stock.”

Instructions (a) Prepare journal entries to record the transactions. (b) Post to the investment accounts. (Use T accounts.) (c) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2012 to report the portfolio at fair value. (d) Show the balance sheet presentation at December 31, 2012, for the investment-related accounts.

P12-6A The following data, presented in alphabetical order, are taken from the records of Urbina Corporation.

Accounts payable $ 240,000 Accounts receivable 140,000 Accumulated depreciation—building 180,000 Accumulated depreciation—equipment 52,000 Allowance for doubtful accounts 6,000 Bonds payable (10%, due 2019) 500,000 Buildings 950,000 Cash 42,000 Common stock ($10 par value; 500,000 shares authorized,

150,000 shares issued) 1,500,000 Dividends payable 80,000 Equipment 275,000 Goodwill 200,000 Income taxes payable 120,000 Investment in Flott common stock (10% ownership), at cost 278,000 Investment in Portico common stock (30% ownership), at equity 380,000 Land 390,000 Market adjustment—available-for-sale securities (Dr) 8,000 Merchandise inventory 170,000 Notes payable (due 2012) 70,000 Paid-in capital in excess of par value 130,000 Premium on bonds payable 40,000 Prepaid insurance 16,000 Retained earnings 103,000 Short-term stock investment, at fair value (and cost) 180,000 Unrealized gain—available-for-sale securities 8,000

The investment in Flott common stock is considered to be a long-term available-for-sale security.

Instructions Prepare a classified balance sheet at December 31, 2011.

(a) Loss on sale of preferred stock $1,560

(c) Unrealized loss $7,480

Total assets $2,791,000

Prepare a balance sheet.

(SO 5, 6)

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602 Chapter 12 Investments

Prepare consolidated worksheet and balance sheet when cost exceeds book value.

(SO 7, 8)

*P12-7A Robinson Corporation purchased all the outstanding common stock of Hoffman Plastics, Inc. on December 31, 2011. Just before the purchase, the condensed balance sheets of the two companies appeared as follows.

Robinson Corporation Hoffman Plastics, Inc.

Current assets $1,480,000 $ 435,500 Plant and equipment (net) 2,100,000 676,000

$3,580,000 $1,111,500

Current liabilities $ 578,000 $ 92,500 Common stock 1,950,000 525,000 Retained earnings 1,052,000 494,000

$3,580,000 $1,111,500

Robinson used current assets of $1,225,000 to acquire the stock of Hoffman Plastics. The excess of this purchase price over the book value of Hoffman Plastics’ net assets is determined to be attributable $86,000 to Hoffman Plastics’ plant and equipment and the remainder to goodwill.

Instructions (a) Prepare the entry for Robinson’s acquisition of Hoffman Plastics, Inc. stock. (b) Prepare a consolidated worksheet at December 31, 2011. (c) Prepare a consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2011.

Excess of cost over book value $120,000

P12-1B Groneman Farms is a grower of hybrid seed corn for Ogleby Genetics Corporation. It has had two exceptionally good years and has elected to invest its excess funds in bonds. The following selected transactions relate to bonds acquired as an investment by Groneman Farms, whose fiscal year ends on December 31.

2011

Jan. 1 Purchased at face value $400,000 of Ziemer Corporation 10-year, 9% bonds dated January 1, 2011, directly from the issuing corporation.

July 1 Received the semiannual interest on the Ziemer bonds. Dec. 31 Accrual of interest at year-end on the Ziemer bonds.

(Assume that all intervening transactions and adjustments have been properly recorded and the number of bonds owned has not changed from December 31, 2011, to December 31, 2013.)

2014

Jan. 1 Received the semiannual interest on the Ziemer bonds. Jan. 1 Sold $200,000 of Ziemer bonds at 114. The broker deducted $7,000 for commissions

and fees on the sale. July 1 Received the semiannual interest on the Ziemer bonds. Dec. 31 Accrual of interest at year-end on the Ziemer bonds.

Instructions (a) Journalize the listed transactions for the years 2011 and 2014. (b) Assume that the fair value of the bonds at December 31, 2011, was $385,000. These bonds are

classified as available-for-sale securities. Prepare the adjusting entry to record these bonds at fair value.

(c) Based on your analysis in part (b) show the balance sheet presentation of the bonds and in- terest receivable at December 31, 2011. Assume the investments are considered long-term. Indicate where any unrealized gain or loss is reported in the financial statements.

P12-2B In January 2011, the management of Prasad Company concludes that it has sufficient cash to purchase some short-term investments in debt and stock securities. During the year, the following transactions occurred.

Feb. 1 Purchased 500 shares of DET common stock for $30,000, plus brokerage fees of $800. Mar. 1 Purchased 600 shares of STL common stock for $20,000, plus brokerage fees of $300.

PROBLEMS: SET B

(a) Gain on sale of debt investments $21,000

Journalize debt investment transactions and show financial statement presentation.

(SO 2, 5, 6)

Journalize investment transactions, prepare adjusting entry, and show statement presentation.

(SO 2, 3, 5, 6)

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Apr. 1 Purchased 40 $1,000, 9% CIN bonds for $40,000, plus $1,200 brokerage fees. Interest is payable semiannually on April 1 and October 1.

July 1 Received a cash dividend of $0.60 per share on the DET common stock. Aug. 1 Sold 300 shares of DET common stock at $69 per share, less brokerage fees of $350. Sept. 1 Received a $1 per share cash dividend on the STL common stock. Oct. 1 Received the semiannual interest on the CIN bonds. Oct. 1 Sold the CIN bonds for $45,000, less $1,000 brokerage fees.

At December 31, the fair value of the DET common stock was $66 per share. The fair value of the STL common stock was $29 per share.

Instructions (a) Journalize the transactions and post to the accounts Debt Investments and Stock

Investments. (Use the T-account form.) (b) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2011, to report the investments at fair value. All

securities are considered to be trading securities. (c) Show the balance sheet presentation of investment securities at December 31, 2011. (d) Identify the income statement accounts and give the statement classification of each account.

P12-3B On December 31, 2011, Sauder Associates owned the following securities, held as long-term investments.

Common Stock Shares Cost

Adel Co. 4,000 $100,000 Beran Co. 5,000 30,000 Caren Co. 3,000 60,000

On this date, the total fair value of the securities was equal to its cost. The securities are not held for influence or control over the investees. In 2012, the following transactions occurred.

July 1 Received $1 per share semiannual cash dividend on Beran Co. common stock. Aug. 1 Received $0.50 per share cash dividend on Adel Co. common stock. Sept. 1 Sold 1,500 shares of Beran Co. common stock for cash at $8 per share, less brokerage

fees of $300. Oct. 1 Sold 600 shares of Adel Co. common stock for cash at $30 per share, less brokerage

fees of $600. Nov. 1 Received $1 per share cash dividend on Caren Co. common stock. Dec. 15 Received $0.50 per share cash dividend on Adel Co. common stock.

31 Received $1 per share semiannual cash dividend on Beran Co. common stock.

At December 31, the fair values per share of the common stocks were: Adel Co. $23, Beran Co. $7, and Caren Co. $19.

Instructions (a) Journalize the 2012 transactions and post to the account Stock Investments. (Use the

T-account form.) (b) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2012, to show the securities at fair value. The

stock should be classified as available-for-sale securities. (c) Show the balance sheet presentation of the investment-related accounts at December 31,

2012. At this date, Sauder Associates has common stock $2,000,000 and retained earnings $1,200,000.

P12-4B Terry’s Concrete acquired 20% of the outstanding common stock of Blakeley, Inc. on January 1, 2011, by paying $1,100,000 for 40,000 shares. Blakeley declared and paid a $0.50 per share cash dividend on June 30 and again on December 31, 2011. Blakeley reported net income of $600,000 for the year. At December 31, 2011, the market price of Blakeley’s common stock was $30 per share.

Instructions (a) Prepare the journal entries for Terry’s Concrete for 2011 assuming Terry’s cannot exercise

significant influence over Blakeley. (Use the cost method and assume Blakeley common stock should be classified as available-for-sale.)

(b) Prepare the journal entries for Terry’s Concrete for 2011, assuming Terry’s can exercise significant influence over Blakeley. (Use the equity method.)

(c) Indicate the balance sheet and income statement account balances at December 31, 2011, under each method of accounting.

Problems: Set B 603

(a) Gain on sale, $2,700 and $2,400

(b) Unrealized loss $2,020

Journalize transactions and adjusting entry for stock investments.

(SO 3, 5, 6)

Prepare entries under the cost and equity methods, and tabulate differences.

(SO 3)

(a) Total dividend revenue $40,000

(b) Revenue from investment $120,000

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604 Chapter 12 Investments

P12-5B The following are in Jamison Company’s portfolio of long-term available-for-sale se- curities at December 31, 2011.

Cost 700 shares of Adler Corporation common stock $35,000 900 shares of Lynn Corporation common stock 42,000 800 shares of Swanson Corporation preferred stock 22,400

On December 31, the total cost of the portfolio equaled total fair value. Jamison Company had the following transactions related to the securities during 2012.

Jan. 7 Sold 700 shares of Adler Corporation common stock at $56 per share, less brokerage fees of $700.

10 Purchased 300 shares, $70 par value common stock of Pesavento Corporation at $78 per share, plus brokerage fees of $240.

26 Received a cash dividend of $1.15 per share on Lynn Corporation common stock. Feb. 2 Received cash dividends of $0.40 per share on Swanson Corporation preferred stock.

10 Sold all 800 shares of Swanson Corporation preferred stock at $26 per share less bro- kerage fees of $180.

July 1 Received a cash dividend of $1.00 per share on Lynn Corporation common stock. Sept. 1 Purchased an additional 800 shares of the $70 par value common stock of Pesavento

Corporation at $75 per share, plus brokerage fees of $900. Dec. 15 Received a cash dividend of $1.50 per share on Pesavento Corporation common stock.

At December 31, 2012, the fair values of the securities were:

Lynn Corporation common stock $48 per share Pesavento Corporation common stock $72 per share

Jamison uses separate account titles for each investment, such as Investment in Lynn Corporation Common Stock.

Instructions (a) Prepare journal entries to record the transactions. (b) Post to the investment accounts. (Use T accounts.) (c) Prepare the adjusting entry at December 31, 2012, to report the portfolio at fair value. (d) Show the balance sheet presentation at December 31, 2012, for the investment-related accounts.

P12-6B The following data, presented in alphabetical order, are taken from the records of Nichols Corporation.

Accounts payable $ 375,000 Accounts receivable 135,000 Accumulated depreciation—building 270,000 Accumulated depreciation—equipment 80,000 Allowance for doubtful accounts 10,000 Bonds payable (10%, due 2021) 600,000 Buildings 1,350,000 Cash 210,000 Common stock ($5 par value; 500,000 shares authorized,

440,000 shares issued) 2,200,000 Discount on bonds payable 30,000 Dividends payable 75,000 Equipment 415,000 Goodwill 300,000 Income taxes payable 180,000 Investment in Givens Inc. stock (30% ownership), at equity 900,000 Land 780,000 Merchandise inventory 255,000 Notes payable (due 2012) 110,000 Paid-in capital in excess of par value 300,000 Prepaid insurance 25,000 Retained earnings 480,000 Short-term stock investment, at fair value (and cost) 280,000

Instructions Prepare a classified balance sheet at December 31, 2011.

(a) Loss on sale of preferred stock $1,780

(c) Unrealized loss $4,140

Journalize stock investment transactions and show statement presentation.

(SO 3, 5, 6)

Prepare a balance sheet.

(SO 5, 6)

Total assets $4,290,000

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*P12-7B Patel Company purchased all the outstanding common stock of Singh Company on December 31, 2011. Just before the purchase, the condensed balance sheets of the two companies were as follows.

Patel Company Singh Company

Current assets $1,478,000 $379,000 Plant and equipment (net) 1,882,000 351,000

$3,360,000 $730,000

Current liabilities $ 870,000 $ 90,000 Common stock 1,947,000 360,000 Retained earnings 543,000 280,000

$3,360,000 $730,000

Patel used current assets of $710,000 to acquire the stock of Singh. The excess of this purchase price over the book value of Patel’s net assets is determined to be attributable $20,000 to Singh’s plant and equipment and the remainder to goodwill.

Instructions (a) Prepare the entry for Patel Company’s acquisition of Singh Company stock. (b) Prepare a consolidated worksheet at December 31, 2011. (c) Prepare a consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2011.

Comprehensive Problem 605

Excess of cost over book value $50,000

Prepare consolidated worksheet and balance sheet when cost exceeds book value.

(SO 7, 8)

Visit the book’s companion website at www.wiley.com/college/weygandt, and choose the Student Companion site, to access Problem Set C.

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CP12-1 Part I Mindy Feldkamp and her two colleagues, Oscar Lopez and Lori Melton, are personal trainers at an upscale health spa/resort in Tampa, Florida. They want to start a health club that specializes in health plans for people in the 50� age range. The growing population in this age range and strong consumer interest in the health benefits of physical activity have con- vinced them they can profitably operate their own club. In addition to many other decisions, they need to determine what type of business organization they want. Oscar believes there are more advantages to the corporate form than a partnership, but he hasn’t yet convinced Mindy and Lori. They have come to you, a small business consulting specialist, seeking information and ad- vice regarding the choice of starting a partnership versus a corporation.

Instructions (a) Prepare a memo (dated May 26, 2010) that describes the advantages and disad-

vantages of both partnerships and corporations. Advise Mindy, Oscar, and Lori regarding which organizational form you believe would better serve their purposes. Make sure to in- clude reasons supporting your advice.

Part II After deciding to incorporate, each of the three investors receives 20,000 shares of $2 par common stock on June 12, 2010, in exchange for their co-owned building ($200,000 market value) and $100,000 total cash they contributed to the business. The next decision that Mindy, Oscar, and Lori need to make is how to obtain financing for renovation and equipment. They un- derstand the difference between equity securities and debt securities, but do not understand the tax, net income, and earnings per share consequences of equity versus debt financing on the future of their business.

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM

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606 Chapter 12 Investments

Instructions (b) Prepare notes for a discussion with the three entrepreneurs in which you will compare the

consequences of using equity versus debt financing. As part of your notes, show the differ- ences in interest and tax expense assuming $1,400,000 is financed with common stock, and then alternatively with debt. Assume that when common stock is used, 140,000 shares will be issued. When debt is used, assume the interest rate on debt is 9%, the tax rate is 32%, and income before interest and taxes is $300,000. (You may want to use an electronic spreadsheet.)

Part III During the discussion about financing, Lori mentions that one of her clients, Roberto Marino, has approached her about buying a significant interest in the new club. Having an inter- ested investor sways the three to issue equity securities to provide the financing they need. On July 21, 2010, Mr. Marino buys 90,000 shares at a price of $10 per share.

The club, LifePath Fitness, opens on January 12, 2011, and after a slow start, begins to pro- duce the revenue desired by the owners. The owners decide to pay themselves a stock dividend, since cash has been less than abundant since they opened their doors. The 10% stock dividend is declared by the owners on July 27, 2011. The market value of the stock is $3 on the declaration date. The date of record is July 31, 2011 (there have been no changes in stock ownership since the initial issuance), and the issue date is August 15, 2011. By the middle of the fourth quarter of 2011, the cash flow of LifePath Fitness has improved to the point that the owners feel ready to pay themselves a cash dividend. They declare a $0.05 cash dividend on December 4, 2011. The record date is December 14, 2011, and the payment date is December 24, 2011.

Instructions (c) (1) Record all of the transactions related to the common stock of LifePath Fitness during the

years 2010 and 2011. (2) Indicate how many shares are issued and outstanding after the stock dividend is issued.

Part IV Since the club opened, a major concern has been the pool facilities. Although the existing pool is adequate, Mindy, Oscar, and Lori all desire to make LifePath a cutting-edge facility. Until the end of 2011, financing concerns prevented this improvement. However, because there has been steady growth in clientele, revenue, and income since the fourth quarter of 2011, the owners have explored possible financing options. They are hesitant to issue stock and change the ownership mix because they have been able to work together as a team with great effectiveness. They have formulated a plan to issue secured term bonds to raise the needed $600,000 for the pool facilities. By the end of April 2012 everything was in place for the bond issue to go ahead. On June 1, 2012, the bonds were issued for $548,000. The bonds pay semiannual interest of 3% (6% annual) on December 1 and June 1 of each year. The bonds mature in 10 years, and amorti- zation is computed using the straight-line method.

Instructions (d) Record (1) the issuance of the secured bonds, (2) the interest payment made on December 1,

2012, (3) the adjusting entry required at December 31, 2012, and (4) the interest payment made on June 1, 2013.

Part V Mr. Marino’s purchase of LifePath Fitness was done through his business. The invest- ment has always been accounted for using the cost method on his firm’s books. However, early in 2013 he decided to take his company public. He is preparing an IPO (initial public offering), and he needs to have the firm’s financial statements audited. One of the issues to be resolved is to re- state the investment in LifePath Fitness using the equity method, since Mr. Marino’s ownership percentage is greater than 20%.

Instructions (e) (1) Give the entries that would have been made on Marino’s books if the equity method of

accounting for investments had been used since the initial investment. Assume the following data for LifePath.

2010 2011 2012

Net income $30,000 $70,000 $105,000 Total cash dividends $ 2,100 $20,000 $ 50,000

(2) Compute the balance in the LifePath Investment account at the end of 2012.

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Broadening Your Perspective 607

Go to the book’s companion website, www.wiley.com/college/weygandt, to see the completion of this problem.

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Financial Reporting Problem: PepsiCo, Inc. BYP12-1 The annual report of PepsiCo is presented in Appendix A.

Instructions (a) See Note 1 to the financial statements and indicate what the consolidated financial state-

ments include. (b) Using PepsiCo’s consolidated statement of cash flows, determine how much was spent for

capital acquisitions during the current year.

Comparative Analysis Problem: PepsiCo, Inc. vs. The Coca-Cola Company BYP12-2 PepsiCo’s financial statements are presented in Appendix A. Financial statements of The Coca-Cola Company are presented in Appendix B.

Instructions (a) Based on the information contained in these financial statements, determine each of the fol-

lowing for each company. (1) Net cash used for investing (investment) activities for the current year (from the state-

ment of cash flows). (2) Cash used for capital expenditures during the current year.

(b) Each of PepsiCo’s financial statements is labeled “consolidated.” What has been consolidated? That is, from the contents of PepsiCo’s annual report, identify by name the corporations that have been consolidated (parent and subsidiaries).

Exploring the Web BYP12-3 Most publicly traded companies are analyzed by numerous analysts. These analysts often don’t agree about a company’s future prospects. In this exercise you will find analysts’

FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ANALYSIS

B R O A D E N I N G Y O U R P E R S P E C T I V E

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(Note: This is a continuation of the Cookie Chronicle from Chapters 1 through 11.)

CCC12 Natalie has been approached by Ken Thornton, a shareholder of The Beanery Coffee Inc. Ken wants to retire and would like to sell his 1,000 shares in The Beanery Coffee, which represents 20% of all shares issued. The Beanery is currently operated by Ken’s twin daughters, who each own 40% of the common shares. The Beanery not only operates a coffee shop but also roasts and sells beans to retailers, under the name “Rocky Mountain Beanery.”

Ken has met with Curtis and Natalie to discuss the business operation. All have concluded that there would be many advantages for Cookie & Coffee Creations Inc. to acquire an interest in The Beanery Coffee. Despite the apparent advantages, Natalie and Curtis are still not con- vinced that they should participate in this business venture.

CONTINUING COOKIE CHRONICLE

JWCL165_c12_568-611.qxd 8/8/09 8:47 PM Page 607

ratings about companies and make comparisons over time and across companies in the same industry. You will also see to what extent the analysts experienced “earnings surprises.” Earn- ings surprises can cause changes in stock prices.

Address: biz.yahoo.com/i, or go to www.wiley.com/college/weygandt

Steps 1. Choose a company. 2. Use the index to find the company’s name. 3. Choose Research.

Instructions (a) How many analysts rated the company? (b) What percentage rated it a strong buy? (c) What was the average rating for the week? (d) Did the average rating improve or decline relative to the previous week? (e) How do the analysts rank this company among all the companies in its industry? (f) What was the amount of the earnings surprise percentage during the last quarter?

608 Chapter 12 Investments

Decision Making Across the Organization BYP12-4 At the beginning of the question and answer portion of the annual stockholders’ meeting of Kemper Corporation, stockholder Mike Kerwin asks, “Why did management sell the holdings in UMW Company at a loss when this company has been very profitable during the period its stock was held by Kemper?”

Since president Tony Chavez has just concluded his speech on the recent success and bright future of Kemper, he is taken aback by this question and responds, “I remember we paid $1,300,000 for that stock some years ago, and I am sure we sold that stock at a much higher price. You must be mistaken.”

Kerwin retorts, “Well, right here in footnote number 7 to the annual report it shows that 240,000 shares, a 30% interest in UMW, were sold on the last day of the year. Also, it states that UMW earned $520,000 this year and paid out $160,000 in cash dividends. Further, a summary statement indicates that in past years, while Kemper held UMW stock, UMW earned $1,240,000 and paid out $440,000 in dividends. Finally, the income statement for this year shows a loss on the sale of UMW stock of $180,000. So, I doubt that I am mistaken.”

Red-faced, president Chavez turns to you.

Instructions With the class divided into groups, answer the following.

(a) What dollar amount did Kemper receive upon the sale of the UMW stock? (b) Explain why both stockholder Kerwin and president Chavez are correct.

Communication Activity BYP12-5 Bunge Corporation has purchased two securities for its portfolio. The first is a stock investment in Longley Corporation, one of its suppliers. Bunge purchased 10% of Longley with the intention of holding it for a number of years, but has no intention of purchasing more shares. The second investment was a purchase of debt securities. Bunge purchased the debt securities because its analysts believe that changes in market interest rates will cause these securities to increase in value in a short period of time. Bunge intends to sell the securities as soon as they have increased in value.

Instructions Write a memo to Max Scholes, the chief financial officer, explaining how to account for each of these investments. Explain what the implications for reported income are from this accounting treatment.

CRITICAL THINKING

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Ethics Case BYP12-6 Bartlet Financial Services Company holds a large portfolio of debt and stock secu- rities as an investment. The total fair value of the portfolio at December 31, 2011, is greater than total cost. Some securities have increased in value and others have decreased. Deb Faust, the financial vice president, and Jan McCabe, the controller, are in the process of classifying for the first time the securities in the portfolio.

Faust suggests classifying the securities that have increased in value as trading securities in order to increase net income for the year. She wants to classify the securities that have decreased in value as long-term available-for-sale securities, so that the decreases in value will not affect 2011 net income.

McCabe disagrees. She recommends classifying the securities that have decreased in value as trading securities and those that have increased in value as long-term available-for-sale securities. McCabe argues that the company is having a good earnings year and that recogniz- ing the losses now will help to smooth income for this year. Moreover, for future years, when the company may not be as profitable, the company will have built-in gains.

Instructions

(a) Will classifying the securities as Faust and McCabe suggest actually affect earnings as each says it will?

(b) Is there anything unethical in what Faust and McCabe propose? Who are the stakeholders affected by their proposals?

(c) Assume that Faust and McCabe properly classify the portfolio. Assume, at year-end, that Faust proposes to sell the securities that will increase 2011 net income, and that McCabe proposes to sell the securities that will decrease 2011 net income. Is this unethical?

“All About You” Activity BYP12-7 The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the primary regulatory agency of U.S. financial markets. Its job is to ensure that the markets remain fair for all investors. The following SEC sites provide useful information for investors.

Address: www.sec.gov/answers.shtml and http://www.sec.gov/investor/tools/quiz.htm, or go to www.wiley.com/college/weygandt.

Instructions (a) Go to the first SEC site and find the definition of the following terms.

(i) Ask price. (ii) Margin account. (iii) Prospectus. (iv) Index fund.

(b) Go to the second SEC site and take the short quiz.

FASB Codification Activity BYP12-8 Access the FASB Codification at http://asc.fasb.org to prepare responses to the fol- lowing. Use the Master Glossary for determining the proper definitions.

(a) What is the definition of a trading security? (b) What is the definition of an available-for-sale security? (c) What is the definition of a holding gain or loss?

Answers to Insight and Accounting Across the Organization Questions p. 577 How Procter & Gamble Accounts for Gillette Q: Where on Procter & Gamble’s balance sheet will you find its investment in Gillette Company? A: Because Procter & Gamble owns 9% of Gillette, Procter & Gamble does not report Gillette in

the investment section of its balance sheet. Instead, Gillette’s assets and liabilities are included and commingled with the assets and liabilities of Procter & Gamble.

Broadening Your Perspective 609

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p. 580 And the Correct Way to Report Investments Is . . . ? Q: Why might the use of the equity method not lead to full disclosure in the financial statements? A: Under the equity method, the investment in common stock of another company is initially

recorded at cost. After that, the investment account is adjusted at each reporting date to show the investor’s equity in the investee. However, on the investor’s balance sheet, only the investment account is shown. The pro-rata share of the investee’s assets and liabilities are not reported. Because the pro-rata share of the investee’s assets and liabilities are not shown, some argue that the full disclosure principle is violated.

Author’s Comments on All About You: A Good Day to Start Saving, p. 586 We believe that the correct answer to this situation is both yes and no. Here is what we propose: You need to cut up your credit cards, and then pay down your credit card debt. You should pre- pare a budget and figure out an affordable monthly payment that will pay off your debt as fast as possible. After you have paid off the credit card, you should continue to make this same payment into some form of savings account. If your employer has a 401(k) plan, then you should put the payment into that, since it has significant tax advantages. Otherwise, set up an Individual Retirement Account (IRA). Most local banks or brokerage houses would be happy to help you set up an account.

A final note: All of us want to have financial security when we retire. We don’t want to be a burden to anyone. That means that we should, whenever possible, participate in any tax- advantaged savings programs available to us, such as the 401(k) and IRAs. This is especially true given the concerns that many people have about the long-term viability of Social Security.

Answers to Self-Study Questions 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. c 11. c 12. b 13. c *14. d *15. d *16. d

610 Chapter 12 Investments

Remember to go back to the Navigator box on the chapter-opening page and check off your completed work.✓

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