History Paper
trx450rmb
early_qing_to_opium_war0.pptxLate Ming and Early Qing Dynasties
Introduction about the Manchu and China
The Manchu in North China and Fall of the Ming
Rise of the Manchu and Rebellion
Establishment of the Qing Dynasty and Manchu Strategy
Kangxi (K’ang Hsi) Emperor and Qianlong Emperor
Foreign affairs
Conclusion
Expansion of the Qing Dynasty 1644-1911
The Manchu and China
Manchu as an ally of the Ming dynasty in face of threats from Japanese pirates and Mongols
Manchu used their knowledge of China to help establish new dynasty
Created the Qing dynasty 1644 and controlled all of China by 1659
Manchu in North China
Descendants of the Jurchens in north China in Jin dynasty (1127-1234)
Hunters, fishermen and farmers
United in early modern period under Nurhaci (1559-1626)
Incorporated bilingual individuals in his government
Nurhaci (1559-1626), leader of the Jurchen Dynasty (Jin)
East Asia c. 1100-1235
Fall of the Ming Dynasty
Peasant rebellions
Deflation
Flooding in 1642
Smallpox epidemic in 1643
Rebel forces emerged throughout northern China in the 1630s, such as those led by Li Zicheng
Peasant Rebel Leader, Li Zicheng (1606-1645)
Rebellion
By 1635 rebel leaders controlled much of north central China
April 1644 Li’s armies in Beijing when last Ming emperor hanged himself
Response to rebels led by General Wu Sangui
Opened gates of Great Wall to let the Manchu into China
Shanhai Pass in the Great Wall of China
Establishment of the Qing Dynasty
Wu and the Manchu occupied Beijing by June 1644 at the expense of the rebels
Installation of new emperor in 1644
Pursuit of Ming loyalists
Controlled all of China by 1659
Manchu Strategy
Qing system of government
Manchu as ethnically separate group
Use of the banner system
Creation of system to work with the Chinese, but to maintain Manchu identity, in government, society and military
Manchu Banners
Kangxi Emperor (1661-1722)
Prosperous and vibrant reign
Diligent and intelligent leader
Gained control of government by 1669
Economic and cultural achievements
Qing Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) at a young age
Primary source: “The Sacred Edicts”
What values do these teachings reflect?
What is considered valuable and why?
Do these edicts reinforce the power of the Emperor?
Transmission of imperial goals and use of traditional Chinese language and concepts to solidify his position and his dynasty
Qing Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)
Foreign Affairs
Concern about the northern borders
Conflict with the Russians on the Amur river in the 1680s
The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689):
Fixed the border between Russia and China
Regulated trade across it until 1850
Qing control of Inner Mongolia by 1691
Expansion into Tibet, Taiwan and central Asia
Emperor Kangxi on tour throughout his empire
Qianlong Emperor (1736-95)
Emperor of the Middle Kingdom
- Accomplishments
- Strategies of Rule within China
- Interaction with other groups
- Economic development
- Last great Qing Emperor
Qianlong Emperor (1736-1795)
Lord Macartney (1737-1806)
Lord Macartney’s Trade Mission
In September 1793 Lord Macartney met with the Qianlong Emperor in an effort to open up trading system in China for the benefit of Britain
He wanted special trading privileges for Britain
The Qianlong Emperor refused to change the established system since it did not benefit China
Meeting between Qianlong Emperor and Lord Macartney in 1793
International Trade:
Cohong system in Canton (Guangzhou):
- Limited interaction between Chinese merchants and foreigners
- Importance of tea, silk, porcelain
- Foreigners subject to Chinese law
- Competition for British with Spanish and Portuguese
- Massive trade deficit for British merchants
View of Canton, ca, 1750-1800 (artist unknown)
Trade problems and issues
Opium:
1810s = 26 million taels of silver going
into China
1830s = 34 million taels of silver going
out of China
Effects of opium addiction in China and role of British in opium trade
Silver Currency in China
5 tael silver saddle coin
10 tael silver drum coin
Conclusion
The Ming dynasty fell by 1644 as a result of internal and external problems
The Manchu took advantage of Ming weakness and their knowledge of China to create the Qing dynasty (1644-1911)
The Qing dynasty experienced tremendous growth and great achievements, especially during the reign of two early emperors, but threats from the west increased instability and weakened China in the nineteenth century
