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Phonological Features and the IPA

Major Class Features

[syllabic]

All vowels are [+syllabic]. By default, consonants are [–syllabic]; [+syllabic] consonants are marked with the [ " ] diacritic. Glides are always [–syllabic]; the [+syllabic] counterpart of a glide is a vowel.

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[vocalic]

Vowels and glides are [+vocalic]; all other segments are [–vocalic].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[approximant]

Segments that are [+approximant] have a very wide constriction in the oral tract; segments that are [– approximant] have a narrow constriction in the oral tract. Vowels, glides, and liquids are [+approximant]; stops, fricatives, affricates, and nasals are [–approximant].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[sonorant]

The feature [sonorant] characterizes an acoustic property of segments: segments that are [+sonorant] have formant structure; segments that are [–sonorant] do not. Vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals are [+sonorant]; stops, fricatives, and affricates are [–sonorant].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[continuant]

The feature [continuant] refers to oral airflow: segments that are [+continuant] have continuous oral airflow; segments that are [–continuant] involve an interruption in oral airflow. Vowels, glides, liquids, and fricatives are [+continuant]; stops, affricates, and nasals are [–continuant].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[lateral]

Lateral fricatives and approximants are [+lateral]; all other segments are [–lateral].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[nasal]

Nasal consonants are [+nasal]. All other segments are [–nasal] by default; nasal vowels and other nasalized segments are marked with the [˜] diacritic.

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[strident]

The feature [strident] refers to high-frequency aperiodic noise during a segment: segments that are [+strident] have this noise; segments that are [–strident] do not. All affricates are [+strident]; in addition, fricatives at certain places of articulation are [+strident]: labiodentals, alveolars, palato-alveolars, retroflexes, and uvulars. All other segments are [–strident].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

Place Features

[labial]

Among consonants, the feature [labial] distinguishes between labial and non-labial segments. Rounding in vowels and glides is specified with [round], which is a dependent feature of [labial]; therefore, all vowels and glides are [+labial]. Thus, bilabials, labiodentals, and all vowels and glides are [+labial]; all other segments are [–labial]. In addition, if a language has a pair of segments that contrast in rounding, both segments are [+labial] (see below).

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[round]

The feature [round] is dependent on the feature [labial]; it refers to rounding of the lips independent of labial place of articulation. Round vowels and glides are [+round]; unrounded vowels and glides and labial consonants are [–round]. Rounding on other segments is indicated with the [w] superscript; thus, adding [w] to a segment makes that segment [+round] (and [+labial] if it is not labial already). The non-rounded counterpart of that segment (if any) is [+labial, –round].

p b á

F f B v > pf

m M

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[coronal]

The feature [coronal] refers to the involvement of the front half of the tongue body in the articulation of the segment. Interdental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, retroflex, and palatal consonants (except glides) are [+coronal]; labial, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants and all vowels are [–coronal]. The dependent features of [coronal] are [anterior] and [distributed].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[anterior]

The feature [anterior] is dependent on the feature [coronal]; it refers to whether the primary constriction is in the frontmost part of the mouth (at or before the alveolar ridge). Interdentals and alveolars are [+anterior]; palato-alveolars, retroflexes, and palatals are [–anterior].

t ú c d ã é â č ê

T s S ù ç D z Z ü J

ţ Ù

dz Ã

n ï ñ l í L ô ó

[distributed]

The feature [distributed] is a dependent feature of [coronal]; it refers to whether the primary constriction is made with the tip or the blade of the tongue. Segments that are [+distributed] are articulated with the blade of the tongue; segments that are [–distributed] are articulated with the tip. Interdentals, palato-alveolars, and palatals are [+distributed]; alveolars and retroflexes are [–distributed].

t ú c d ã é â č ê

T s S ù ç D z Z ü J

ţ Ù

dz Ã

n ï ñ l í L ô ó

[dorsal]

The feature [dorsal] refers to the involvement of the back half of the tongue body in the articulation of the segment. Palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, and pharyngeal consonants and all vowels and glides are [+dorsal]; labials, interdentals, alveolars, retroflexes, and glottals are [–dorsal]. The dependent features of [dorsal] are [high], [low], and [back].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[high]

The feature [high] is dependent on the feature [dorsal]; it refers to the height of the tongue body. Alveo- palatal, palatal, and velar consonants, all glides, and high vowels are [+high]; uvular and pharyngeal conso- nants and mid and low vowels are [–high].

c k q é g å

ê ä É

S ç x X è Z J G K Q

ñ N ð

L Ï

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[low]

The feature [low] is dependent on the feature [dorsal]; it refers to the height of the tongue body. Pharyngeal consonants and low vowels are [+low]; palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and uvular consonants, all glides, and high and mid vowels are [–low].

c k q é g å

ê ä É

S ç x X è Z J G K Q

ñ N ð

L Ï

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[back]

The feature [back] is dependent on the feature [dorsal]; it refers to the horizontal position of the tongue body. Velar, uvular, and pharyngeal consonants and central and back vowels and glides are [+back]; palato-alveolar and palatal consonants and front vowels and glides are [–back].

c k q é g å

ê ä É

S ç x X è Z J G K Q

ñ N ð

L Ï

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[pharyngeal]

Pharyngeal consonants and vowels in a language with a contrast between tense and lax vowels are [+pha- ryngeal]; all other segments are [–pharyngeal]. The dependent feature of [pharyngeal] is [ATR].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[ATR]

The feature [ATR] (short for ‘advanced tongue root’) corresponds to the distinction between tense and lax vowel. Tense vowels are [+ATR]; lax vowels and pharyngeal consonants are [–ATR].

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

Laryngeal Features

[voiced]

Voiced consonants and all vowels are [+voiced]; voiceless consonants are [–voice].

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[aspirated]

Voiceless fricatives and [H] are [+aspirated]; all other consonants and all vowels are [–aspirated] by default. The feature [+aspirated] is also applied to aspirated stops (marked with the [h] diacritic), voiceless sonorants (marked with the [

˚ ] diacritic), and vowels with breathy voice (marked with the [

¨ ] diacritic).

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

[glottalized]

Implosive consonants and the glottal stop are [+glottalized]; all other consonants and all vowels are [– glottalized] by default. The feature [+glottalized] is also applied to ejectives (marked with the [’] diacritic) and vowels with creaky voice (marked with the [

˜ ] diacritic).

p t ú c k q P b d ã é g å á â č ê ä É

F f T s S ù ç x X è h B v D z Z ü J G K Q H

Ð > pf ţ Ù

dz Ã

m M n ï ñ N ð l í L Ï ô ó

w V j î

i y W/1 u I Y U

e ø 7 o E œ 2/@ O æ Œ a/A 6

Diacritics

Table 1: IPA diacritics

Diacritic Example Meaning Feature ’ p’ ejective [+glottalized]

˚ n ˚

voiceless [–voiced, +aspirated]

ˇ s ˇ

voiced [+voiced] h th aspirated [+aspirated]

" ô "

syllabic [+syllabic]

“ e “

non-syllabic [–syllabic]

¨ a ¨

breathy voiced [+aspirated]

˜ a ˜

creaky voiced [+glottalized] w tw labialized [+labial, +round] j tj palatalized [+dorsal, +high, –back] G tG velarized [+dorsal, +high, +back] Q tQ pharyngealized [+pharyngeal] ” t” dental [+coronal, +anterior, +distributed] „ t„ apical [+coronal, –distributed] « t« laminal [+coronal, +distributed] ˜ ẽ nasalized [+nasal]