History 4 Essays
m.blouseiy4
coldwar-1.pptxTHE COLD WAR
READINGS: Smith, et al., 950-955, 959-985
1
WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR?
Undeclared War between Two Superpowers
United States
Democracy
Capitalism
Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)
Communism
Theatres of Battle:
Proxy wars in other countries
Nuclear Arms Race
Space Race
Economic Competition
2
KOREAN PROBLEMS
End of World War II:
North Korea (Soviet Zone):
Soviets turn North Korea into militarized Communist State under Kim Il-Sung
South Korea (U.S. Zone):
Korean’s Create “People’s Republic”
U.S. refuses recognition
Economy so tied into Japan’s not sure want to separate it
Don’t want to give land confiscated by Japanese back to Koreans
Reluctantly agreed to back South Korea as United Nations recommended Korea’s independence
3
NORTH KOREA
Kim Il-Sung
Born into Christian family
Organized anti-Japanese resistance movement from USSR in 1930s
Proclaimed “People’s Democratic Republic” (September 9, 1948)
Institutionalized dictatorship modeled on Stalin’s
Repressed/killed thousands and created a police state
4
SOUTH KOREA
Rhee Syngman
Nationalist and Christian
Politically conservative
Spent many years in the U.S.
Unpopular with many non-Christians
Unpopular with Koreans opposed to U.S. influence
Led to leftist movements
He imprisoned thousands and created police state
5
KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
Both Koreas wanted Reunification – with force if necessary
United Nations passed resolution in favor of democratic unified Korea
North Korea (with Soviet and Chinese support) invaded South Korea (June 25, 1950)
U.S. General Douglas MacArthur ordered U.N. invasion of North Korea
With the successful invasion of North Korea, MacArthur wanted to push into China
Threatened by U.N./U.S. invasion, China supported North Korean Advance into South Korea
With stalemate, armistice signed restoring division at 38th Parallel (June 27, 1953)
North Korea: one of poorest nations in the world today under Kim Il-Jong
South Korea: One of Asia’s “Little Tigers”
6
THE CHINESE REVOLUTION
Sun Yat-sen – Father of Modern China? (Elected President Dec. 30, 1911)
May 4th Movement (May 4, 1919)
1920 – 1949 Civil War between Nationalists and Communists
7
CHINESE NATIONALISTS
Kuomintang (KMT)
Under leadership of Chiang Kai-shek
Allied with Shanghai business community
Formed United Front with Chinese Communists to unify country between 1926 and 1928
1928 - Expelled communists and killed thousands
Chiang ran the Republic of China from 1928-1937 from Capital in Nanjing
Attempted to modernize China along western lines
Received significant public and private aid from the United States
8
CHINESE COMMUNISTS
Mao Zedong
Peasant who saw base of Communists in Peasantry
Used violence to redistribute property
1935 – “Long March” with 100,000 soldiers
Fought 6,000 miles on foot
Moved into Northern Shensi Province
Set up Headquarters in Yenan - 1936
9
JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA, 1937
Communists and Nationalists form uneasy front against Japan
Communists build up peasant support in Northern China
Communists build mass-based party
Communists foster cult of people/peasants
10
END OF WORLD WAR II IN CHINA
U.S. wants Nationalists and Communists to form coalition government
Nationalists refuse
Have more U.S. weapons
Thought could easily defeat CCP
Had no cause
Had no economic program
Many KMT generals warlords who fought each other for territory
11
CHINESE CIVIL WAR, 1946-1949
Communists had millions of peasants, few weapons
Gradually defeated KMT
Confiscated weapons
October 1, 1949, victorious Mao proclaims “The People’s Republic of China”
Chiang Kai-Shek, KMT flee to Taiwan
12
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1957
Communists consolidate power
Economy a disaster at end of war
Rebuilt it rapidly with Soviet assistance, but still backward
Collectivized agriculture
Tried to industrialize along Soviet lines
Failed – too backward
13
“Great Leap Forward” - 1958
Urban population up 30% 1952-1957
Grain production stagnant
Mao solution – industrialize on the collectives
Put factories in rural areas
Worked at first
Failed without Soviet Assistance
1959 Huge Famine
14
“THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION” 1960-1978
Famine challenged communist myths
Peasants, workers turned against Mao and the CCP
The Cultural Revolution
Reeducate masses
Universities closed
Dissidents attacked
Millions killed, tortured, imprisoned
Only ended with Mao’s Death
15
U.S. AND CHINA
Both Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong committed to “One China”
Before 1971, U.S. recognized Nationalist Taiwan as “official” China
July 1971 – President Richard Nixon sends Henry Kissinger to China
October 1971, Taiwan Kicked out of U.N., “People’s Republic of China” brought in
May 1973 – Chinese and U.S. “normalize” all relations
Nixon agrees Taiwan should be reunified with China
January 1, 1979 President Jimmy Carter recognizes “People’s Republic of China” as “official” government of China
16
CHINA UNDER DENG XIOAPING (1978-1997)
Under Deng Xioping, China moves rapidly in a capitalist direction
Encourages trade, especially with the U.S.
Limited Democracy – much official repression
Tiananmen Square Massacre
Brings tanks in to fire on students protesting for Democracy, Liberal ideals of French and American Revolution
17
CONTEMPORARY CHINA
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
With Baoding English Class
25
26
27
CHALLENGES CHINA FACES
28
TAIWAN
Island largely populated by Malay peoples
Taiwan only annexed by Qing Dynasty in 17th Century
Encourage Chinese migration
1894/1910 Taiwan becomes Japanese Colony
Fostered Industrialization
Fostered Mass Education
1944 – 71% Chinese Literate
Only 10% Literate in Dutch East Indies and French Indochina
Restricted Taiwanese university education
Allowed Taiwanese farmers to own land
Main Point: Taiwan’s 20th Century History very different from that of Mainland China
29
END OF WORLD WAR II
Taiwan Reunified with China
KMT ruled Taiwan as conquered colony
Taiwanese Rebellion 1947
10,000 Taiwanese killed
30
DEFEAT OF KMT - 1949
Communists defeat Nationalists (KMT) in Chinese Civil War
Chiang Kai-shek and 2 million KMT soldiers flee to Taiwan
Brutally chase Taiwanese out of homes, factories, land
Thousands more killed
Taiwanese believe Chinese Nationalists worse than Japanese
UNITED STATES AND TAIWAN
1949 - U.S. recognizes Taiwan as “true” China
Taiwan admitted to United Nations
Taiwan grew economically
The KMT dictatorship morphs into democracy
U.S. invested capital
U.S. provided military support
IS TAIWAN A SEPARATE NATION OR A PROVINCE OF CHINA?
Improved U.S. Relations with Mao -> Taiwan no longer recognized
Tensions persist between China and Taiwan
Lee Teng-hui – member of KMT – first elected President of Taiwan 1996
Proclaims Taiwan will deal with mainland China on the basis of “special state-to-state relations”
China rejects “two-state theory”
Chen Shui-bian, head of Democratic Progressive Party, native Taiwanese elected President March 2000
Platform calls for Independent Taiwan
First victory of native Taiwanese over KMT
Significant and often escalating tensions between China and Taiwan
Ma-Ying-Jeou, ardent KMT, becomes President in March 2008
IS ONE CHINA POSSIBLE?
President Bush stands firm on U.S. Commitment to “One China” but…
Taiwan very democratic, little democracy in China
1992: China’s per capita GNP $560.00, Taiwan’s $9,300
2006: China’s per capita GNP $7,700,
Taiwan’s $29,000
U.S. ignores many human rights abuses in China, but…
China has 3rd largest economy in the world
U.S. has many economic interests in both Taiwan and China
Much of Chinese investment comes from Taiwanese
VIETNAM
Under French colonial control from 1880s
Created plantation economy in hands of French
Destroyed Vietnamese families
Took Vietnamese land
Used Vietnamese as forced laborers
Much resentment
Ho Chi Minh
One of Many Vietnamese nationalists opposed to French rule
Went to Paris seeking national self-determination for Vietnam in 1919-1920
No one would talk to him
Founded French Communist Party
Studied in the Soviet Union
Launched nationalist uprisings from China in 1930s
French put down uprisings, killing thousands
Had little influence in country
JAPANESE ACQUIRE VIETNAM
Germans make France give Vietnam to Japan 1940
When obvious would lose, Japanese attacked French in Vietnam
U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh, who creates Viet Minh to liberate Vietnam
General Vo Nguyen Giap occupies Hanoi after Japanese surrender
Proclaims Provisional Government with Ho Chi Minh as President
Ho Chi Minh proclaims Democratic Republic of Vietnam – September 2, 1945
VIETNAMESE WAR AGAINST THE FRENCH
French insist on keeping Vietnam leading to war 1946-1954
Ho Chi Minh controls North
French create puppet regime under Bao Dai, last of Nguyen emperors in South
War with France ends when Vietnamese devastate French troops in Battle of Dien Bien Phu - 1954
THE VIETNAM WAR
Geneva Conference
U.S. originally backed Ho Chi Minh, but scared by development of Communism in Korea and China
“The Domino Theory”
Recognized French government of Bao Dai
Gave government $4 billion in aid 1950-1954
Now U.S. backed division of country at 17th Parallel
Ho Chi Minh controlled North
Ngo Dinh Diem backed by U.S. controlled the Republic of Vietnam in the South
Soviets and China sent material aid but no soldiers to North Vietnam
U.S. sent half a million soldiers to South by 1969
DEFEAT OF SOUTH VIETNAM
South difficult to govern
Multiethnic
Divisions between Buddhists and Catholics
Corruption in Government
Ho Chi Minh sometimes popular as nationalist
Terrain difficult
U.S. dropped more tons of bombs on Vietnam than they did on Japan in World War II
U.S. used napalm to destroy foliage
Atrocities led much U.S. public opinion against war, many demonstrations
U.S. withdraws after much protest – 1973
Two years later, Saigon falls
Vietnam becomes Communist
Those who could, left
Vietnam communist, but moving in Capitalist direction like China
Still one of poorest countries in Asia
