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A N N A L E T I T I A B A R B A U L D I 3 9

And aye when she turn'd her round about, Aye taller he seem'd for to be;

Until that the tops o'that gallant ship Nae taller were than he.

The clouds grew dark, and the wind grew loudf And the levino fill'd her e'e;

And waesome wail'd the snaw-white sprites Upon the gurlieo sea.

He struck the tap-mast wi' his hand, The fore-mast wi' his knee;

And he brake that gallant ship in twain, And sank her in the sea.

lightning

ANNA LETITIA BARBAULD 1743-1825

.,!, nna Barbauld, born Anna Letitia Aikin, received an unusual educafion from t-\ her father, who was a minister and a teacher at the Warrington Academy in Lancashire, the great educational center for the Nonconformist cJmmunity, whose religion barred them from admission to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. During the eighteenth century Dissenting academies such as Warrington had developed a modern curriculum in the natural sciences, as well as in modern lan- guages and English literature. This progressive educational program deviated sig- nificantly from the curriculum, scarcely altered since the sixteenth century, that rras supplied by the old universities. The benefits Barbauld received from her expo- sure to an educational system that the Dissenters had designed with their sons in mind are suggested by the astounding versatility of her literary career.

She made her literary debut in 1773 with Poems and Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose, the latter cowritten with her brotherJohn. The books immediately established her as a leading author. Her marriage the next year to Rochemont Barbauld, a Dissenting min- kter like her father, and their decision to set up a boys' school together therefore *ruck the critic Samuel Johnson as squandering this woman's own unusual educa- tbn: "Miss [Aikin] was an instance of early cultivation, but in what did it terminate?" Thereafter, until Rochemont Barbauld's increasing mental instability necessitated the closing of their school, Barbauld divided her time between writing and teaching the rlrunger boys. Because of the popularity of Barbauld's Lessons for Children (1778-:79) end llym.ns in Prose for Children (1781), William Hazlitt was recording a common cxperience when he recalled that he read her books "before those of any other ilthor . . . , when I was learning to spell words of one syllable." This writing for child rnliences registered Barbauld's Enlightenment faith in human potential.

Her fame continued to grow in the 1790s, and in 1797 the up-and-coming poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge walked forty miles to meet her. During this decade Bar- beuld contributed poetry to her brother John's Monthly Magazine, published her'fpistle to William Wilberforce" attacking British involvement in the slave trade, end wrote pamphlets that opposed the war with France and campaigned for the rcpeal of the Test Acts that had barred participation in the public life of the nation

4 O I A N N A L E T I T I A B A R B A U L D

to Nonconformists (those men who would not subscribe, as "tests" of their loyalty,

to the thirty-nine Articles of the Established Church). She accompanied this writ-

ing with "iiting,

producing editions of William Collins's poems {1797) and the

nJ'"li.t S"-rr"l Ri"h".dsonls letters (1804).'Her fifty-volume compilationThe Brit-

ish Nouelists (1810) was the first ittrempt to estabJish a national canon in fiction apd

thereby do for the novel what Samrr.f Johnson'i Works of the English Poets (1779-

8l) had done for poetry, Its introduciorjr essay, "on the Origin and Progiess. of

Novel-Writing," mikes a pioneering argument for the educational and artistic value

of the still disreputable genre, Barbauld's lasi malor workwas Eighteen Hundred and Eleyen (1812), a long poem

that despairs over the war with France (then in its seventeenttt y""9 and the cor-

ruption of English consumer society. (An excerpt fr om Eighteen Hund'red and' Eleten

trr"y b" fo,r.rJin "Romantic Literature and Wartime," in the supplementaf ebook.)

Criiics were unnerved, even disgusted, by the poem's apocalyptic vision of a future

in which England, its pride humbled, would lie in ruins-the more so because of its

author's g"rrl"r. The Tory critic John Wilson Croker thus warned Barbauld "to

desist from satire": it was not up to a "lady-author" to sally forth from her knitting

and say how ,'the empire mighi. . . be saved." After this lambasting, Barbauld fell

publiciy silent and p"ltirn"a no more. She did not stop writing, however: the col-

iection of her aunt's Works that her niece Lucy Aikin brought out in 1825 after her

aunt's death contained several previously unpublished pieces'

The Mouse's Petitionl

Found in the trap where he kad been confined all nighi-by Dr. Priestley,

for the saki of making q(periments witlx dffirent kinds of air

"Parcere subjectis, et debellare ttnjln;'

Oh hear a Pensive Prisoner's Prayer' For libertY that sighs; And never let thine heart be shut Against the wretch's cries'

s For here forlorn and sad I sit, Within the wirY gate; And tremble at th' aPProaching morn, Which brings imPending fate.

If e'er thy breast with freedom glow'd, lo And spurn'd a tYrant's chain,

Let not thy strong oPpressive force A free-born mouse detain.

what we now call oxygen' Tradition has it that when Barbauld showed him the lines, Priestle-v set the mouse free. According to Barbauld's mod- ern editors, the poem was many times reprinted

and was a favorite to assign students for memo- rizins. The Latin epigraph is trom The Aeneil 6.85J, "To spare the"hum-bled, and to tame in war

the proud."

l. Addressed to the clergyman, polit ical theorist, and scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)' who

at this time was thL most distinguished teacher at

the Nonconformist Protestant Warrington Acad- emu where Barbauld's father was also a member of ihe faculty. The imagined speaker (the pet!

t ioning mouse) is destined to participate in just

the soit of exDeriment that led Priestley' a few years lat6r, to the discovery of "phlogiston"-

Oh do not st ThY hosPitah

rr Nor triumPh A Prize so lit

The scatter'r MY frugal rn But if thine

20 That slendel

The cheerft Are blessinl Let nature't The comm<

25 The well-ta To all coml Casts roun And feels f

If mind, as 30 A never dY

Still shifts In everY fc

Beware' Ie A brotherl

35 And treml Dislodge r

Or, if this Be all' of I Let PitY P

40 That littl

So maY tl With hea And ever Beneath

45 So, wher Which n MaY son And brer

ca .1771

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= g R

S O N G ' F O R A ' T H A T

Lay the proud UsurPers low!

TViants lall in everY foe! Liberty's in everY blow!

Let us Do-or Die!!!

, , t

A N D A ' T H A T I I 8 I

dth all my strengiL

A Red, Red Rose'

O mv Luve's like a red, red rose,

That's newlY sPrung in June; O my Luve's like the melodie

That's sweetlY PlaYed in tune'

As fair art thou, mY bonie lass,

So deep in luve am l;

And I wifl love thee still, mY Dear,

Till a' the seas gang drY'

Till a' the seas gang drY, mY Dear'

And the rocki melt wi' the sun:

O I will love thee still, mY Dear,

While the sands o' life shall run'

And fare thee weel, mY onlY Luve!

And fare thee weel, a whilel

And I will come again, mY Luve,

Tho' it were ten thousand mile!

t794,1815.

t796

Lady Macintosh's Reel, that Burns had drawn on

for previous songs. ̂ 2. A.o".." cloth of undYed wool'

tht. had

Song: For a' that and a' thatl

Is there, for honest PovertY That hangs his head, and a' that;

The coward-sl-ave, we Pass him bY,

We dare be Poor for a' that!

For a' that, and a'that, Our toils obscure, and a'that,

The rank is but the guinea's stampro inscription on a coin

- -ftt" tvt""'t the goi'd" for a' that'

gold

What though on hamelY fare we.dine,

Wear f,odden greY,2 and a' th-at'

Gie fools their silks, and knaves their wine'

A Man's a Man for a'that'

For a'that, and a'that,

l- Like many of Burns's lyrics, this one incorpo-

-,* iL-".1t from several current ballads' i.-ihit .o.g -". set to a dance tune, known as