NEED AN AMERICAN WRITER

Index of Terms

Ad hominem, 323 Advertisements, 110–116 Agreement, Mill’s Method of, 308 Ambiguity, 312 Analogy, 73–75 Analysis, 10 Annotated bibliography, 209–10 Annotation, 32 APA format, 207–12, 220,

240–41, 243 Appeal to authority, 323–24 Appeal to fear, 324 Appeal to ignorance, 322–23 A priori probabilities, 307 Argument

analysis of, 127–133 critical reading for, 51 developing, 145 persuasion vs. 51, 96–97 skimming and, 31 summarizing and, 36

Argumentum ad misericordiam, 82

Argumentum ad populam, 82 Aristotelian argument, 342 Artificial cases, 71–72

Assumptions, 28–29 Audience, 156–161 Author, in previewing, 30 Authority, appeal to, 323 Average, 77

Backing, 279, 281–82, 288 Begging the question, 319 Bibliography, 209–10 Biconditional, 59 Branching, 148

Caricature, 116 Cartoons, political, 116–18 Charts, 77, 122–25 Checklists

analyzing a text, 133 analyzing an argument, 86 analyzing images (especially

advertisements), 115 analyzing political cartoons,

117 analyzing Rogerian argument,

350 attending to the needs of the

audience, 177

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avoiding plagiarism, 208 charts and graphs, 123 critical thinking, 19 evaluating an argument from a

logical point of view, 281 evaluating electronic sources,

204 evaluating letters of response,

27 evaluating print sources, 203 evaluating statistical evidence,

80 examining assumptions, 28 getting started, 48 imagining an audience, 160 papers using sources, 245 peer review, 179 thesis statement, 156 using quotations rather than

summaries, 218 using the Toulmin method, 284 writing an analysis of an

argument, 143 Citations, 119

APA style, 240–41 MLA format, 227

Claim, 276, 277, 279 Closing paragraphs, 116, 146–48,

214 Clustering, 5–7, 147 Columns, comparing in, 148–49 Common knowledge, 209 Comparison, 73, 148–49 Composition, fallacy of, 313 Conclusion, 166–67, 170 Concomitant Variation, Mill’s

Method of, 309–10 Conditions, sufficient and

necessary, 59 Confirmation, 310–11 Conjunction, 299 Connotations, 175 Consistency, 299 Contradiction, 299

Contradictory propositions, 301 Contrary propositions, 301 Counterexamples, 68 Critical thinking, 3–18

Databases, 195–97 Death by a thousand qualifica-

tions, 324–25 Deduction, 53–54, 62–64, 275,

289–90 Definition, 24, 55–60 Denotations, 175 Diagramming, 147–48 Differences, Mill’s Method of, 309 Dilemma, 296 Disjunction, 295–96 Disjunctive syllogism, 295–96 Dispute, 52 Distortion of facts, 315 Division, fallacy of, 313 Documentation, 220–46 Drafts, 212–13

Either/or reasoning, 320–21 Emotional appeals, 82–85, 172 Empirical claims, 303 Ending, 170–71 Endnotes, 220 Enthymeme, 63 Equal probabilities, 307 Equivocation, 313–14 Ethical appeal, 131, 172 Ethos, 52, 131, 172 Evidence, 69–80, 150–53,

189–90, 200, 303 Example, 55, 70–75 Experimentation, 69–71 Explicit assumptions, 28

Facts, 315 Factual claims, 303 Fallacies, 67, 84–85, 289, 311–28 Fallacy of appeal to ignorance,

322

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Fallacy of begging the question, 319

Fallacy of composition, 313 Fallacy of division, 313 Fallacy of false analogy, 318–19 Fallacy of many questions, 316 False analogy, 318–19 False dichotomy, 320 False premises, 66 Fear, appeal to, 324 Final paragraph, 214 First draft, 212 Footnotes, 220 Formal outline, 149 Format, 125–26 Freewriting, 147

Generalization, 68, 280–81, 304, 316

Genetic fallacy, 321 Graphs, 77, 122–23 Grounds, 276–77, 279, 282, 287

Hasty generalization, 316 Headings, 125–26 Heuristic, 14 Highlight, 32–33 Humor, 81 Hypothetical cases, 70–71

Ignorance, appeal to, 322–23 Images, 96–105 Imagination, 9, 10, 17 Induction, 53, 67–69, 275, 289,

303–11 Inference, 303–05 Internet, 191 Interviews, 193, 198–99 Invalid syllogisms, 66–67 Invented instances, 70–71 Invention, 15, 146–47, 149 Irony, 81

Journal, 155

Language, 173, 176 Lead-ins, 47 Library databases, 195–97 Linear thinking, 20 Listing, 147 List of References, 206, 240–41 Loaded words, 174–75 Logos, 51 Long quotations, 217

Main idea, 31 Many questions, fallacy of, 316 Maps, 122–23 Mean, 77 Mechanism, 310 Median, 77 Methods, 129–30, 136 Mill’s Methods, 308–10

of Agreement, 309 of Concomitant Variation,

309–10 of Differences, 309

MLA format, 221–40 Modality, 280 Modal qualifiers, 279–81, 283,

288

Necessary conditions, 59 Necessary truth, 297 Nested circles, 292 Nonrational appeals, 81–83 Non sequitur, 314 Note-taking, 203–06

Observation, 303–05 Opening paragraphs, 137,

162–63, 214 Organization, 165–68, 213 Ostensive definition, 55 Outlines, 171–72, 211–12 Oversimplification, 320

Parade of horrors, 317 Paradox, 302

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Paraphrase, 36 Paraphrasing, 36–39, 206–08 Pathos, 52, 84 Peer review, 178 Persona, 130–31, 138–39, 172–73 Persuasion, 51 Pie charts, 77, 122, 123 Place of publication, 31 Plagiarism, 39, 206–08 Poisoning the well, 321, 322 Political cartoons, 116–17, 122 Post hoc, ergo propter hoc,

271–72 Premises, 62–63, 66, Presumption, fallacies of, 315–21 Previewing, 30–31 Probability, 305–07 Protecting the hypothesis, 325 Purpose, 32, 128–29, 137

Quantifications, 280 Questions, 149–55 Quotations, 217–20

Rationalization, 51–54, 325 Real events, 70 Reason, 53–54 Reasons, 53, 276 Rebuttals, 281, 283, 288 Recursive thinking, 20 Red herring, 320–21 Reductio ad absurdum, 297–98 Relationship, 15–16 Relative frequencies, 308 Relevance, fallacies of, 321–27 Representative samples, 68, 278 Research, 20, 189–90 Resolution, 165–67 Revising, 146–49 Rewriting, 149 Rogerian argument, 340–43, 349

Samples, 68, 277 Sarcasm, 81–82

Satire, 81 Scope, 280 Sexist language, 176 Short quotations, 217 Signal phrases, 219 Skimming, 31 Slippery slope argument,

316–17 Sound arguments, 64 Sources

documentation of, 220–48 evaluating, 199–201 summarizing and, 42 using, 188–271

Special pleading, 319 Stasis, 130 Statistics, 69, 76–77, 138 Stereotype, 316 Stipulative definition, 56 Straw man, 319 Sufficient and necessary

conditions, 59 Summarizing, 36–39, 40–42 Summary, 37, 146, 149 Syllogisms, 62, 66, 67, 293 Symbolism, 117 Synonym, 55

Tables, 77, 122 Tacit assumptions, 29 Testimony, 15–16, 69, 75 Theory, 311 Thesis, 31, 46, 155, 275–76

developing, 155–56 examining, 127–28, 137 skimming for, 31 topic vs., 155

Thinking, 3, 4, 9–13. See also Critical thinking

Title, 31, 137, 161–62, 213–14 Tone, 52, 175–76 Topic, 15, 53, 149, 155, 191–92 Toulmin method, 275–85 Transitions, 168, 214

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Transitivity, 292 Truth, 64, 66, 294 Tu quoque, 321

Underline, 32–33 Underlying mechanism, 311

Validity, 64 Verbal irony, 82 Visual aids, 122–24

Visual rhetoric, 96–116 Voice (of the author), 130

Warrants, 277–79 281, 282 Web, research on, 193–94 Wedge argument, 317 Wikipedia, 195 Working outline, 211 Works Cited, 201, 227–37

INDEX OF TERMS 361

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