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1877weel15.docx
In a 600-800 word blog entry, answer the following question: what did "freedom" and citizenship mean in early America when examined from an African American context?
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Liberty or Death:
African Americans Embrace the Civil War
“Union, Not Abolition”
Most white Northerners were hostile to abolition
“Free Soilers”—wanted to protect land and jobs for white people
Riots throughout war
Brooklyn (1862)
NYC Draft Riots (1863)
Abolitionists’ Perspective
War is ONLY about ending slavery
Most abolitionists did not like Lincoln because he was a Free Soiler
Lincoln tried to appease Southerners, to no avail
First year of war = NO consistent policy toward runaway enslaved people; no plan for emancipation
No military cohesion
Union lines overwhelmed by runaways
Enslaved people’s actions actually turn the tide of war and Lincoln’s ideals
Hodge-Podge Policies
“Contrabands”
Huge conflicts between Washington and field officers; no policy cohesion, either
Little protection for runaway people
1st Confiscation Act (1861)
Runaways may work for US Army as part of the war effort
2nd Confiscation Act (1862)
US Army may hire runaways for wages
Highly symbolic because humanity is restored
Individual Officer Plans
Gen. Rufus Saxton (Director, Dept. of the South)
Plantation Settlement
Gen. W.T. Sherman
Special Order No. 15
Private Aid
Abolitionist societies raised funds to assist freed people/ “contrabands”
National Convention of Colored Men—focused on legal plights
Education
American Missionary Association
Black and white female teachers in Union strongholds
The War and Its Battles, 1861-1865
Realities of War
1861-1863—North was losing ugly
Lincoln needed renewed Northern support without angering Border States
Desperate to keep Border States in Union
Toyed with “gradual abolition” and colonization
Mild inflation in the North
Northern mothers’ RAGE
Needed a psychological (and literal) KO to Confederate minds
Spring 1862—Lincoln was beginning to believe that slavery was ultimately a moral and political evil
At first entertains ideas of colonization that are quickly scrapped
Summer 1862—Begins quietly working with Cabinet to write the Emancipation Proclamation (EP)
January 1, 1863
“all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free”
Published in virtually every paper, North and South
Incites a variety of responses
Is this document problematic?
Hint: Yes.
Emancipation’s Targets
Realities of Emancipation
CSA—does NOT recognize Lincoln’s authority
Lincoln did NOT recognize CSA
In CSA strongholds, enslaved people were not freed until 1865
STILL—Proclamation achieves intended disruption of South
AMEC Christian Recorder—Proclamation was “Death Knell” for slavery
British and European support for NORTH
Fighting Spirit in the USA
2nd Confiscation Act (1862)—allowed US military to hire black soldiers in any capacity
Summer/Fall 1862— “US Colored Troops”
54th Massachusetts Regiment (Glory)
1st South Carolina Volunteers
2nd Missouri Colored Infantry
Louisiana Native Guard
Corps d’Afrique--All officers were men of color; some later served in Congress
5th Regiment Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry
Buffalo Soldiers
Assets to the Union
Total black volunteers to the US military—186,000
134,000 were Southerners
38,000 black troops killed in action
White officers continually praised black military prowess
Took part in every theatre of war
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Siege of Vicksburg (MS)
The Wilderness Campaign (VA)
Fort Pillow (Arkansas/Tennessee Delta)
Atrocity; war crimes allowed by Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest (CSA)
Fort Wagner, SC
Did suffer constant discrimination
Women at War
Behind the Lines & at the Front
Harriet Tubman—one of the war’s most famous spies
Runaway women were excellent in this capacity
Performed traditional domestic roles
Women of all races followed the troops to work as cooks, laundresses, maids
Sex work—all races of women did this
Major Gen. Joseph Hooker
Nursing
Served on land and water; at field hospitals in South and Midwest
Generally segregated
Ann Stokes (US Navy)
One of the first women to enlist as an active duty soldier for the Navy
Received a pension in 1890 of $12 montly
Down in Dixie
1863-1865—CSA battling international condemnation and rebellion from within
MASSIVE numbers of runaways
Reinforced patrol laws
Planters moved with enslaved people to avoid Federal troops
Black men and women increasingly harder to control
Violent
Refusing to work
Demanding payment
Black Confederates—War’s Irony
Incredible class tensions in South
“Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
Conscription Act (1862, CSA)
Poor whites impressed into service
Mass desertions, defections led to greatest irony of the entire war:
1864—President Davis allowed enslaved men into CSA
Mechanics
Orderlies
Construction workers
Cooks
SOLDIERS
Goodbye to the Old South and Slavery
Winter/Spring 1865—obvious that the North had won; just a matter of surrender
President Lincoln and Cabinet began drafting 13th Amendment
Passed January 31, 1865
April 9, 1865—CSA surrender at Appomattox Court House, Virginia
April 14, 1865—Lincoln assassinated
December 6, 1865
United States Congress ratified 13th Amendment
Passed by “Radical” Republicans
Articles of the 13th Amendment
1." Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
