What are some of the racial and cultural dynamics that Alice may be experiencing in the group?

Counseling Across Cultures Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 1 8 : T H E E C O L O G Y O F A C C U L T U R A T I O N : I M P L I C A T I O N S F O R

C O U N S E L I N G A C R O S S C U L T U R E S

B Y J A I M E E S T U A R T A N D C O L L E E N W A R D

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Eighteen Objectives

Primary Objective

 To provide a conceptual framework for understanding the acculturation experience and how it influences counseling

Secondary Objective

 To help students understand the various research perspectives in the psychology of acculturation and adaptation

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Acculturation

The changes that result from continuous firsthand intercultural contact (Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits, 1936)

A phenomenon that influences the lives of all people

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (1)

 Changes at the group level

 The social structure of the group

 The group’s economic and value base

 Changes in the psychology of the individual

 Identity

 Values

 Behavior

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (2)

 Unidimensional models

 Cultural adaptation goes hand in hand with a loss of attachment to one’s own ethnic and cultural ties

 Bidimensional model

 Two major choices: whether to have contact with others outside one’s group, and whether to maintain traditional culture

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (3)

 Choice places one in one acculturation category

 Assimilation  Individuals place little value on maintaining their

cultural heritage and choose to take on parts of the majority culture

 Separation  Individuals place a high value on retaining their

culture while avoiding interaction with other cultures

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (4)

Integration Individuals retain their ethnic culture as well as

interact with and adopt elements of the majority culture

Marginalization Individuals neither maintain their ethnic

culture nor participate in or adopt elements of the wider society

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conceptualizations of Acculturation (5/5)

 Acculturating groups can be distinguished on three dimensions:

Mobility

Permanence

Voluntariness

 Adaptation outcomes The psychological and behavioral changes that

take place in an individual or group

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (1)

 Bronfenbrenner’s (1994) ecological theory of development

 Life-course development takes place across a variety of contexts in which the individual is in constant interaction with other individuals and groups

 Behavior occurs within a set of overlapping ecological systems that all operate together, creating a comprehensive set of influences on the individual

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (2)

 Contextual level

Where and under what conditions acculturation is taking place

The multicultural context

Public and private domains

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (3)

 Relational level

Who is involved in the acculturation process

Takes place across a variety of social interaction contexts

Family, community, peer group, workplace, and educational settings

Social support

The family

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

The Ecology of Acculturation: Implications for Counseling (4)

 Individual level

What characteristics of the individual affect the management of cultural transitions

Personal background

Personality

 Identity

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor

 Counselors’ multicultural competencies

Culturally appropriate knowledge

Awareness

Skills

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Acculturation and the Counselor (cont.)

 Intercultural counseling approaches (Tatar, 1998)

Counselor as a “culturally encapsulated assimilator”

Counselor as “self-facilitator”

Counselor as “specialist”

Counselor as “translator”

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Conclusion

 Counselors are challenged to consider cross- cultural contact and change from a broad perspective and to acknowledge the sociopolitical, community, institutional, and relational influences on both client well- being and the wider outcomes of the counseling process.

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Counseling Across Cultures Seventh Edition

C H A P T E R 5 : C O U N S E L I N G N O R T H A M E R I C A N I N D I G E N O U S P E O P L E S

B Y J O H N G O N Z A L E Z & J O S E P H E . T R I M B L E

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Chapter Five Objectives

Primary Objective

 To describe the essential sociocultural factors that lead to effective strategies for counseling with American Indian clients

Secondary Objectives

 To describe effective counselor characteristics

 To present a framework designed to guide counselors in making culturally resonant choices

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Introduction

 Mental health and wellness are integral parts of the “good life” for indigenous peoples

 Healing ceremonies are performed to help individuals maintain or achieve wellness

 Not all indigenous people choose not to seek the services of traditional healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives

 Knowledge of nature and history of indigenous communities is essential to counseling effectiveness

 Barriers to working successfully with Natives

Counselor’s lack of basic knowledge about the client’s ethnic and historical background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Overview: Providing Counseling to American Indians and Alaska Natives (cont.)

 The client may

Be driven away by the counseling style

Sense that his or her worldview is not valued

Feel uncomfortable talking openly with a stranger

Be apprehensive about the counselor’s ethnic background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (1/3)

 As a consequence of European contact, many indigenous communities continue to experience various degrees of individual and community trauma

 Historical loss include

Massacres, disease, forced relocations, forced removal of children, loss of land, broken treaties, unemployment, extreme poverty, and racism

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (2/3)

 Historical trauma contributes to

High levels of social and individual problems

Alcoholism, suicide, domestic violence, child abuse, negative career ideation

Anxiety may be central to most mental health and social problems

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Historical Loss and Grief (3/3)

 Counselors must

Acknowledge the legitimacy of Native ways of knowing

Attempt to understand intergenerational and cultural trauma

Acknowledge the influence of unresolved historical grief

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People (1/3)

 Counselors

Must examine their motives for wanting to work in Indian and Native health settings

Must be self-aware of their biases

Must not make assumptions or rush into a treatment plan before listening carefully to the client

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People (2/3)

 Counselors should consider

Their awareness of and sensitivity to Native family structures

Clients’ language preferences

Cultural and community conflicts

Cultural factors that influence the counseling relationship

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

So You Want to Work With Native People (3/3)

 Counselors must adjust their own values, beliefs, and practices to accommodate bicultural or cultural expectations

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

An Indian in the Room

 Indigenous persons differ from one another in many ways

 To determine suitable counseling techniques, counselors must account for

Degree of ethnic identity and acculturation

Residential situation

Tribal background

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Worldviews and Values

 Collectivistic

Emphasize the group over the individual

Places importance on keeping harmony and maintaining balance in their relationships

 Time orientation

Things will happen when they are supposed to happen

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Counseling Approaches

 The directive counseling style seems to be more effective

 Cognitive-behavioral approaches can be effective with Native clients

 Consider using strategies and techniques that resonate with Indian traditions

Humor, story telling, art

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Native Healing Approaches

 It is recommend that counselors establish working relationships with traditional healers

 Support the viability of traditional healing as an effective treatment system

 Actively refer clients to indigenous healers

 Actively work together with indigenous healers

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications

Summary

 Counselors need to be adaptive and flexible

 Counselor and client should discuss racial and cultural differences early

 How the counselor conducts him or herself in the community is critical

 Culture and context are important

Pedersen, Counseling Across Cultures, Seventh Edition © 2016 SAGE Publications