Week 1 Post
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5thed_SLID_CH021-Tagged.pdf
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5thed_SLID_CH01-Tagged.pdf
Copyright © 2022 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com.
CHAPTER 1
History and Overview of the U.S. Healthcare System
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Learning Objectives
Describe the five milestones sections of the history of the U.S. healthcare system.
Discuss the differences among primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention.
Analyze the concept of the Iron Triangle. Discuss the importance of health literacy and social justice to health consumers
Identify pieces of social legislation and their importance
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Five Milestones
These are medicine and medical education, nursing education, the hospital and healthcare system, public health, and health insurance.
Let’s review each table and discuss the important events of each system component.
In class discussion: Which sections and events stand out for you and why?
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Basic Concepts of Health (1 of 3)
Three main concepts of how health care is provided to consumers.
Primary prevention avoids the development of a disease. Examples include: Smoking cessation programs Immunization programs Educational programs for pregnancy and employee safety
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Basic Concepts of Health (2 of 3)
Secondary prevention is focused on early disease detection, which prevents progression of the disease. Examples include: Screening programs, such as high blood pressure testing
Colonoscopies Mammograms
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Basic Concepts of Health (3 of 3)
Tertiary prevention reduces the impact of an already established disease by minimizing disease-related complications. Focuses on rehabilitation and monitoring of diseased individuals
Quaternary prevention is an extension of tertiary prevention. It is state-of-the-art medical care with the mindset of mitigating unnecessary efforts on care that may not be working.
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Iron Triangle
The iron triangle is a balancing act of access, cost containment, and quality.
The quality of the service, the cost of the service, and the accessibility of the service must be in balance in order to provide good health care.
Activity: Give an example of how an imbalance could occur.
If the three points of the triangle are not balanced, problems may arise: If an increase in cost is emphasized, a decrease in access to affordable health care may occur.
If a decrease in cost is emphasized, quality may suffer.
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Examples of Social Legislation
Social regulations: Rules and regulations that protect consumers Sherman Antitrust Act Newborns’ and Mothers’ Health Protection Act Women’s Health and Cancer Rights Act Mental Health Parity Act Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act Affordable Care Act
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Social Legislation
Select two of the acts and let’s discuss their importance to health care.
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Health Literacy
In class discussion: What is health literacy, in your opinion?
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Different Definitions
Title V of the ACA defines health literacy as the degree to which an individual has the ability to obtain and absorb basic health information to make the best health decision for themselves.
Individual health literacy is impacted by culture, the complexity of the health system, the ability of the health consumer to navigate these systems, and communication by the healthcare providers.
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Different Definitions of Health Literacy
DHHS indicates that health literacy is based on the principles that (1) everyone has the right to health information that helps them make informed decisions and (2) health services should be delivered in ways that are understandable and beneficial to health, longevity, and quality of life.
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Social Justice
Social justice in health care focuses on the right of all individuals to have access to resources, including health care, which means health equity for all cultural groups.
Studies have shown that clinicians tend to have more negative attitudes toward people of color, and unconscious racial bias among clinicians has been shown to lead to poorer communication and lower quality of care, which is unacceptable.
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Conclusion
The United States does not have universal healthcare coverage. It is the most expensive in the world.
The U.S. healthcare system has many sectors which must communicate with each other to provide quality heatlh care.
Health disparities exist across the nation as a result of social injustice.
Social justice needs to occur to eliminate health disparities, which results in health equity.
- History and Overview of the U.S. Healthcare System
- Learning Objectives
- Five Milestones
- Basic Concepts of Health (1 of 3)
- Basic Concepts of Health (2 of 3)
- Basic Concepts of Health (3 of 3)
- Iron Triangle
- Examples of Social Legislation
- Social Legislation
- Health Literacy
- Different Definitions
- Different Definitions of Health Literacy
- Social Justice
- Conclusion
5thed_SLID_CH021-Tagged.pdf
Copyright © 2022 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com.
Current Operations of the U.S. Healthcare System
CHAPTER 2
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Learning Objectives
Identify the stakeholders of the U.S. healthcare system and their relationships with each other.
Identify three global healthcare statistics and their impact on the health status of countries.
Discuss the impact of the pandemic on healthcare services.
Analyze the global COVID-19 vaccination efforts in OECD countries.
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Stakeholder Perspective
A principle of the U.S. healthcare system is duty to treat, which means that every person deserves basic health care.
In the United States, in order to provide healthcare services, there are several stakeholders or interested entities that participate in the industry.
From an organizational perspective, the consumer is the most important stakeholder for an organization.
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Who Are the Stakeholders? (1 of 2)
Patients are the main group of consumers and include those who need healthcare services from a physician, hospital, or outpatient facility.
Employers include both private and public employers. The healthcare industry is the largest U.S. employer.
Hospitals, nursing, and residential care facilities Physicians and other healthcare practitioners Home healthcare services Outpatient care centers and ambulatory healthcare services
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Who Are the Stakeholders? (2 of 2)
Laboratories Third-party payors: Government, insurance companies, and individuals
Educational and training organizations Research organizations Professional associations Pharmaceutical companies Activity: Identify the role each of these stakeholders plays in health care.
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Importance of Statistics (1 of 2)
Statistics are calculated to assess healthcare services in the United States.
National Center for Health Statistics (CDC) produces an annual report on the health of the nation.
Life expectancy rates are calculated to assess the health of the nation.
Infant mortality rates are also calculated to assess the health of the nation.
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Importance of Statistics (2 of 2)
Data are a numeric representation of health issues. Enable comparisons
Data tell us what the healthcare problems are. Support decision making for managers on selecting and prioritizing strategies to address healthcare problems
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International Healthcare Statistics
Established in 1961, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) monitors trends of economic development.
Currently, 38 countries, including the United States, and 6 partner countries, are members of this organization.
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International Statistic Discussions
Figure 2.2: OECD 2019–2020 Health Expenditures
In-class discussion: What is the OECD average spending in 2019 and 2020?
Who had the highest spending in 2019 and 2020?
Who had the lowest spending in 2019 and 2020?
Where does the United States rank?
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Healthcare Consumer Satisfaction with Availability of Care And..
Figure 2.4 What is the OECD average? Who was the most satisfied? Who was the least satisfied? Where does the United States rank?
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Dashboard on Health
Table 2.3: Dashboard on Health Status Life expectancy and self-rated health OECD average? Which country had the highest? Which country had the lowest? Where does the United States rank?
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Infant Mortality Rates
Figure 2.6 OECD average? Which had the highest? Which had the lowest? Where does the United States rank?
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Dashboard on Health Risk Factors
Table 2.4 OECD average for alcohol, tobacco and overweight/obesity?
Highest combination of risk factors? Lowest combination of risk factors? US?
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Pandemic Data
Mental health impact In 2020 survey of Italian healthcare workers who worked directly with patients, nearly 50% exhibited symptoms of PTSD, with 25% reporting depression.
In the United States, 62% of frontline health workers reported that stress and worry impacted their mental health and their physical health.
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Pandemic Mental Health Data (1 of 2)
The prevalence of anxiety and depression in early 2020 was double from previous years in several countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, and France.
Where there was a peak in the disease, levels of anxiety and depression increased.
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Pandemic Mental Health Data (2 of 2)
A 2020 U.S. survey indicated that people of higher socioeconomic status (SES) reported higher levels of dissatisfaction and increases in depression than those of lower SES status.
This could be because higher SES status results in more disposable income, which people were not allowed to use because of the pandemic.
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Pandemic Health Healthcare Access Data
A positive impact of the pandemic was the increased use of telehealth services.
Across 22 OECD countries, 45% of adults received a medical consultation by telephone or online.
A negative to the use of telehealth is the reluctance for older patients to use this type of service.
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Conclusion
Data are important because they provide an opportunity to compare health behavior and results.
It is important to compare the United States with other countries, so we have a helicopter comparison of world health.
We are the most expensive healthcare system in the world, should we be the healthiest?
- Current Operations of the U.S. Healthcare System
- Learning Objectives
- Stakeholder Perspective
- Who Are the Stakeholders? (1 of 2)
- Who Are the Stakeholders? (2 of 2)
- Importance of Statistics (1 of 2)
- Importance of Statistics (2 of 2)
- International Healthcare Statistics
- International Statistic Discussions
- Healthcare Consumer Satisfaction with Availability of Care And.
- Dashboard on Health
- Infant Mortality Rates
- Dashboard on Health Risk Factors
- Pandemic Data
- Pandemic Mental Health Data (1 of 2)
- Pandemic Mental Health Data (2 of 2)
- Pandemic Health Healthcare Access Data
- Conclusion
