Theories of personality powerpoint

CHAPTER 7: GORDON ALLPORT

Chapter Outline

I. Biographical Sketch

A. Born November 11, 1897

B. Graduated from Harvard in 1919

C. Meeting with Freud led to dissatisfaction with depth psychology

D. Harvard MA in 1921 and PhD in 1922

E. Unsatisfactory meeting with Titchener 1922

F. Married June 30, 1925

G. Died October 9, 1967

II. What Is Personality?

A. Uniquely American approach

1. Dynamic organization

2. Psychophysical systems

3. Determine

4. Characteristic behavior and thought

III. Character, Temperament, and Type

A. Character (personality evaluated)

B. Temperament (emotional component of personality)

C. Type (descriptive category)

IV. Criteria for an Adequate Theory of Personality

A. Five characteristics of an adequate theory of personality

1. Views personality as contained within the person

2. Views person as filled with variables contributing to his/her actions

3. Seeks motives for behavior in present instead of past

4. Employs units of measure capable of living synthesis

5. Adequately accounts for self-awareness

V. Allport’s Concept of Trait

A. The measure capable of “living synthesis”

1. Biophysical structures

2. Causes similar behaviors in similar environments

3. Combination of innate needs and learning

4. No two people have the same combinations of traits

5. Interaction of traits and situations

B. Traits are not habits

C. Traits are not attitudes

VI. Types of Traits

A. Individual traits (personal disposition) versus common traits

B. Idiographic versus nomothetic methods

C. Cardinal dispositions (influence almost everything individual does)

D. Central dispositions (major organizational traits)

E. Secondary dispositions (similar to habits or attitudes but more general)

VII. The Proprium

A. Proprium is the organizer of personality (“inward unity”)

B. Proprium evolves over time

1. Sense of bodily “me” (first year)

2. Sense of self-identity (second year)

3. Sense of self-esteem (third year)

4. Sense of self-extension (fourth year)

5. Emergence of self-image (fourth to sixth year)

6. Emergence of self as a rational coper (sixth to twelfth year)

7. Emergence of propriate striving (twelfth year through adolescence)

8. Emergence of self as knower (adulthood)

C. Conscience

1. Must conscience

2. Ought conscience

VIII. Functional autonomy

A. Four requirements for adequate theory of motivation

1. It must recognize the contemporary nature of motives

2. It must allow for the existence of several types of motives

3. It must recognize the importance of cognitive processes

4. It must recognize that each person’s pattern of motivation is unique

B. Functional Autonomy satisfies all of the above

1. Perseverative functional autonomy

2. Propriate functional autonomy

IX. The Healthy, Mature Adult Personality

A. Six attributes of healthy adults

1. Capacity for self-extension

2. Capacity for warm human interactions

3. Demonstration of emotional security and self-acceptance

4. Demonstration of realistic perceptions

5. Demonstration of self-objectification

6. Demonstration of unifying philosophy of life

B. Unhealthy persons

1. Due to stifled growth

2. Motives in past rather than present or future

X. The Nature of Prejudice

A. Positive or negative

1. Feeling prior to, not based on, actual experience

XI. Religion

A. Extrinsic religion

1. Unhealthy and immature but superficially useful

B. Intrinsic religion

1. Healthy—directs life and development

C. Religious orientation scale (assesses intrinsic vs. extrinsic)

XII. Letters from Jenny

A. Use of personal documents to study personality

XIII. Study of Expressive Behavior and Values

A. Retains emphasis on the importance of the individual

XIV. Evaluation

CHAPTER 8: RAYMOND B. CATTELL AND HANS J. EYSENCK

Chapter Outline

I. Biographical Sketches

A. Raymond B. Cattell

1. Born March 20, 1905

2. Entered the University of London at age 16

3. PhD degree in 1929

4. Married December 1, 1930; Married again April 2, 1946

5. Died February 2, 1998

B. Hans J. Eysenck

1. Born March 4, 1916

2. Graduated University of London 1938

3. PhD at University of London 1940

4. Married twice (during grad school and again 1950)

5. Died September 4, 1997

II. Factor Analysis

A. Related to correlation—begins with correlation matrix

B. Cluster of highly correlated measures is a factor

C. Cattell and Eysenck equate factors with traits

D. Cattell’s approach: Inductive reasoning

E. Eysenck’s approach: Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

III. Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Techniques

A. Cattell used both but tried to develop idiographic technique

B. Eysenck discounted the debate between the methods

IV. Taxonomy of Traits

A. Cattell’s analysis

1. Surface traits versus source traits (causal)

a. Found 16 source traits

2. Constitutional (genetic) and environmental-mold (learned) traits

3. Ability traits (e.g., intelligence)

4. Temperament traits (constitutional traits influencing emotion)

5. Dynamic traits (motivational)

a. Ergs (dynamic, constitutional source trait)

b. Metaerg (dynamic, environmental-mold trait)

i) Sentiment (major metaerg)

ii) Attitude (specific metaerg derived from a sentiment)

B. Eysenck’s analysis

1. A theory of temperament (intelligence not included)

2. Emphasis only on heritable traits

3. Three higher order traits (superfactors)

a. Extroversion (vs. introversion)

b. Neuroticism

c. Psychoticism

4. Historically related to Jung, Hippocrates, Galen, Kant, and Wundtoticism 4. Historically related to Jung, Hippocrates, Galen, Kant, and Wundt

CHAPTER 7: GORDON ALLPORT

Chapter Outline

I. Biographical Sketch

A. Born November 11, 1897

B. Graduated from Harvard in 1919

C. Meeting with Freud led to dissatisfaction with depth psychology

D. Harvard MA in 1921 and PhD in 1922

E. Unsatisfactory meeting with Titchener 1922

F. Married June 30, 1925

G. Died October 9, 1967

II. What Is Personality?

A. Uniquely American approach

1. Dynamic organization

2. Psychophysical systems

3. Determine

4. Characteristic behavior and thought

III. Character, Temperament, and Type

A. Character (personality evaluated)

B. Temperament (emotional component of personality)

C. Type (descriptive category)

IV. Criteria for an Adequate Theory of Personality

A. Five characteristics of an adequate theory of personality

1. Views personality as contained within the person

2. Views person as filled with variables contributing to his/her actions

3. Seeks motives for behavior in present instead of past

4. Employs units of measure capable of living synthesis

5. Adequately accounts for self-awareness

V. Allport’s Concept of Trait

A. The measure capable of “living synthesis”

1. Biophysical structures

2. Causes similar behaviors in similar environments

3. Combination of innate needs and learning

4. No two people have the same combinations of traits

5. Interaction of traits and situations

B. Traits are not habits

C. Traits are not attitudes

VI. Types of Traits

A. Individual traits (personal disposition) versus common traits

B. Idiographic versus nomothetic methods

C. Cardinal dispositions (influence almost everything individual does)

D. Central dispositions (major organizational traits)

E. Secondary dispositions (similar to habits or attitudes but more general)

VII. The Proprium

A. Proprium is the organizer of personality (“inward unity”)

B. Proprium evolves over time

1. Sense of bodily “me” (first year)

2. Sense of self-identity (second year)

3. Sense of self-esteem (third year)

4. Sense of self-extension (fourth year)

5. Emergence of self-image (fourth to sixth year)

6. Emergence of self as a rational coper (sixth to twelfth year)

7. Emergence of propriate striving (twelfth year through adolescence)

8. Emergence of self as knower (adulthood)

C. Conscience

1. Must conscience

2. Ought conscience

VIII. Functional autonomy

A. Four requirements for adequate theory of motivation

1. It must recognize the contemporary nature of motives

2. It must allow for the existence of several types of motives

3. It must recognize the importance of cognitive processes

4. It must recognize that each person’s pattern of motivation is unique

B. Functional Autonomy satisfies all of the above

1. Perseverative functional autonomy

2. Propriate functional autonomy

IX. The Healthy, Mature Adult Personality

A. Six attributes of healthy adults

1. Capacity for self-extension

2. Capacity for warm human interactions

3. Demonstration of emotional security and self-acceptance

4. Demonstration of realistic perceptions

5. Demonstration of self-objectification

6. Demonstration of unifying philosophy of life

B. Unhealthy persons

1. Due to stifled growth

2. Motives in past rather than present or future

X. The Nature of Prejudice

A. Positive or negative

1. Feeling prior to, not based on, actual experience

XI. Religion

A. Extrinsic religion

1. Unhealthy and immature but superficially useful

B. Intrinsic religion

1. Healthy—directs life and development

C. Religious orientation scale (assesses intrinsic vs. extrinsic)

XII. Letters from Jenny

A. Use of personal documents to study personality

XIII. Study of Expressive Behavior and Values

A. Retains emphasis on the importance of the individual

XIV. Evaluation