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TerranceBrumseySpecTopicsInterdiscStudiesfinal.docx

Terrance Brumsey

Professor Reed

Final Project Internal Museum Action Plan

Museum Action Plan for the Ethical Repatriation of the Benin Bronzes

Executive Summary

This action plan provides a practical framework for a Western museum that currently holds Benin Bronzes acquired through colonial-era collecting practices. The goal is to establish a transparent process for provenance review, consultation with stakeholders, legal transfer, and long-term partnership. The plan recognizes that the Benin Bronzes were removed during the British military invasion of Benin City in 1897 and that continued possession of these objects raises ethical concerns. Following the 2023 decree issued by the Oba of Benin, ownership of returned Benin Bronzes has been clearly identified. Therefore, museums must move beyond debates about ownership and focus on responsible return, collaboration, and accountability.

Mission Statement

The museum acknowledges that cultural heritage belongs to the communities that created it. The institution is committed to returning contested artifacts through a process that respects cultural sovereignty, historical truth, and community leadership. The repatriation of the Benin Bronzes should be viewed as an opportunity to repair relationships and build meaningful international partnerships.

Section I: Provenance Audit and Collection Review

Objective: Identify all Benin Bronzes and related objects held by the museum and establish a complete ownership history.

Actions:

• Create a repatriation review committee consisting of museum leadership, curators, legal counsel, archivists, and external cultural heritage specialists.

• Conduct a full inventory of all Benin-related artifacts within the collection.

• Review acquisition records, donor files, purchase agreements, and exhibition histories.

• Compare museum records with information available through the Digital Benin archive to verify provenance and establish links to the 1897 expedition.

• Publish findings on the museum website to ensure transparency and public accountability.

Expected Outcome:

The museum will possess a complete understanding of how each object entered its collection and whether it was directly connected to colonial seizure or questionable acquisition practices.

Section II: Community Consultation and Stakeholder Engagement

Objective:

Place Nigerian voices and cultural authorities at the center of decision-making.

Actions:

• Establish formal communication with the Oba of Benin and his representatives.

• Consult with the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM).

• Invite Nigerian historians, cultural leaders, and heritage professionals to participate in planning discussions.

• Develop listening sessions focused on community priorities rather than institutional preferences.

• Follow principles outlined in the Indigenous Repatriation Handbook by recognizing that affected communities should guide decisions involving their cultural heritage.

Expected Outcome:

The repatriation process will reflect the wishes and priorities of the rightful cultural custodians rather than the interests of the holding institution.

Section III: Legal Transfer and Repatriation Process

Objective:

Complete a lawful and respectful transfer of ownership and physical custody.

Actions:

• Verify ownership status under the Oba's 2023 decree.

• Review all national and international legal requirements related to transfer.

• Prepare formal documentation transferring ownership without restrictions or future claims.

• Coordinate transportation, insurance, conservation assessments, and security procedures in partnership with Nigerian authorities.

• Establish a public timeline for the return process.

Expected Outcome:

Artifacts will be returned through a transparent process that respects both legal obligations and cultural rights.

Section IV: Long-Term Partnership and Capacity Building

Objective:

Ensure repatriation creates lasting cooperation rather than ending with the transfer of objects.

Actions:

• Develop joint exhibitions between Nigerian institutions and international museums.

• Support professional exchanges involving conservators, curators, and researchers.

• Provide digitized records, research materials, and conservation documentation connected to returned artifacts.

• Offer training opportunities and collaborative educational programming.

• Create scholarship and internship opportunities for Nigerian museum professionals.

Expected Outcome:

The museum will transition from owner to partner, creating a relationship based on mutual respect and shared knowledge.

Section V: Public Education and Historical Accountability

Objective:

Educate audiences about the true history of the Benin Bronzes and colonial collecting practices.

Actions:

• Update gallery labels and online materials to include accurate historical information.

• Explain the circumstances surrounding the 1897 British invasion of Benin City.

• Develop educational programs addressing colonialism, cultural heritage, and restitution.

• Host public forums discussing repatriation and museum ethics.

• Feature Nigerian scholars and cultural leaders as primary voices in educational initiatives.

Expected Outcome:

Visitors will gain a more complete understanding of the historical events that led to the removal of the Benin Bronzes and the importance of restitution.

Framework Supporting This Action Plan

Dan Hicks argues in The Brutish Museums that museums must acknowledge their connections to colonial violence and take responsibility for artifacts acquired through imperial conquest. This action plan embraces that responsibility by prioritizing transparency and return.

The Sarr-Savoy Report emphasizes that African cultural heritage removed during colonial occupation should be returned when legitimate claims exist. The Benin Bronzes represent one of the clearest examples of such a claim.

Wole Soyinka's writings remind readers that cultural objects are more than museum pieces. They carry memory, identity, and history. Returning these objects restores connections that were disrupted by colonial actions.

The Digital Benin archive provides important documentation connecting many objects to their original context and supports responsible provenance research.

Conclusion

The question of whether the Benin Bronzes should be returned has largely been answered. The historical evidence surrounding their removal is clear, and the rightful ownership of returned objects has been identified through the Oba's 2023 decree. The responsibility of museums today is not to defend possession but to create ethical pathways for return. By conducting thorough provenance research, engaging directly with Nigerian stakeholders, supporting long-term partnerships, and educating the public, museums can move from being custodians of contested artifacts to participants in historical repair. Repatriation is not simply about moving objects from one location to another. It is about restoring dignity, recognizing cultural sovereignty, and building a more honest relationship with the past.

References

Bruchac, M. M. (2024). Broken chains of custody: Possession, dispossession, and the decolonization of museums. University Press.

Digital Benin. (2024). Digital Benin: Mapping the history and location of Benin cultural heritage. https://digitalbenin.org

Hicks, D. (2020). The brutish museums: The Benin bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution. Pluto Press.

Sarr, F., & Savoy, B. (2018). The restitution of African cultural heritage: Toward a new relational ethics. Ministry of Culture, France.

Soyinka, W. (1994). The burden of memory, the muse of forgiveness. Oxford University Press.

The Oba of Benin. (2023). Royal decree concerning ownership and custody of repatriated Benin Bronzes.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (1970). Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property. UNESCO.

TBrumseyFinalinstructions.docx

Overview & Purpose

This is the culminating assignment for our course. Over the last five weeks, we have investigated the 1897 sacking of Benin City, traced global provenance using digital archives, deconstructed the defensive rhetoric of the "Universal Museum," and looked at how literature and memoirs capture the human and psychological weight of cultural theft.

Now, it is your turn to build a forward-looking solution. For your final project, you will synthesize the historical, institutional, and literary frameworks we have studied to present a practical, persuasive approach to artifact restitution. You should follow the exact format, audience, and artifact focus that you outlined in your Module 4 proposal memo and revised based on my feedback.

Instructions & Format Options

Your final submission must be polished, professional, and grounded in our course materials. Select the instructions below that correspond to your chosen path based on your memo from last week:

Option 1: The Op-Ed (Public Advocacy)

· The Task: Write a compelling public opinion piece advocating for a specific legislative, institutional, or cultural change regarding the repatriation of the Benin Bronzes.

· Target Audience: Readers of a major national or international publication (e.g., The Washington Post, The Guardian, The Lagos Guardian).

· Length & Requirements: 500 words. Your writing must include a sharp, attention-grabbing hook, clear contextual background on the 1897 expedition, and a specific call to action. It should balance passionate advocacy with rigorous historical evidence.

Option 2: The Podcast Script (The Geopolitical Debate)

· The Task: Write a complete, production-ready script for an episode of a narrative or discussion-based podcast (similar to NPR's Throughline). Your script must detail the modern geopolitical and domestic tensions surrounding returned artifacts—specifically analyzing the complex dynamic between national state governments (like the Nigerian state) and traditional monarchies (the Oba of Benin and his 2023 royal decree).

· Target Audience: Engaged public listeners interested in global history, politics, and culture.

· Length & Requirements: 500 word script or a five-minute recording. Include clear audio cues (e.g., [SFX: Fade in traditional drumming], [HOST VOICE], [GUEST VOICE/QUOTATION]). The script or cast must feature a balanced exploration of multiple worldviews before arriving at a final conclusion.

Option 3: The Internal Museum Action Plan (Institutional Policy)

· The Task: Draft a formal strategic action plan for a board of directors or trustees at a mid-sized Western museum that currently holds contested artifacts in its collection.

· Target Audience: Museum executives, legal counsel, and board members.

· Length & Requirements: 2-3 pages (approx. 1500 words) single-spaced with professional document design (clear sections, bullet points, headers). Your plan must outline a practical, step-by-step ethical framework for provenance auditing, community consultation, and the eventual legal/logistical repatriation of contested items.

Core Constraints for All Formats

Regardless of the format you choose, your final project must meet the following criteria:

1. Evidence Integration: You must explicitly weave in and cite at least three distinct course materials (e.g., Dan Hicks' The Brutish Museums, the Sarr-Savoy Report, Wole Soyinka's memoir/Nobel lecture, or the Digital Benin archive).

2. Clear Argument/Claim: Your project must put forward a definitive, clear argument or policy position regarding how restitution should be handled.

3. Post-Colonial/Modern Framework: Your work must actively move past traditional, uncritical institutional narratives and center the perspectives, sovereignty, and history of the creators.

TerranceBrumseySpecTopicsInterdiscStudiesfinal.docx

Terrance Brumsey

Professor Reed

Final Project Internal Museum Action Plan

Museum Action Plan for the Ethical Repatriation of the Benin Bronzes

Executive Summary

This action plan provides a practical framework for a Western museum that currently holds Benin Bronzes acquired through colonial-era collecting practices. The goal is to establish a transparent process for provenance review, consultation with stakeholders, legal transfer, and long-term partnership. The plan recognizes that the Benin Bronzes were removed during the British military invasion of Benin City in 1897 and that continued possession of these objects raises ethical concerns. Following the 2023 decree issued by the Oba of Benin, ownership of returned Benin Bronzes has been clearly identified. Therefore, museums must move beyond debates about ownership and focus on responsible return, collaboration, and accountability.

Mission Statement

The museum acknowledges that cultural heritage belongs to the communities that created it. The institution is committed to returning contested artifacts through a process that respects cultural sovereignty, historical truth, and community leadership. The repatriation of the Benin Bronzes should be viewed as an opportunity to repair relationships and build meaningful international partnerships.

Section I: Provenance Audit and Collection Review

Objective: Identify all Benin Bronzes and related objects held by the museum and establish a complete ownership history.

Actions:

• Create a repatriation review committee consisting of museum leadership, curators, legal counsel, archivists, and external cultural heritage specialists.

• Conduct a full inventory of all Benin-related artifacts within the collection.

• Review acquisition records, donor files, purchase agreements, and exhibition histories.

• Compare museum records with information available through the Digital Benin archive to verify provenance and establish links to the 1897 expedition.

• Publish findings on the museum website to ensure transparency and public accountability.

Expected Outcome:

The museum will possess a complete understanding of how each object entered its collection and whether it was directly connected to colonial seizure or questionable acquisition practices.

Section II: Community Consultation and Stakeholder Engagement

Objective:

Place Nigerian voices and cultural authorities at the center of decision-making.

Actions:

• Establish formal communication with the Oba of Benin and his representatives.

• Consult with the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM).

• Invite Nigerian historians, cultural leaders, and heritage professionals to participate in planning discussions.

• Develop listening sessions focused on community priorities rather than institutional preferences.

• Follow principles outlined in the Indigenous Repatriation Handbook by recognizing that affected communities should guide decisions involving their cultural heritage.

Expected Outcome:

The repatriation process will reflect the wishes and priorities of the rightful cultural custodians rather than the interests of the holding institution.

Section III: Legal Transfer and Repatriation Process

Objective:

Complete a lawful and respectful transfer of ownership and physical custody.

Actions:

• Verify ownership status under the Oba's 2023 decree.

• Review all national and international legal requirements related to transfer.

• Prepare formal documentation transferring ownership without restrictions or future claims.

• Coordinate transportation, insurance, conservation assessments, and security procedures in partnership with Nigerian authorities.

• Establish a public timeline for the return process.

Expected Outcome:

Artifacts will be returned through a transparent process that respects both legal obligations and cultural rights.

Section IV: Long-Term Partnership and Capacity Building

Objective:

Ensure repatriation creates lasting cooperation rather than ending with the transfer of objects.

Actions:

• Develop joint exhibitions between Nigerian institutions and international museums.

• Support professional exchanges involving conservators, curators, and researchers.

• Provide digitized records, research materials, and conservation documentation connected to returned artifacts.

• Offer training opportunities and collaborative educational programming.

• Create scholarship and internship opportunities for Nigerian museum professionals.

Expected Outcome:

The museum will transition from owner to partner, creating a relationship based on mutual respect and shared knowledge.

Section V: Public Education and Historical Accountability

Objective:

Educate audiences about the true history of the Benin Bronzes and colonial collecting practices.

Actions:

• Update gallery labels and online materials to include accurate historical information.

• Explain the circumstances surrounding the 1897 British invasion of Benin City.

• Develop educational programs addressing colonialism, cultural heritage, and restitution.

• Host public forums discussing repatriation and museum ethics.

• Feature Nigerian scholars and cultural leaders as primary voices in educational initiatives.

Expected Outcome:

Visitors will gain a more complete understanding of the historical events that led to the removal of the Benin Bronzes and the importance of restitution.

Framework Supporting This Action Plan

Dan Hicks argues in The Brutish Museums that museums must acknowledge their connections to colonial violence and take responsibility for artifacts acquired through imperial conquest. This action plan embraces that responsibility by prioritizing transparency and return.

The Sarr-Savoy Report emphasizes that African cultural heritage removed during colonial occupation should be returned when legitimate claims exist. The Benin Bronzes represent one of the clearest examples of such a claim.

Wole Soyinka's writings remind readers that cultural objects are more than museum pieces. They carry memory, identity, and history. Returning these objects restores connections that were disrupted by colonial actions.

The Digital Benin archive provides important documentation connecting many objects to their original context and supports responsible provenance research.

Conclusion

The question of whether the Benin Bronzes should be returned has largely been answered. The historical evidence surrounding their removal is clear, and the rightful ownership of returned objects has been identified through the Oba's 2023 decree. The responsibility of museums today is not to defend possession but to create ethical pathways for return. By conducting thorough provenance research, engaging directly with Nigerian stakeholders, supporting long-term partnerships, and educating the public, museums can move from being custodians of contested artifacts to participants in historical repair. Repatriation is not simply about moving objects from one location to another. It is about restoring dignity, recognizing cultural sovereignty, and building a more honest relationship with the past.

References

Bruchac, M. M. (2024). Broken chains of custody: Possession, dispossession, and the decolonization of museums. University Press.

Digital Benin. (2024). Digital Benin: Mapping the history and location of Benin cultural heritage. https://digitalbenin.org

Hicks, D. (2020). The brutish museums: The Benin bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution. Pluto Press.

Sarr, F., & Savoy, B. (2018). The restitution of African cultural heritage: Toward a new relational ethics. Ministry of Culture, France.

Soyinka, W. (1994). The burden of memory, the muse of forgiveness. Oxford University Press.

The Oba of Benin. (2023). Royal decree concerning ownership and custody of repatriated Benin Bronzes.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (1970). Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property. UNESCO.

TBrumseyFinalinstructions.docx

Overview & Purpose

This is the culminating assignment for our course. Over the last five weeks, we have investigated the 1897 sacking of Benin City, traced global provenance using digital archives, deconstructed the defensive rhetoric of the "Universal Museum," and looked at how literature and memoirs capture the human and psychological weight of cultural theft.

Now, it is your turn to build a forward-looking solution. For your final project, you will synthesize the historical, institutional, and literary frameworks we have studied to present a practical, persuasive approach to artifact restitution. You should follow the exact format, audience, and artifact focus that you outlined in your Module 4 proposal memo and revised based on my feedback.

Instructions & Format Options

Your final submission must be polished, professional, and grounded in our course materials. Select the instructions below that correspond to your chosen path based on your memo from last week:

Option 1: The Op-Ed (Public Advocacy)

· The Task: Write a compelling public opinion piece advocating for a specific legislative, institutional, or cultural change regarding the repatriation of the Benin Bronzes.

· Target Audience: Readers of a major national or international publication (e.g., The Washington Post, The Guardian, The Lagos Guardian).

· Length & Requirements: 500 words. Your writing must include a sharp, attention-grabbing hook, clear contextual background on the 1897 expedition, and a specific call to action. It should balance passionate advocacy with rigorous historical evidence.

Option 2: The Podcast Script (The Geopolitical Debate)

· The Task: Write a complete, production-ready script for an episode of a narrative or discussion-based podcast (similar to NPR's Throughline). Your script must detail the modern geopolitical and domestic tensions surrounding returned artifacts—specifically analyzing the complex dynamic between national state governments (like the Nigerian state) and traditional monarchies (the Oba of Benin and his 2023 royal decree).

· Target Audience: Engaged public listeners interested in global history, politics, and culture.

· Length & Requirements: 500 word script or a five-minute recording. Include clear audio cues (e.g., [SFX: Fade in traditional drumming], [HOST VOICE], [GUEST VOICE/QUOTATION]). The script or cast must feature a balanced exploration of multiple worldviews before arriving at a final conclusion.

Option 3: The Internal Museum Action Plan (Institutional Policy)

· The Task: Draft a formal strategic action plan for a board of directors or trustees at a mid-sized Western museum that currently holds contested artifacts in its collection.

· Target Audience: Museum executives, legal counsel, and board members.

· Length & Requirements: 2-3 pages (approx. 1500 words) single-spaced with professional document design (clear sections, bullet points, headers). Your plan must outline a practical, step-by-step ethical framework for provenance auditing, community consultation, and the eventual legal/logistical repatriation of contested items.

Core Constraints for All Formats

Regardless of the format you choose, your final project must meet the following criteria:

1. Evidence Integration: You must explicitly weave in and cite at least three distinct course materials (e.g., Dan Hicks' The Brutish Museums, the Sarr-Savoy Report, Wole Soyinka's memoir/Nobel lecture, or the Digital Benin archive).

2. Clear Argument/Claim: Your project must put forward a definitive, clear argument or policy position regarding how restitution should be handled.

3. Post-Colonial/Modern Framework: Your work must actively move past traditional, uncritical institutional narratives and center the perspectives, sovereignty, and history of the creators.

TerranceBrumseySpecTopicsInterdiscStudiesfinal.docx

Terrance Brumsey

Professor Reed

Final Project Internal Museum Action Plan

Museum Action Plan for the Ethical Repatriation of the Benin Bronzes

Executive Summary

This action plan provides a practical framework for a Western museum that currently holds Benin Bronzes acquired through colonial-era collecting practices. The goal is to establish a transparent process for provenance review, consultation with stakeholders, legal transfer, and long-term partnership. The plan recognizes that the Benin Bronzes were removed during the British military invasion of Benin City in 1897 and that continued possession of these objects raises ethical concerns. Following the 2023 decree issued by the Oba of Benin, ownership of returned Benin Bronzes has been clearly identified. Therefore, museums must move beyond debates about ownership and focus on responsible return, collaboration, and accountability.

Mission Statement

The museum acknowledges that cultural heritage belongs to the communities that created it. The institution is committed to returning contested artifacts through a process that respects cultural sovereignty, historical truth, and community leadership. The repatriation of the Benin Bronzes should be viewed as an opportunity to repair relationships and build meaningful international partnerships.

Section I: Provenance Audit and Collection Review

Objective: Identify all Benin Bronzes and related objects held by the museum and establish a complete ownership history.

Actions:

• Create a repatriation review committee consisting of museum leadership, curators, legal counsel, archivists, and external cultural heritage specialists.

• Conduct a full inventory of all Benin-related artifacts within the collection.

• Review acquisition records, donor files, purchase agreements, and exhibition histories.

• Compare museum records with information available through the Digital Benin archive to verify provenance and establish links to the 1897 expedition.

• Publish findings on the museum website to ensure transparency and public accountability.

Expected Outcome:

The museum will possess a complete understanding of how each object entered its collection and whether it was directly connected to colonial seizure or questionable acquisition practices.

Section II: Community Consultation and Stakeholder Engagement

Objective:

Place Nigerian voices and cultural authorities at the center of decision-making.

Actions:

• Establish formal communication with the Oba of Benin and his representatives.

• Consult with the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM).

• Invite Nigerian historians, cultural leaders, and heritage professionals to participate in planning discussions.

• Develop listening sessions focused on community priorities rather than institutional preferences.

• Follow principles outlined in the Indigenous Repatriation Handbook by recognizing that affected communities should guide decisions involving their cultural heritage.

Expected Outcome:

The repatriation process will reflect the wishes and priorities of the rightful cultural custodians rather than the interests of the holding institution.

Section III: Legal Transfer and Repatriation Process

Objective:

Complete a lawful and respectful transfer of ownership and physical custody.

Actions:

• Verify ownership status under the Oba's 2023 decree.

• Review all national and international legal requirements related to transfer.

• Prepare formal documentation transferring ownership without restrictions or future claims.

• Coordinate transportation, insurance, conservation assessments, and security procedures in partnership with Nigerian authorities.

• Establish a public timeline for the return process.

Expected Outcome:

Artifacts will be returned through a transparent process that respects both legal obligations and cultural rights.

Section IV: Long-Term Partnership and Capacity Building

Objective:

Ensure repatriation creates lasting cooperation rather than ending with the transfer of objects.

Actions:

• Develop joint exhibitions between Nigerian institutions and international museums.

• Support professional exchanges involving conservators, curators, and researchers.

• Provide digitized records, research materials, and conservation documentation connected to returned artifacts.

• Offer training opportunities and collaborative educational programming.

• Create scholarship and internship opportunities for Nigerian museum professionals.

Expected Outcome:

The museum will transition from owner to partner, creating a relationship based on mutual respect and shared knowledge.

Section V: Public Education and Historical Accountability

Objective:

Educate audiences about the true history of the Benin Bronzes and colonial collecting practices.

Actions:

• Update gallery labels and online materials to include accurate historical information.

• Explain the circumstances surrounding the 1897 British invasion of Benin City.

• Develop educational programs addressing colonialism, cultural heritage, and restitution.

• Host public forums discussing repatriation and museum ethics.

• Feature Nigerian scholars and cultural leaders as primary voices in educational initiatives.

Expected Outcome:

Visitors will gain a more complete understanding of the historical events that led to the removal of the Benin Bronzes and the importance of restitution.

Framework Supporting This Action Plan

Dan Hicks argues in The Brutish Museums that museums must acknowledge their connections to colonial violence and take responsibility for artifacts acquired through imperial conquest. This action plan embraces that responsibility by prioritizing transparency and return.

The Sarr-Savoy Report emphasizes that African cultural heritage removed during colonial occupation should be returned when legitimate claims exist. The Benin Bronzes represent one of the clearest examples of such a claim.

Wole Soyinka's writings remind readers that cultural objects are more than museum pieces. They carry memory, identity, and history. Returning these objects restores connections that were disrupted by colonial actions.

The Digital Benin archive provides important documentation connecting many objects to their original context and supports responsible provenance research.

Conclusion

The question of whether the Benin Bronzes should be returned has largely been answered. The historical evidence surrounding their removal is clear, and the rightful ownership of returned objects has been identified through the Oba's 2023 decree. The responsibility of museums today is not to defend possession but to create ethical pathways for return. By conducting thorough provenance research, engaging directly with Nigerian stakeholders, supporting long-term partnerships, and educating the public, museums can move from being custodians of contested artifacts to participants in historical repair. Repatriation is not simply about moving objects from one location to another. It is about restoring dignity, recognizing cultural sovereignty, and building a more honest relationship with the past.

References

Bruchac, M. M. (2024). Broken chains of custody: Possession, dispossession, and the decolonization of museums. University Press.

Digital Benin. (2024). Digital Benin: Mapping the history and location of Benin cultural heritage. https://digitalbenin.org

Hicks, D. (2020). The brutish museums: The Benin bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution. Pluto Press.

Sarr, F., & Savoy, B. (2018). The restitution of African cultural heritage: Toward a new relational ethics. Ministry of Culture, France.

Soyinka, W. (1994). The burden of memory, the muse of forgiveness. Oxford University Press.

The Oba of Benin. (2023). Royal decree concerning ownership and custody of repatriated Benin Bronzes.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (1970). Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property. UNESCO.